Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
INGENIERIA
POR: JORGE MALDONADO VILLLA
Tomado del
Doctor R. Moreno
PROCESO
ESTRUCTURA PROPIEDADES
PROCESO
EJ: Lamina
ESTRUCTURA PROPIEDADES
FUNCIÓN
MATERIAL FORMA
PROCESO
1 Metales No-Metales 2
H II A III B IV B VB VI B VII B He
3 Li 4 5 6 7 8 9 F 10
Be B C N O Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg III A IV A VA VI A VII A VIII A IB II B Al Si P S Cl Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 **
Fr Ra Ac
Sólido Líquido Gás
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
* Lantanídeos
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
** Actinídeos
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lw
Tabela periódica de elementos
IA Sólidos Elementales VIII B
[Schaffer, 1999:27]
1 Metales No-Metálicos 2
H II A III B IV B VB VI B VII B He
3 Li 4 5 6 7 8 9 F 10
Be B C N O Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg III A IV A VA VI A VII A VIII A IB II B Al Si P S Cl Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 **
Fr Ra Ac
Sólido Líquido Gás
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
* Lantanídeos
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
** Actinídeos
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lw
Ejemplos de combinaciones
[Barsoum, 1997]
estructura propriedades
Materiales:
estructura y propriedades
[Van Vlack,1973]
Estructura Propriedades
Material
Tipo de Cristali- Conduti-
Estabilidade Mecânica
Enlace nidad vidad
Ionico, Amorfa,
Cerámico covalente cristalina
Alta Média Média
Covalente,
Amorfa,
Polimérico van der Baixa Baixa Baixa
semicristalina
Waals
Enlaces atomicos
Enlaces primarios (~100 kcal/mol):
[Van Vlack, 1973]
– –
+ + + – + –
– –
– – –– – – + – +
+ + + + – + – + –– + –
– – – – –– –
– –– –
–
+ + + – + –
Tomado del
Doctor R. Moreno
METALES
POLIMEROS CERÁMICOS
COMPUESTOS
ELASTÓMEROS VIDROS
FAMÍLIA CLASE SUB-CLASSE MIEMBRO ATRIBUTO
… …
…
… 1000 5005-O
DENSIDADE
CERÁMICOS
ACEROS 2000 5005-H4 MÓDULO
VIDRIOS RESISTÊNCIA
Al 3000 5005-H6
TENACIDADE
METALES
Cu 4000 5083-0 CONDUTIVI.-T
POLÍMEROS EXPANSÃO-T
Ti 5000 5083-H2
RESISTIVIDADE
ELASTÓMEROS
Ni 6000 5083-H4 CUSTO
COMPUESTOS
CORROSÃO
Zn 7000 5154-0
OXIDAÇÃO
…
8000 5154-H2 …
… …
Classes de Material
Clas s Members S hort name
Enginering alloys Aluminum alloys Al alloys
(the metals and alloys of Copper alloys Cu alloys
engineering) Lead alloys Lead alloys
Magnesium alloys Mg alloys
Molybdenum alloys Mo alloys
Nickel alloys Ni alloys
Steels Steels
Tin alloys Tin alloys
Titanium alloys Ti alloys
Tungsten alloys W alloys
Zinc alloys Zn alloys
Engineering polymers Epoxies EP
(the thermoplastics and Melamines MEL
thermosets of engineering) Polycarbonate PC
Polyester PEST Table 3.7 Classes de material,
Polyethylene, high density HDPE
Polyethylene, low density LDPE membros e abreviaturas de
Polyformaldehyde PF
Polymethylmethacrylate PMMA cada membro. [Ashby (1992)].
Polypropylene PP
Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE
Polyvinyl chloride PVC
Engineering ceramics Alumina Al2 O3
(fine ceramics capable of Diamond C
load-bearing application) Sialons Sialons
Silicon carbide SiC
Silicon nitride Si3 N4
Zirconia ZrO2
Metals
kg/m 3
Dens ity,
lbm/in 3
Densidad
Aluminum and its alloysa
Aluminum tin
Babbitt, lead-based white metal
Babbitt, tin-based white metal
2.7 x 103
3.1 x 103
10.1 x 103
7.4 x 103
0.097
0.11
0.36
0.27
de Vários
Materiales
Brasses 8.6 x 103 0.31
Bronze, aluminum 7.5 x 103 0.27
Bronze, leaded 8.9 x 103 0.32
b
Bronze, phosphor (cast) 8.7 x 103 0.31
Bronze, porous 6.4 x 103 0.23
Copper 8.9 x 103 0.32
Copper lead 9.5 x 103 0.34
Iron, cast 7.4 x 103 0.27 Table 3.1 Densidad para
Iron, porous
Iron, wrought
6.1 x 103
7.8 x 103
0.22
0.28
vários metales, polímeros y
Magnesium alloys
c
1.8 x 103 0.065 cerámicos a temperatura
Steels 7.8 x 103 0.28
Zinc Alloys 6.7 x 103 0.24 ambiente (20°C; 68°F).
