Antenna Technology

Girish Kumar

Prof., Electrical Engineering Department

IIT Bombay
 Outline of Presentation

Wireless Communication System

Antenna Fundamentals

Various Types of Antennas

Monopole Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

Integrated Horn Antennas

Space Fed Antenna Arrays

Conclusions
Wireless Communication Systems
Modulating Transmitter
signal
Impedance
Modulator Amplifier matching
network
Carrier
signal

Receiver
IF filter Demodu Display
RF Mixer and lator device/
Amplifier Amplifier speaker

LO
Antenna Fundamentals
z

Major lobe
(HPBW)
(FNBW)

Minor lobes Side lobe

Back lobe

x
Antenna Fundamentals (Contd.)
Directivity of the Antenna

41253
D= = 4π A / λ2 Gain = η D
θ Eθ H

Reflection Coefficient and VSWR

ZA − Z0
Γ=
ZA + Z0 Bandwidth of antenna–
Frequency range over
Vmax 1 + Γ which VSWR < 2
VSWR = =
Vmin 1 − Γ
 Pattern Measurement
r

Positioner

Servo
control

Source
Antenna Antenna
under test

Control Receiver Plotter ∼

Signal
Generator
 Link Budget

Transmitting antenna Receiving antenna

r
Aet Aer

Transmitter Receiver

2
 λ 
Pr = PGG
t t r  ( Watt)
 4πr 
 Various Antennas

Monopole

Dipole

Yagi-Uda

Log-Periodic

Helical

Microstrip (Patch)

Horn

Reflector

Antenna Array
Monopole Antenna
Short monopole
h
current
Quarter-wave
monopole current

Image currents
 Helical Antenna

NORMAL AXIAL CONICAL

MODE MODE MODE
 Yagi – Uda Antenna

Dipole Directors
Reflector
Microstrip Antenna
Y

Top
view W X
x
L

(a)

Side εr h
view
Ground Co-axial feed
plane (b)
Microstrip Antenna – VSWR Plot
Microstrip Antenna – Radiation Pattern

Radiation pattern
at 1.8 GHz
Compact Microstrip Antenna
L L

W W
W
x x

(a) (b)

W W
x

(c)
Microstrip Antenna Array

16 x 16
array with
feed network
 Multi-band Antennas
GSM 900, GSM
GSM 1800 1800 & UMTS
GSM 900 GSM 1800 Antenna
Antenna Antenna 3G Antenna Antenna
GSM 900 3G Antenna
Antenna

RCU using
motors

Triplexer
Splitter
Smart Bias Tee

Smart Bias Tee Smart Bias Tee

Triplexer Combiner/
Triplexer

GSM 800 GSM 1800 3G BTS GSM 800 GSM 1800 3G BTS 3G BTS
GSM 800 GSM 1800
BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS
CCU CIU

(a) (b) (c)

CCU - Central Control Unit
RCU - Remote Control Unit
BTS - Base Transceiver Station
CIU - Control Interface Unit
Conical Horn with MSA
Conical Horn with MSA
Conical Horn with MSA
Conical Horn with MSA
 Reflector Antenna

Parabolic Reflector

feed Aperture

Higher gain and bandwidth but occupies too much space

Space fed MSA Array
Space fed MSA Array (8x8)

D = 23 dB, HPBW : 10.3˚ , 10.8˚, SLL = -22 dB

Space fed MSA Array - Measurement
Space fed MSA Array - Measured VSWR
 CONCLUSIONS

Antenna Technology is rapidly changing.

Requirement for innovative thinking to meet the
challenges – multi-band, multi-polarization,
electrical / mechanical tilt, variable beamwidth,
integrated antenna, smart antenna, etc.

Design is the key thing.

Requires precision manufacturing.

Low cost without sacrifice in performance.
Any Questions ??