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0.6
0.4
0.2
−0.2
−0.4
−0.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0; 0 ≤ t ≤ 10
1; 10 < t ≤ 20
x(t ) =
−1; 20 ≤ t ≤ 25
2; 25 < t ≤ 30
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
−0.2
−0.4
−0.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x[n] = x(nτ ) ∀n
0; 0 ≤ n ≤ 10
1; 10 < n ≤ 20
x [ n] =
−1; 20 ≤ n ≤ 25
2; 25 < n ≤ 30
0< ∑ x [ n]
n =−∞
<∞
t1
x ( t ) denote the magnitude of the (possibly complex) number x ( t )
The time average power
1 t2
P= ∫ x ( t ) dt
t2 − t1 t1
n = n1
The time average power n2
1
∑ [ ]
2
P= x n
n2 − n1 + 1 n = n1
Signals and Systems Khosrow Ghadiri - EE Dept. SJSU 14
Power and Energy
Example 1:
The signal x ( t ) is given below is energy or power signal.
Explain. x (t )
t
0 1
1 T 1 1 1 1 9
x (t )
2
P = lim ∫ dt = lim ∫0 3 dt = Tlim 9t = lim =0
2
T →∞ 2T −T T →∞ 2T →∞ 2T 0 T →∞ 2T
T 2 1
1 2
E = ∫ x ( t ) dt = ∫ 3 dt = 9t = 9
−T 0 0
This signal is energy signal
n
0 1 2
n2 3
1 1 27
∑ x [ n ] = lim ∑
2
P = lim 3 = lim
2
=0
N →∞ 2 N + 1 N →∞ 2 N + 1 N →∞ 2 N + 1
n = n1 0
n2 3
E = ∑ x [ n ] = ∑ 32 = 27
2
n = n1 0
This signal is energy signal
2π
⇒ T0 = ; m = 0,1, 2......
ω0
Signals and Systems Khosrow Ghadiri - EE Dept. SJSU 18
Analog and Digital
Digital signal is discrete-time signal whose values belong
to a defined set of real numbers {a1 , a2 ,..., aN }
x[n] = x(tn ) = ai ; 1 ≤ i ≤ N
Binary signal is digital signal whose values are 1 or 0
x[n] = x(tn ) = 0 or 1; ∀n
Analog signal is a non-digital signal
Even Signals
The continuous-time signal x(t ) /discrete-time signal x [ n]
is an even signal if it satisfies the condition
x(t ) = x(−t ); ∀t x[n] = x[− n]; ∀n
Even signals are symmetric about the vertical axis
Odd Signals
The signal is said to be an odd signal if it satisfies the
condition
x(t ) = − x(−t ); ∀t x[n] = − x[− n]; ∀n
Odd signals are anti-symmetric (asymmetric) about
the time origin
n=0 n!
Expanding sin and
3
cos
5
x x
sin x = x − + − ...
3! 5!
x2 x4
cos x = 1 − + − ...
2! 4!
Expanding exponential
x 2 x3 x 4 x5
e = 1 + x + + + + + ...
x
2! 3! 4! 5!
( jx ) ( jx ) ( jx ) ( jx )
2 3 4 5
e jx
= 1 + jx + +
+ ... + +
2! 3! 4! 5!
Euler relation
x 2 x3 x3 x5
e = 1 − + − ... + j x − + − ... = cos x + j sin x
jx
2! 3! 3! 5!
Signals and Systems Khosrow Ghadiri - EE Dept. SJSU 25