Implementing IPv4

Tuesday, May 22, 2018 9:45 AM

Operating Cisco routers

Installing cisco routers

 Routers forward packets end to end through network. It uses layer 3 routing protocol to choose where to forward each packet.

Installing Enterprise routers

 Enterprise network: has few centralized sites with lots of remote small sites.
 Each site contains at least a router, switch and other end user devises. Refer the fig below for details.

Fig : generic enterprise network

 The two sites are connected using a point to point serial link connecting the two routers.
 The cabling detail is shown in the figure below.

Fig : detailed cabling diagram for the generic enterprise network.

 On the figure above there is channel service unit/data service unit (CSU/DSU) hardware at the end of the serial link. It sits
either outside of the router as a separate device or integrated into the routers serial interface hardware.
 Installation of cisco router is simple, refer the material if needed.

Installing internet access routers or SOHO installation

 Here we focus on SOHO installation with separate switch, router, and cable modem.
 Below figure shows devices and cables used in SOHO network to connect to the internet using cable TV (CATV) as high-speed internet
service.

Fig : devices in SOHO network with high-speed CATV internet

 The main difference between SOHO network and enterprise network is connection to the internet. An internet connection that uses
CATV or digital subscriber line (DSL) needs a device that converts between layer 1 and 2 standards used on CATV cable or DSL line
and the Ethernet used by the router. These devises are called cable modem and DSL modems resp. the purpose is the same with the
CSU/DSU on the serial link, even though the details differ.
 The installation is simple, refer the doc.
 Today, most SOHO installation use an integrated devices rather than separate devices shown above. We can get single SOHO devices
that includes router, switch, cable or DSL modem, wireless access point, and hardware-enabled encryption.

Enabling IPv4 support on cisco routers

Comparison between the switch CLI and router CLI
 Similarities between the switch and router CLI are:
○ User and Enable (privileged) mode
○ Entering and exiting configuration mode, using the configure terminal, end, and exit commands and the Ctrl+Z key sequence
○ Configuration of console, Telnet, and enable secret passwords
○ Configuration of SSH encryption keys and username/password login credentials
○ Configuration of the hostname and interface description

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 ○Configuration of the hostname and interface description
○Configuration of Ethernet interfaces that can negotiate speed, using the speed and duplex commands
○Configuring an interface to be administratively disabled ( shutdown) and administratively enabled (no shutdown)
○Navigation through different configuration mode contexts using commands like line console 0 and interface
○CLI help, command editing, and command recall features
○The use of the debug command’s many options to create log messages about certain events, so that any user can monitor those
messages using the terminal monitor EXEC command
○ Setup mode, used to guide the user through a set of questions to create a simple initial configuration
○ The meaning and use of the startup config (in NVRAM), running config (in RAM), and external servers (like TFTP), along with h ow
to use the copy command to copy the configuration files and IOS images
 Some differences between the switch and router CLI commands are:
○ Configuration of IP addresses
○ Routers have auxiliary(Aux) port, intended to be connected to the external modem and phone line to allow remote users to dial
in to the router, and access the CLI, by making a phone call.
○ Other differences are due to the fact that routers and switches can do different things. Like instead of show mac address-table
as in the case of switch, routers use show ip route to list ip routes.

Router interfaces
 Some of the router interfaces are; Ethernet interfaces, serial interfaces, cable TV, DSL, . . .
 Many if the routers Ethernet interfaces support multiple speeds and use auto-negotiation, so for consistency, the router IOS refers
to these interfaces based on the fastest speed. For example:
○ 10-Mbps only Ethernet interface would be configured with the interface ethernet number configuration command
○ 10/100 Ethernet interface would be configured with the interface fastethernet number command, and
○ 10/100/1000 Ethernet interface would be configured with the interface gigabitethernet number command.
 Routers use serial interfaces to connect to serial link. Each point-to-point serial link can use high-level data link control
(HDLC, the default) or point-to-point protocol (PPP).
 Most common commands used to display the interfaces and their status are show ip interface brief and show interfaces (xxxx)
commands.
 Note: we can truncate the interface commands. Ex: instead of show interfaces fastethernet 0/0 we can use sh int fa0/0.
 To add some note to the interface we can use the description xxxx command.
 Each interfaces has two interface status codes; line status and protocol status.
○ Line status: is the first status code referring to the layer 1 status. Like; cable is not installed, the device on the other
end is powered OFF.
○ Protocol status: the second status code generally referring to the layer 2 status. Its always down if the line status is down .
If line status is up, its down probably because of mismatched data link layer configuration.