Polymers
Acetal (polyformaldehyde) 1.4 x 103 0.051 [ESDU (1984)]
Nylons (polyamides) 1.14 x 103 0.041
Polyethylene, high density 0.95 x 103 0.034
Phenol formaldehyde 1.3 x 103 0.047
d
Rubber, natural 1.0 x 103 0.036
Rubber, silicone 1.8 x 103 0.065
Ceramics
Alumina (Al2 O3 ) 3.9 x 103 0.14
Graphite, high strength 1.7 x 103 0.061
Silicon carbide (SiC) 2.9 x 103 0.10
Silicon nitride (Si3 N4 ) 3.2 x 103 0.12
a
Structural alloys
b
Bar stock typically 8.8 x 103 kg/m3 (0.03lbm/in3.)
c
Excluding “refractory” steels
d
“Mechanical” rubber
Cerámica 60 a 430
Polímero 0,002 a 5
Metal 30 a 400
Módulo de
Elasticidad para
Vários
Materiales
Figure 3.12 Módulos de elasticidad
para vários metales, polímeros y
cerámicos à temperatura ambiente
(20°C, 68°F) [ESDU (1984)].
Metals
Aluminum
Modulus of Elas ticity, E
GPa
62
Mps i
9.0
Módulo de
Elasticidad
Aluminum alloys a 70 10.2
Aluminum tin 63 9.1
Babbitt, lead-based white metal 29 4.2
Babbitt, tin-based white metal 52 7.5
Brasses 100 14.5
para Vários
Bronze, aluminum 117 17.0
Bronze, leaded 97 14.1
Bronze, phosphor 110 16.0
Bronze, porous 60 8.7
Copper 124 18.0
Iron, grey cast
Iron, malleable cast
Iron, spheroidal graphiteb
Iron, porous
109
170
159
80
15.8
24.7
23.1
11.6
Materiales
Iron, wrought 170 24.7
Magnesium alloys 41 5.9
Steel, low alloys 196 28.4
Steel, medium and high alloys
Steel, stainlessc
200
193
29.0
28.0
Figure 3.12 Módulos de
Steel, high speed
Zinc alloys d
212
50
30.7
7.3
elasticidad para vários metales,
Polymers
Acetal (polyformaldehyde) 2.7 0.39
polímeros, y cerámicos a
Nylons (polyamides)
Polyethylene, high density
1.9
0.9
0.28
0.13
temperatura ambiente (20°C,
Phenol formaldehydee
Rubber, naturalf
7.0
0.004
1.02
0.0006
68°F) [ESDU (1984)].
Ceramics
Alumina (Al2 O3 ) 390 56.6
Graphite 27 3.9
Cemented carbides 450 65.3
Silicon carbide (SiC) 450 65.3
Silicon nitride (Si3 N4 ) 314 45.5
a
Structural alloys
b
For bearings
c
Precipitation-hardened alloys up to 211 Gpa (30 Mpsi).
d
Some alloys up to 96 Gpa (14 Mpsi).
e
Filled
f
2.5%-carbon-black “mechanical” rubber.
No texto: Table 3.2, page 106
Deformación
[Callister, 1997]
Cerámica -
Polímero 1 a 1400
Metal 1 a 60
Tenacidad de fractura
[Callister, 1997]
Cerámica 0,5 a 6
Polímero 0,5 a 6
Metal 20 a 90
Coeficiente de
Material
Metals
Aluminum and its alloysa
Aluminum tin
Pois s on’s ratio,
0.33
---
Poisson para
Babbitt, lead-based white metal
Babbitt, tin-based white metal
Brasses
Bronze
---
---
0.33
0.33
Vários
Materiales
Bronze, porous 0.22
Copper 0.33
Copper lead ---
Iron, cast 0.26
Iron, porous 0.20
Iron, wrought 0.30 Table 3.3 Coeficiente de Poisson
Magnesium alloys 0.33
Steels 0.30 para vários metales, polímeros y
Zinc alloys 0.27
Polymers cerámicos a temperatura ambiente
Acetal (polyformaldehyde) ---
Nylons (polyamides) 0.40 (20°C; 68°F). [ESDU (1984)]
Polyethylene, high density 0.35
Phenol formaldehydee ---
Rubber 0.50
Ceramics
Alumina (Al2 O3 ) 0.28
Graphite, high strength ---
Cemented carbides 0.19
Silicon carbide (SiC) 0.19
Silicon nitride (Si3 N4 ) 0.26
a
Structural alloys
Material Característica
Resistente a la corrosión
Cerámica
oxidación, altas temperaturas
Se degrada con solventes, altas
Polímero
temperaturas, Rayos UV
Susceptíble a la corrosión,
Metal
oxidación
Condutividad
Térmica para
Vários
Materiales
Figure 3.13 Condutividad térmica
para vários metales, polímeros, y
cerámicos a temperatura ambiente
(20°C, 68°F). [ESDU (1984)].
