PELAYO, JESUS EMMANUEL B.

GRADE 12-29

ASSIGNMENT: research project

1. Meaning of research method and Research design and examples

Research design is a plan to answer your research question.  A research method is a

strategy used to implement that plan.  Research design and methods are different but
closely related, because good research design ensures that the data you obtain will help you
answer your research question more effectively.

EXAMPLES:
It depends on your research goal.  It depends on what subjects (and who) you want to
study.  Let's say you are interested in studying what makes people happy, or why some
students are more conscious about recycling on campus.  To answer these questions, you
need to make a decision about how to collect your data.  Most frequently used methods
include:

1. Observation / Participant Observation

2. Surveys
3. Interviews
4. Focus Groups
5. Experiments
6. Secondary Data Analysis / Archival Study
7. Mixed Methods (combination of some of the above)

One particular method could be better suited to your research goal than others, because the
data you collect from different methods will be different in quality and quantity.   For
instance, surveys are usually designed to produce relatively short answers, rather than the
extensive responses expected in qualitative interviews.

2. Slovin’s formula on determining a sample.

used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N) and a margin of error
(e). 
it's a random sampling technique formula to estimate sampling size 
It is computed as n = N / (1+Ne2).
 whereas: 
n = no. of samples
N = total population
e = error margin / margin of error

To use the formula, first figure out what you want your error of tolerance to be. For
example, you may be happy with a confidence level of 95 percent (giving a margin error
of 0.05), or you may require a tighter accuracy of a 98 percent confidence level (a
margin of error of 0.02). Plug your population size and required margin of error into the
formula. The result will be the number of samples you need to take.

 In research methodology, for example N=1000 and e=0.05

n = 1000 / (1 + 1000 * 0.5²)

n = 1000 / (1 + 250)
n = 3.984063745 = 4 samplings

 A researcher plans to conduct a survey. If the population on High City  is 1,000,000 , find
the sample size if the margin of error is 25%
      
First : Convert the Margin Error 25% by dividing it to 100             
Given:
N = 1,000,000
e = 25% = 0.025

n = 1,000,000/(1 + 1,000,000 ·0.025² )
n = 1,000,000/(1 + 1,000,000 · 0.000625 )
n = 1,000,000/(1 + 625 )
n = 1,000,000/626
n = 1597.44 or approx. 1597  

 Suppose that you have a group of 1,000 city government employees and you want to
survey them to find out which tools are best suited to their jobs. You decide that you are
happy with a margin of error of 0.05. Using Slovin's formula, you would be required to
survey n = N / (1 + Ne^2) people:

1,000 / (1 + 1000 * 0.05 * 0.05) = 286

3. Probability sampling techniques.

A probability sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of
random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some
process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal
probabilities of being chosen. Humans have long practiced various forms of random
selection, such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw. These days,
we tend to use computers as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis
for random selection.

Sampling Techniques
 Sampling.
 Single Random Sampling.
 Stratified Sampling.
 Single Stage Cluster Sampling.
 Two Stage Cluster Sampling.
 Systematic Clustering.
 Multi-Stage Sampling.
 Referral /Snowball Sampling.

4. Non- Probability sampling techniques.

Non-probability sampling is a sampling techniquewhere the samples are gathered in

a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being
selected.

Types of Non-Probability Sampling
 Convenience Sampling. Convenience sampling is probably the most common of
all sampling techniques. ...
 Consecutive Sampling. ...
 Quota Sampling. ...
 Judgmental Sampling. ...
 Snowball Sampling