Diploma Programme

Mathematics HL and
further mathematics HL
formula booklet
For use during the course and in the examinations

First examinations 2014

Published June 2012

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2012 5048
Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 1
Contents

Prior learning 2
Core 3
Topic 1: Algebra 3
Topic 2: Functions and equations 4
Topic 3: Circular functions and trigonometry 4
Topic 4: Vectors 5
Topic 5: Statistics and probability 6
Topic 6: Calculus 8
Options 10
Topic 7: Statistics and probability 10
Further mathematics HL topic 3
Topic 8: Sets, relations and groups 11
Further mathematics HL topic 4
Topic 9: Calculus 11
Further mathematics HL topic 5
Topic 10: Discrete mathematics 12
Further mathematics HL topic 6
Formulae for distributions 13
Topics 5.6, 5.7, 7.1, further mathematics HL topic 3.1
Discrete distributions 13
Continuous distributions 13
Further mathematics 14
Topic 1: Linear algebra 14

Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 1

 Formulae

Prior learning

Area of a parallelogram A  b  h , where b is the base, h is the height

Area of a triangle 1
A  (b  h) , where b is the base, h is the height
2

Area of a trapezium 1
A  ( a  b) h , where a and b are the parallel sides, h is the height
2

Area of a circle A  r 2 , where r is the radius

Circumference of a circle C  2r , where r is the radius

Volume of a pyramid 1
V  (area of base  vertical height)
3

Volume of a cuboid V  l  w  h , where l is the length, w is the width, h is the height

Volume of a cylinder V  r 2 h , where r is the radius, h is the height

Area of the curved surface of A  2rh , where r is the radius, h is the height
a cylinder

Volume of a sphere 4
V  r 3 , where r is the radius
3

Volume of a cone 1
V  r 2 h , where r is the radius, h is the height
3

Distance between two d  ( x1  x2 ) 2  ( y1  y2 ) 2

points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 )

Coordinates of the midpoint of  x1  x2 y1  y2 

a line segment with endpoints  , 
 2 2 
( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 )

Solutions of a quadratic b  b 2  4ac

equation The solutions of ax 2  bx  c  0 are x 
2a

Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 2

Core

Topic 1: Algebra
1.1 The nth term of an un  u1  (n  1)d
arithmetic sequence

The sum of n terms of an n n

arithmetic sequence S n  (2u1  (n  1)d )  (u1  un )
2 2

The nth term of a un  u1r n 1

geometric sequence

The sum of n terms of a u1 (r n  1) u1 (1  r n )

finite geometric sequence Sn   , r 1
r 1 1 r

The sum of an infinite u1

geometric sequence S  , r 1
1 r

1.2 Exponents and logarithms a x  b  x  log a b , where a  0, b  0, a  1

a x  e x ln a
log a a x  x  a log a x

log c a
log b a 
log c b

1.3 Combinations n n!

 
r
  r !( n  r )!

Permutations n P  n!
r (n  r )!

Binomial theorem n n

(a  b) n  a n    a n 1b     a n  r b r   b n
1 r

1.5 Complex numbers z  a  ib  r (cos   isin  )  rei  r cis 

De Moivre’s theorem  r (cos  isin  )

n
1.7  r n (cos n  i sin n )  r n ein  r n cis n

Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 3

Topic 2: Functions and equations
2.5 Axis of symmetry of the b
graph of a quadratic f ( x)  ax 2  bx  c  axis of symmetry x  
2a
function

2.6 Discriminant   b 2  4ac

Topic 3: Circular functions and trigonometry

3.1 Length of an arc l   r , where  is the angle measured in radians, r is the radius

Area of a sector 1
A   r 2 , where  is the angle measured in radians, r is the
2
radius

3.2 Identities sin 

tan  
cos
1
sec 
cos
1
cosec 
sin 

Pythagorean identities cos 2   sin 2   1

1  tan 2   sec 2 
1  cot 2   csc 2

3.3 Compound angle identities sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B

cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
tan( A  B ) 
1  tan A tan B

Double angle identities sin 2  2sin  cos

cos 2  cos 2   sin 2   2cos 2   1  1  2sin 2 
2 tan 
tan 2 
1  tan 2 

Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 4

 3.7 Cosine rule a2  b2  c2
c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C ; cos C 
2ab

Sine rule a b c
 
sin A sin B sin C

Area of a triangle 1
A  ab sin C
2

Topic 4: Vectors
4.1 Magnitude of a vector  v1 
 
v  v  v2  v3 , where v   v2 
1
2 2 2

v 
 3

Distance between two d  ( x1  x2 ) 2  ( y1  y2 ) 2  ( z1  z2 ) 2

points ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
( x2 , y2 , z2 )

Coordinates of the  x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2 
midpoint of a line segment  , , 
 2 2 2 
with endpoints ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) ,
( x2 , y2 , z2 )