Cerámica 1 a 500
Metal 10 a 400
Material
Metals
Aluminum
Thermal Conductivity, K t
W/m-°C
209
Btu/ft-hr°F
120
Condutividad
Térmica para
Aluminum alloys, casta 146 84
Aluminum alloys, siliconb 170 98
Aluminum alloys, wroughtc 151 87
Aluminum tin 180 100
Babbitt, lead-based white metal 24 14
Vários Materiales
Babbitt, tin-based white metal 56 32
Brasses a 120 69
Bronze, aluminuma 50 29
Bronze, leaded 47 27
Bronze, phosphor (cast)d 50 29
Bronze, porous 30 17
Coppera 170 98
Copper lead 30 17 Table 3.4 Conductividad termica
Iron, grey cast 50 29
Iron, spheroidal graphite 30 17 para varios metales, polimeros, y
Iron, porous 28 16
Iron, wrought
Magnesium alloys
70
110
40
64
cerámicos a temperatura
Steel, low alloyse
Steel, medium
35
30
20
17
ambiente (20°C; 68°F). [From
Steel, stainless f
Zinc alloys
15
110
8.7
64
ESDU(1984)]
Polymers
Acetal (polyformaldehyde) 0.24 0.14
Nylons (polyamides) 0.25 0.14
Polyethylene, high density 0.5 0.29
Phenol formaldehydee --- ---
Rubber, naturalf 1.6 0.92
Ceramics
Alumina (Al2 O3 )g 25 14
Graphite, high strength 125 72
Silicon carbide (SiC) 15 8.6
Silicon nitride (Si3 N4 ) --- ---
a
At 100°C
b
At 100°C (~150 W/m-°C at 25°C)
c
20 to 100°C
d
Bar stock typically 69 W/m-°C
e
20 to 200°C
f
Typically 22W/m-°C at 200°C
g
Typically 12W/m-°C at 400°C
Coeficiente de
Coefficient, a
(°C) -1 (°F) -1
Metals
Aluminum 23 x 10-6 12.8 x 10-6
Aluminum alloysa 24 x 10-6 13.3 x 10-6
Aluminum tin
Babbitt, lead-based white metal
Babbitt, tin-based white metal
Brasses
24 x 10-6
20 x 10-6
23 x 10-6
19 x 10-6
13.3 x 10-6
11 x 10-6
13 x 10-6
10.6 x 10-6
Expansión
Térmica Lineal
Bronzes 18 x 10-6 10.0 x 10-6
Copper 18 x 10-6 10.0 x 10-6
Copper lead 18 x 10-6 10.0 x 10-6
Iron, cast 11 x 10-6 6.1 x 10-6
Iron, porous 12 x 10-6 6.7 x 10-6
para Vários
Iron, wrought 12 x 10-6 6.7 x 10-6
Magnesium alloys 27 x 10-6 15 x 10-6
Steel, alloyb 11 x 10-6 6.1 x 10-6
Steel, stainless 17 x 10-6 9.5 x 10-6
Steel, high speed 11 x 10-6 6.1 x 10-6
Zinc alloys
Polymers
Thermoplasticsc
Thermosetsd
27 x 10-6
(60-100) x 10-6
(10-80) x 10-6
15 x 10-6
(33-56) x 10-6
(6-44) x 10-6
Materiales
Acetal (polyformaldehyde) 90 x 10-6 50 x 10-6
Nylons (polyamides) 100 x 10-6 56 x 10-6
Polyethylene, high density
Phenol formaldehydee
126 x 10-6
(25-40) x 10-6
70 x 10-6
(14-22) x 10-6 Table 3.5 Coeficiente de expansión
Rubber, naturalf (80-120) x 10-6 (44-67) x 10-6
Rubber, nitrileg 34 x 10-6 62 x 10-6 térmica lineal para vários metales,
Rubber, silicone 57 x 10-6 103 x 10-6
Ceramics polímeros, y cerámicos a temperatura
Alumina (Al2 O3 )h 5.0 x 10-6 2.8 x 10-6
Graphite, high strength 1.4-4.0 x 10-6 0.8-2.2 x 10-6 ambiente (20°C; 68°F). [ESDU (1984)]
Silicon carbide (SiC) 4.3 x 10-6 2.4 x 10-6
Silicon nitride (Si3 N4 ) 3.2 x 10-6 1.8 x 10-6
a
Structural alloys
b
Cast alloys can be up to 15 x 10-6 /(°C)
c
Typical bearing materials
d
25 x 10-6 (°C)-1 to 80 x 10-6 (°C)-1 when reinforced
e
Mineral filled
f
Fillers can reduce coefficients
g
Varies with composition
h
0 to 200°C
Cristalina Amorfa
CRISTAL AMORFO
Sílice: cristalina y amorfa
[Callister, 1997:57]
Silício
Oxigeno
Contornos
de grano
Grano
Orientación de la celula
Grano A unitaíia en grano A
Grano B
Orientación de la celula
unitaíia en grano B
DISLOCACIONES
Productos y aplicaciones
[Barsoum, 1997; Reed, 1995]
Térmica
Electrica
Magnética
Optica
Nuclear
Química
Biológica
Mecánica
Estética
Agradecimientos
quartzo quartzo
tridimita tridimita
Temperatura (°C)
Sílica: dilatação de fases
[Van Vlack, 1964:141]