 To make the router ready to route IPv4 packets on an interface, we need to enable the interface and assign it an IPv4 address.
○ Most router interfaces default to a disabled (shutdown) state and should be enabled with the no shutdown interface subcommand.
○ We need to give the IP address and mask for the routers to route IP packets. To configure the address and mask, use the ip
address address mask, interface subcommand.
 Example : refer the figure and the configuration below

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 ○ Show protocols command is used to see the protocol status of each of the interfaces.

Router auxiliary (Aux) port

 This port is mainly used to make a phone call to connect into the router to issue commands from the CLI.
 It works like the console line, except the aux port is typically connected through a cable to an external analog modem, which in
turn connects to a phone line.
 The aux port is configured beginning with the line aux 0 command to reach the aux line configuration mode. Then all the commands
used for console configuration (password xxx and login) is used here also.

Some of the commands used are summarized in the table below

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 Configuring IPv4 addresses and routes
IP routing
 Routers use three methods to add IPv4 routes to their IPv4 routing table.
 Routers first learn connected routes, which are routes for subnet attached to a router interface.
 Routers can also use static routes, which are routes created through a configuration command (ip route) that tells the router what
route to put in IPv4 routing table.
 Routers can use a routing protocol, in which tell each routers tell each other all their known routes.
 IP routing delivers IP packets from the sending host to the destination host. The complete end to end routing process relies on network
layer logic on hosts and on routers. The sending host uses Layer 3 concepts to create an IP packet, forwarding the IP packet to the
host’s default gateway (default router). The routing process also relies on data link and physical details at each link. IP r outing
relies on serial links, Ethernet LANs, wireless LANs, and many other networks that implement data link and physical layer sta ndards.
These lower-layer devices and protocols move the IP packets around the TCP/IP network by encapsulating and transmitting the packets
inside data link layer frames.
 The routing process starts with the host that creates the IP packets. A LAN based host acts as follows:
 If the destination is local, send directly:
○ Find the destination hosts MAC address. Use the already-known address resolution protocol (ARP) table entry, or use ARP
messages to learn the information.
○ Encapsulate the IP packet in a data link frame, with the destination data link address on the destination host.
 If the destination is not local, send to the default gateway:
○ Find the default gateways MAC address. Use the already -known ARP table entry, or use ARP messages to learn the information.
○ Encapsulate the IP packets in a data link frame, with the destination data link address of the default gateway.
 Routers have a little more routing work to do as compared with hosts. Below are five steps for the routers routing logic
 For each received data link frame, choose whether or not to process the frame. Process it if:
○ The frame has no errors (per the data link trailer Frame Check Sequence, or FCS, field)
○ The frame’s destination data link address is the router’s address (or an appropriate multicast or broadcast address).
 If choosing to process the frame at Step 1, de-encapsulate the packet from inside the data link frame.
 Make a routing decision. To do so, compare the packet’s destination IP address to the routing table and find the route that matches
the destination address. This route identifies the outgoing interface of the router and possibly the next hop router.
 Encapsulate the packet into a data link frame appropriate for the outgoing interface. When forwarding out LAN interfaces, use ARP
as needed to find the next device’s MAC address.
 Transmit the frame out the outgoing interface, as listed in the matched IP route.

Configuring connected routes

 Cisco routers enable IPv4 routing globally, by default. For a particular interface to route packet it must be configured with an IP
address and others. i.e. interface status should be up/up state.
 Routers add routes to their routing table through three methods;
 Connected routes: added because of the configuration of IP address interface subcommand on the local computer.
 Static routes: added because of the configuration of the IP route global command on the local router.
 Routing protocol: added as a function by configuration on all routers, resulting in the process by which routers dynamically tell
each other about the network so that they all learn routes.
 Example #1: refer the below diagram, the configuration, and the show command.

Fig: sample network to show the connected routes

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  The first part shows the configuration of IP address on all three of the R1s interface.
 From the output of the show IP route we can get the following information's
○ C and the "directly connected" shows the route as connected to the router.
○ Matching parameter (subnet ID and mask).
○ The outgoing interface.
 The routers also automatically produces local routes (L).

 Three options exist for connecting a router to each subnet on a VLAN.