4.2 Scalar product v  w  v w cos  , where  is the angle between v and w

 v1   w1 
   
v  w  v1 w1  v2 w2  v3 w3 , where v   v2  , w   w2 
v  w 
 3  3

Angle between two v1 w1  v2 w2  v3 w3

vectors cos 
v w

4.3 Vector equation of a line r = a + λb

Parametric form of the x  x0   l , y  y0   m, z  z0   n

equation of a line

Cartesian equations of a x  x0 y  y0 z  z0
line  
l m n

Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 5

 4.5 Vector product  v2 w3  v3 w2   v1   w1 
     
v  w   v3 w1  v1 w3  where v   v2  , w   w2 
v w v w  v  w 
 1 2 2 1  3  3
v  w  v w sin  , where  is the angle between v and w

Area of a triangle 1
A v  w where v and w form two sides of a triangle
2

4.6 Vector equation of a plane r = a + λb +  c

Equation of a plane r n  an

(using the normal vector)

Cartesian equation of a ax  by  cz  d
plane

Topic 5: Statistics and probability

k
5.1 Population parameters
Let n   f i
i 1

Mean  k

fx i i
 i 1

Variance  2 k k

 f x   fx
2 2
i i i i
2  i 1
 i 1
 2
n n

Standard deviation  k

 f x  
2
i i
 i 1

5.2 Probability of an event A n( A)

P( A) 
n(U )

Complementary events P( A)  P( A)  1

5.3 Combined events P( A  B )  P( A)  P( B )  P( A  B )

Mutually exclusive events P( A  B )  P( A)  P( B )

Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 6

 5.4 Conditional probability P( A  B )
P (A B ) 
P( B )

Independent events P( A  B )  P( A) P( B)

Bayes’ theorem P( B )P (A | B )
P (B | A) 
P( B )P (A | B )  P( B)P (A | B)

P ( Bi ) P ( A Bi )
P ( Bi | A) 
P ( B1 ) P( A | B1 )  P ( B2 ) P ( A | B2 )  P ( B3 ) P ( A | B3 )

5.5 Expected value of a E( X )     x P( X  x)

discrete random variable X

Expected value of a 
E( X )     x f ( x)dx
continuous random 

variable X

Variance Var( X )  E( X   ) 2  E( X 2 )   E(X )

2

Variance of a discrete Var( X )   ( x   ) 2 P( X  x)   x 2 P( X  x)   2

random variable X

Variance of a continuous  
Var( X )   ( x   ) 2 f ( x) dx   x 2 f ( x)dx   2
random variable X  

5.6 Binomial distribution n

X ~ B(n, p)  P( X  x)    p x (1  p ) n  x , x  0,1,  , n
 x
Mean E( X )  np
Variance Var( X )  np(1  p)

Poisson distribution m x e m
X ~ Po( m)  P( X  x)  , x  0,1, 2, 
Mean x!
Variance E( X )  m
Var( X )  m

5.7 Standardized normal x

variable z


Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 7

Topic 6: Calculus
6.1 Derivative of f ( x) dy  f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 
y  f ( x)   f ( x)  lim  
dx h  0
 h 

6.2 Derivative of x n f ( x)  x n  f ( x)  nx n 1

Derivative of sin x f ( x)  sin x  f ( x)  cos x

Derivative of cos x f ( x)  cos x  f ( x)   sin x

Derivative of tan x f ( x)  tan x  f ( x)  sec 2 x

Derivative of e x f ( x)  e x  f ( x)  e x

Derivative of ln x 1
f ( x)  ln x  f ( x) 
x
Derivative of sec x f ( x)  sec x  f ( x)  sec x tan x

Derivative of csc x f ( x)  csc x  f ( x)  csc x cot x

Derivative of cot x f ( x)  cot x  f ( x)  csc 2 x

Derivative of a x f ( x)  a x  f ( x)  a x (ln a)

Derivative of log a x 1
f ( x)  log a x  f ( x) 
x ln a

Derivative of arcsin x 1
f ( x)  arcsin x  f ( x) 
1  x2

Derivative of arccos x 1
f ( x)  arccos x  f ( x)  
1  x2

Derivative of arctan x 1
f ( x)  arctan x  f ( x) 
1  x2

Chain rule dy dy du
y  g (u ) , where u  f ( x)   
dx du dx

Product rule dy dv du
y  uv  u v
dx dx dx

Quotient rule du dv
v u
u dy d x dx
y   2
v dx v

Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 8

 6.4 Standard integrals x n 1
 x dx   C , n  1
n

n 1

1
 x dx  ln x  C

 sin x dx   cos x  C

 cos x dx  sin x  C

e dx  e x  C
x

1 x
a dx  a C
x

ln a

1 1 x
a 2
 x2
dx  arctan    C
a a

1 x
 a x
2
dx  arcsin    C ,
2
a
xa

6.5 Area under a curve b b

A   y dx or A   x dy
a a

Volume of revolution
(rotation) b
V   πy 2 dx or V   πx 2 dy
b

a a

6.7 Integration by parts dv du

 u dx dx  uv   v dx dx or  u dv  uv   v du

Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 9

Options

Topic 7: Statistics and probability

Further mathematics HL topic 3

7.1 Probability generating G (t )  E (t X )   P( X  x)t x

(3.1) function for a discrete x

random variable X

7.2 Linear combinations of two E (a1 X 1  a2 X 2 )  a1E (X 1 )  a2 E (X 2 )

(3.2) independent random
Var (a1 X 1  a2 X 2 )  a12 Var (X 1 )  a2 2 Var (X 2 )
variables X 1 , X 2

7.3 Sample statistics

(3.3)
Mean x k

fx i i
x i 1

Variance sn2 k k

 f (x i i  x )2 fx i i
2

sn2  i 1
 i 1
 x2
n n

Standard deviation sn k

 f (x i i  x )2
sn  i 1

Unbiased estimate of k k

population variance sn21 n 2  f (x i i  x )2 fx i i

2

n 2
sn21  sn  i 1
 i 1
 x
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

7.5 Confidence intervals

(3.5)
Mean, with known 
variance x  z
n

Mean, with unknown sn 1

variance x t
n

7.6 Test statistics

(3.6)
Mean, with known x 
variance z
/ n

Mean, with unknown x 

variance t
sn 1 / n

Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 10

 7.7 Sample product moment n

(3.7)
correlation coefficient x y i i  nx y
r i 1

 n 2 2 
n
2
 
 i 1
xi  nx 
 yi  n y 
 i 1
2

Test statistic for H0: n2

ρ=0 tr
1 r2

Equation of regression line  n 

of x on y   xi yi  nx y 
x  x   i 1n ( y  y)
 2 
  yi  n y 
2

 i 1 

Equation of regression line  n 

of y on x   xi yi  nx y 
y  y   i 1n (x  x )
 2 
  xi  nx 
2

 i 1 

Topic 8: Sets, relations and groups

Further mathematics HL topic 4

8.1 De Morgan’s laws ( A  B )  A  B

(4.1) ( A  B )  A  B

Topic 9: Calculus
Further mathematics HL topic 5

9.5 Euler’s method yn 1  yn  h  f ( xn , yn ) ; xn 1  xn  h , where h is a constant

(5.5) (step length)

Integrating factor for

e
P ( x )dx

y   P ( x) y  Q( x)

Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 11

 9.6 Maclaurin series x2
(5.6) f ( x)  f (0)  x f (0)  f (0)  
2!

Taylor series ( x  a ) 2 
f ( x)  f (a)  ( x  a ) f (a )  f ( a)  ...
2!

Taylor approximations ( x  a)n ( n )

(with error term Rn ( x) ) f ( x)  f ( a)  ( x  a) f ( a)  ...  f (a)  Rn ( x)
n!

Lagrange form f ( n 1) (c)

Rn ( x)  ( x  a) n 1 , where c lies between a and x
(n  1)!

Maclaurin series for x2

special functions ex  1  x   ...
2!
x 2 x3
ln(1  x)  x    ...
2 3
x3 x5
sin x  x    ...
3! 5!
x2 x4
cos x  1    ...
2! 4!
x3 x5
arctan x  x    ...
3 5

Topic 10: Discrete mathematics

Further mathematics HL topic 6

10.7 Euler’s formula for v  e  f  2 , where v is the number of vertices, e is the number
(6.7) connected planar graphs of edges, f is the number of faces

Planar, simple, connected e  3v  6 for v  3

graphs
e  2v  4 if the graph has no triangles

Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 12

Formulae for distributions

Topics 5.6, 5.7, 7.1, further mathematics HL topic 3.1

Discrete distributions
Distribution Notation Probability mass Mean Variance
function

Geometric X ~ Geo (p) pq x 1 1 q

p p2
for x  1, 2,...

Negative binomial X ~ NB (r , p )  x  1 r x  r r rq
 p q p p2
 r  1
for x  r , r  1,...

Continuous distributions
Distribution Notation Probability Mean Variance
density function

Normal X ~ N ( ,  2 ) 1  x 
2  2
1  
 
e 2
 2π

Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 13

Further mathematics

Topic 1: Linear algebra

1.2 Determinant of a 2  2 a b 
matrix A   det A  A  ad  bc
c d

Inverse of a 2  2 matrix a b  1 1  d b 
A   A    , ad  bc
c d det A  c a

Determinant of a 3  3 a b c
matrix   e f d f d e
A  d e f   det A  a b c
g h k g k g h
 h k 

Mathematics HL and further mathematics formula booklet 14