 Use router, with one router LAN interface and cable connected to the switch for each and every VLAN (typically not used)
 Use a router, with a VLAN trunk connecting to a LAN switch.
 Use layer3 switch.
 The figure below shows a network where the second and the third options used. There is the central site campus LAN on the lef t, with 12
VLANs. At the central site, two of the switches act as layer 3 switches, combining the functions of a router and switch, rout ing between
all 12 subnets/VLANs. The remote branch sites on the right side of the figure each use two VLANs, each router uses a VLAN tru nk to
connect to and route for both VLANs.

Configuring routing to VLANs using 802.1Q on routers

 Router on a stick (ROAS) uses a router VLAN trunking configuration to give the router a logical router interface connected to each VLAN,
and therefore each subnet that sits on a separate VLAN. The router needs to have an IP address/mask associated with each VLAN on a
trunk. However, the router uses only one physical interface on which to configure the ip address command. Cisco solves this problem by
creating multiple virtual router interfaces, one associates with each VLAN on that trunk. Cisco calls this virtual interfaces
subinterfaces.
 ROAS configuration creates a subinterfaces for each VLAN on the trunk, and the router then treats all the frames tagged with that
associated VLAN ID as if they come out of that subinterface.
 Note: cisco routers don’t attempt to negotiate trunking, so both the switch and the router need to manually configure trunkin g.
 The steps for the routers 802.1Q trunking configuration is as follows
 Create unique subinterface for each VLAN that needs to be routed (interface type number.subnet)
 Enable 802.1Q trunking, and associate one specific VLAN with the subinterface in subinterface config mode (encryption dot1q
vlan_ID)
 Configure IP settings (address and mask) in subinterface config mode (ip address address mask)
 Example: configuration for the router B1 of the above network.

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  The subinterface number begins with the period, like .10, .20, etc. these numbers can be any number from 1 to over 4 billion. It
just needs to be unique among all subinterfaces associated with this one physical interface.
 Note: if the physical Ethernet interface reaches up/up state, the subinterface as well.

 Note: the configuration for the ISL is the same with 802.1Q, only change dot1q with isl.
 Each 802.1Q trunk has one native VLAN, and when used, the configuration to use that native VLAN differs, with two options for the router
side configuration.
 Configure the ip address command on the physical interface, but without an encapsulation command; the router considers this
physical interface to be using the native VLAN.
 Configure the ip address command on a subinterface, and use the encapsulation … native subcommand.
 Example: shows both configuration options with small change to the above example. In this case VLAN 10 becomes native VLAN.

 Note: the show vlans command on the router spells out which router trunk interfaces use which VLANs, which VLANs is the native VLAN,
plus some packet statistics.

Configuring routing to VLANs using a layer 3 switch

 A layer 3 switch does two functions: layer 2 LAN switching and layer 3 IP routing. The layer 2 switch function forwards frame inside
each VLAN, but it will not forward frames between VLANs.
 Layer 3 switching function needs a virtual interface connected to each VLAN internal to the switch. This VLAN interfaces act like router
interfaces, with an IP address and mask.
 Layer 3 switch has IP routing table, with connected routes off each of these VLAN interfaces. These interfaces are also refer red to as
switches virtual interfaces (SVI).
 From the above network let's see the layer 3 switch configuration concept with little design modification to the branch offic e.

Fig: routing on VLAN interfaces In layer 3 switch

 The figure shows the layer 3 switch function with a router icon inside the switch, to emphasize that the switch routes the packets.
 The branch has two user VLANs (10 and 20), so the switch needs one VLAN interface for each VLAN. Additionally we need one VLAN (30)
for the traffic to get to the router to access WAN. This link would not be trunk, but would be an access link.
 The steps for configuring layer 3 switching are: the first step is not for all switch.
 Enable hardware support for IPv4 routing. Ex, on 2960 switches, configure the sdm prefer lanbase-routing global command and reload
the switch.
 Enable IPv4 routing globally (ip routing)

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  Enable IPv4 routing globally (ip routing)
 Create VLAN interfaces for each VLAN for which the layer 3 switch routing packets (interface vlan vlan_ID)
 Configure an IP address and mask on the VLAN interface (in the interface configuration mode for that interface), enablinkg IPv4 on
that VLAN interface (ip address address mask)
 If the switch defaults to place the VLAN interface in a disabled (shutdown) state, enable the interface (no shutdown)
 Example: below command shows VLAN configuration for layer 3 switch and the result of show ip route command.

Secondary IP addressing
 Uses multiple networks or subnets on the same data link to increase the number of available IP addresses.
 It allows some hosts to have addresses in one IP subnet, others to have address in the second IP subnet, and the router to ha ve address
in both. Both IP subnet would be in the same layer 2 broadcast domain (VLAN).
 The negative side of secondary addressing is traffic between hosts on the same VLAN, but in different subnets, require a trip through th
e router.
 In the network below, hosts A and B sit on the same LAN, in fact, in the same VLAN. So does R1. no trunking needs to occur an d the
router can route packets to both subnets and even between both subnets.

 Example: secondary IP addressing configuration and the show IP route command.

Supporting connected routes to subnet zero

 IOS can restrict a router from configuring an ip address command with an address inside the zero subnet. The zero subnet (or subnet
zero) is the one subnet in each classful network that has all binary 0s in the subnet part of the binary version of the subne t number.
 With the ip subnet-zero command configured, IOS allows the zero subnet with no restrictions. With the no ip subnet-zero command
configured, the router rejects any ip address command that uses an address/mask combination for the zero subnet
 Example: shows how a router accepts the interface subcommand ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0 at first, with default setting, but
later rejects the command after changing to use no ip subnet-zero. Note that the error message does not mention the zero subnet, instead
simply stating "bad mask".

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 Configuring static routes
 Static routes are routes added to a routing table through direct configuration.

Static route configuration

 The figure below shows details related to static route on R1, for subnet 172.16.2.0/24, which sits on the far right. To creat e that
static route on R1, R1 will configure the subnet ID and mask, and either R1's outgoing interface (S0/0/0), or R2 as the next -hop router
IP address (172.16.4.2).

 Example: let's see the routes on R1 for the fig below, for the two subnets on the right side of the figure.

 The below configuration shows two different style of configuration

○ The first command shows subnet 172.16.2.0, mask 255.255.255.0, which sits on a LAN near router R2. that same first command
lists 172.16.4.2, R2's ip address, as the next-hop router.
○ The second route lists local routers outgoing interface instead of ip address.

 We can see the routes created by using show ip route static command.

 IOS adds and removes this static routes dynamically over time based on the outgoing interface is working or not. We should us e the key
word permanent with the ip route command, to tell the IOS not to remove the routes, even when the associated interface fails.

Static default route

 During packet routing if the router did not match packets destination ip address with any route, it will discard the packet. But we can
configure router to use statically configured or dynamically learned default route. The default route matches all packets, s o that if a
packet does not match any other more specific route in the routing table, the router can at least forward packets based on th e default
route.
 IOS allows the configuration of static default route by using special values for the subnet and mask field in the ip route command:
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.
 Example: shows R2 from the network above, using a static default route to route packets back to R1. see also the result of show ip
route. The candidate default route (*), means the router can learn about more than one default route, and the router then has to cho ose
which one to use.

 "gateway of last resort" refers to the chosen default route, which in this case is the just configured static route with outgoing

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  "gateway of last resort" refers to the chosen default route, which in this case is the just configured static route with outgoing
interface s0/0/1.

Learning IPv4 routes with OSPFv2

 Some of the common routing protocols are RIP, OSPF, EIGRP and BGP.
 Some of the routing protocol functions are
 Learn routing information about IP subnets from other neighboring routers
 Advertise routing information about IP subnets to other neighboring routers.
 If more than one possible route exists to reach one subnet, pick the best route based on a metric
 If the network topology changes - ex. A link fails - react by advertising that some routers have failed and pick a new currently
best route. (this process is called convergence)

Configuring and verifying host connectivity

 any host that uses IPv4 needs four IPv4 settings to work properly,
 IP address
 Subnet mask
 Default router(s)
 DNS server IP address(es)
 These settings can be configured statically or learnt dynamically (DHCP)

Configuring routers to support DHCP

 Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) is a method for the users to learn their IP settings.
 We can configure the router to play the role of DHCP server or configure the IP of the DHCP server on the routers LAN interfa ce using
the command ip helper-address server_IP.

DHCP Protocol messages and addresses

 The DHCP process to lease an IP address uses the following four messages between the client and server
 Discover : sent by DHCP client to find the willing DHCP server.
 Offer : sent by DHCP server to offer to lease to that client a specific IP address (and inform the client of its other parameters)
 Request : sent by the DHCP client to ask the server to lease the IPv4 address listed in the offer message.
 Acknowledgement : sent by the DHCP server to assign the address, and to list the mask, default router, and DNS server IP address.
 Now the problem is that DHCP client have no IP address. To make that work, DHCP messages make use of two special IPv4 address es that
allow a host that has no IP address still be able to send and receive messages on the local subnet:
 0.0.0.0 : address reserved for use as source IP address for the host that have no ip address
 255.255.255.255 : address reserved as a local subnet broadcast address. Packets sent to this destination address are broadcast on
the local data link, but routers do not forward them to other subnets.
 Refer the below example: the case where DHCP client and the server are on the same LAN.
 The client, host A sends discover message, with source IP 0.0.0.0 because host A does not have IP address to use yet.
Host A sends the packet to destination 255.255.255.255, which is sent in a LAN broadcast frame, reaching all hosts in the subnet.
The client hopes there is a DHCP server on the local subnet.
 then there is a an offer message from the DHCP server with destination address of 255.255.255.255, because host A still does not
have IP address.

Fig : DHCP discover and offer

Supporting DHCP for remote subnets with DHCP relay

 For the routers to route to remote DHCP server we need to configure the router interface with the interface subcommand: ip helper-
address server_ip command. This command gets around the router rule of "do not forward broadcast message with address 255.255.255.255".
 Refer the below example: R1 has an ip helper-address 172.16.2.11 command configured under G0/0 interface.
 The below two figures shows the discover and offer messages. Note: see the change in IP address.

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 Information stored at the DHCP server are
 Subnet ID and mask : usually, unless reserved or excluded the server believes it can lease any and all valid addresses in the
subnet. Note: DHCP server knows to not lease the subnet ID and broadcast address.
 Reserved (Excluded) address : the server needs to know which address not to lease. This addresses are reserved for statically
assigning to servers, routers, and others.
 Default router(s) : this the IP address of the router on the subnet
 DNS ip address : this is the list of DNS server ip addresses.

DHCP server configuration and verification on routers

 The cisco IOS DHCP server configuration steps are as follows
 Exclude addresses from being assigned by DHCP: ip dhcp excluded-address first last
 Create a DHCP pool and go to pool configuration mode: ip dhcp pool name
○ Define subnet that the DHCP server should support: network subnet-ID mask or network subnet-ID prefix-length
○ Define default router IP address(es) in that subnet: default-router address1 address2 . . .
○ Define list of DNS server addresses: dns-server address1 address2 . . .
○ Define length of lease, in days, hours, and minutes: lease days hours minutes
○ Define the DNS domain name: domain-name name
 Example: refer below network and the corresponding configuration
 Note: if the DHCP clients still exists on LANs that do not have a DHCP server, then the routers connected to those LANs still need
the ip helper-address command.

 To verify the DHCP server configuration we use the below commands

 show ip dhcp binding: Lists state information about each IP address currently leased to a client
 show ip dhcp pool [poolname]: Lists the configured range of IP addresses, plus statistics for the number of currently leased
addresses and the high-water mark for leases from each pool
 show ip dhcp server statistics: Lists DHCP server statistics
 The dhcp server also looks for conflicts between the address it leases and the statically configured addresses (coz still ho sts can
configure addresses in the DHCP pool). Both DHCP server and clients try to detect conflicts before leasing the address.
 DHCP server detect conflicts using pings. Before offering a new IP address to a client, the DHCP server first pings the address. If
the server receives a response to the ping, some other host must already be using the address, which lets the server know a
conflict exists.
 DHCP clients detect conflicts using ARP. In the client case, when the DHCP client receives from the DHCP server an offer to use a
particular IP address, the client sends an ARP for that address. If another host replies, the DHCP client has found a conflict.
 We use the show ip dhcp conflict command to see the conflicting addresses. It also lists the method through which the server adds each
address to the conflicting lists. To clear the list we can use the clear ip dhcp conflict command.

Verifying host IPv4 setting

 Some of the common verification commands used in windows and mac OS are;

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 Some of the common verification commands used in windows and mac OS are;
 Ipconfig (windows) or ifconfig (linux and mac OS): example: ipconfig /all, ipconfig /renew, ipconfig /? . . .
 Nslookup hostname : used by most pcs, which sends a DNS request to the DNS server, showing the results. i.e. its used to confirm
hosts DNS server.
 Netstat -rn: used to check the windows default router (gateway) setting.
 Arp -a: windows command used to display hosts ARP table.
 Routers and switches do not have setting related to DNS. The routers and switch will use DNS messages to ask the DNS server t o resolve
the name into its matching IP addresses. The commands to configure how a router or a switch will resolves host names into the ir matching
addresses (all global commands) are:
 ip name-server server_IP...: Configure the IP addresses of up to six DNS servers in this one command.
 ip host name address: Statically configure one name and matching IP address, on this one router or switch. The local router/switch
only will use this IP address if a command refers to the name.
 no ip domain-lookup: Disable the DNS resolver function, so that the router or switch does not attempt to ask a DNS server to
resolve names. (The ip domain-lookup command, a default setting, enables the router to use a DNS server.)

Testing connectivity with ping, traceroute, and telnet

 Some of the connectivity testing tools are; ping and traceroute.
 Ping : check whether the two hosts send the packet back and forth.
 Ping command uses the internet control message protocol (ICMP), specifically the ICMP Echo Request and ICMP Echo Reply messages. As
a protocol, ICMP does not rely on a transport layer protocol like TCP or UDP, and it does not use any application layer protocol.
 The command has many options: the name or IP address of the destination, how many times the command should send an Echo Request,
how long it should wait (timeout) for an Echo Reply, how big to make the packets, and many others. To see the options use ping /?
Command on the command line.
 You may encounter a failure at first when you ping some devices; this is because it needs some time for devices the end to end
route is missing an ARP table entry, and must first complete the ARP process.

 On routers we can use extended ping by typing only ping command and pressing enter. This extended ping command does allow you to
refer to the interface, but it must be the full spelled-out interface name, for example, gigabitethernet0/0.

 Comparing the standard and extended ping examples in this section, both do the same job in testing connectivity and links from R1
toward host B. However, the extended ping tests the likely route back to the user host (host A), while the standard ping does not.

 Traceroute : is diagnosis tool. If the ping is not working this tool helps determine where the problem is.
 It systematically helps pinpoint problems by showing how far a packet goes through an IP network before being discarded.
 It fully completes identified the routers in the path from source to destination host.
 The way traceroute works is related with TTL and TTL exceed messages . . . Refer them.
 Some OS like widows OS use tracert and pathping, not traceroute. They are the same.
 Like ping we have standard and extended commands.

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 Telnet and suspend

 To get access to a router and switch and troubleshoot network problems;

 We need to use Telnet or SSH on their desktop PC to connect to each router or switch, often opening multiple Telnet or SSH windows
to connect to multiple devices or,
 the engineer could connect to one router or switch using a Telnet or SSH client on their desktop computer, and then use the telnet
or ssh Cisco IOS EXEC commands to connect to other routers and switches. When finished use the exit command to disconnect the
telnet or ssh session.
 The suspend feature allows a Telnet or SSH connection to remain active while creating another Telnet or SSH connection, so th at you can
make many concurrent connections, and then easily switch between the connections. The user can suspend the telnet session by pressing
ctrl-shift-6 ( this sends break character and some keyboards use different character combination), followed by pressing letter x.
 Example : refer the below network.

 The below command begins with the Cincy command prompt that would be seen in the Telnet window from host Bench. After telnetting to
Milwaukee, the Telnet connection was suspended because the user pressed Ctrl-Shift-6, let go, and then pressed x and let go. Then,
after establishing a Telnet connection to New York, that connection was suspended with the same key sequence.

 The two connections can be suspended or resumed easily. The resume command can be used to resume any suspended connection. To
reconnect to a particular session, the resume command can list a connection ID, which is shown in the show sessions command. (The

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 reconnect to a particular session, the resume command can list a connection ID, which is shown in the show sessions command. (The
where command provides the same output.) If the resume command is used without a connection ID, the command reconnects the user to
the most recently suspended connection. Also, instead of using the resume command, you can just use the session number as a
command. For example, just typing the command 2 does the same thing as typing the command resume 2. the asterisk on the left shows
most recently suspended session.

 The show users command lists all users logged in to the router on which the command is used. This command lists all the sessions,
including users at the console, and those connecting using both telnet and ssh.
 The Show ssh lists the same kind of information, but only for the users that are connected using SSH.

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