Secretions

• Composition
• Function
• Regulation
 Salivary Glands
serous - watery
amylase

Buccal - mucins

Mixed: Serous + Mucuous

Mucuous – thick
mucins
 Regulation of Saliva Secretion
Direct Nervous

Parasimpathetic n → Ach → ↑ volume & amylase

Sympathetic n → noradr → transient rise &
amylase
Parasympathetic nerve supply
Parasympathetic Nerve Regulation of Saliva Secretion
Conditioned reflex:
Smell
Sight
Thoughts
Hearing

esp Sour

Touch receptors
 Active

Aldosterone

Final saliva:
– Hypotonic
– pH 6-7.4
– 1-1.5 L/day
– Electrolytes change w flow
rate
 Functions of Saliva
• Lubrication
• Digestion – starch by salivary amylase
(ptyalin)
• Cleaning
• Antibacterial – lysozyme
• Buffering – bicarbonate
• Speech
• Secretion – certain drugs, blood components
(antibody, antigen), viruses, hormones
Gastric
Juice:
Gastric Insoluble mucin

gland
Soluble Mucin

HCl, IF

Pepsinogen
 Gastric juice
• Acid – pH 2
– HCl from parietal cells

• Pepsin
– From chief cells
HCl
– Pepsinogen (inactive) pepsin (active)

• Mucus (mucin) autocatalysis

– Mucuous cells

• Intrinsic Factor
– Parietal cells

• Volume
– 1.5-2 L per day
 Functions of gastric juice
• HCl
– Activates pepsin
– Protective (against infective agents)
– Activation of pepsin
– Frees/reduces: Ca++, Fe++ (absorption)
• Pepsin
– Digestion of proteins – endopeptidase – splits long protein chains
into shorter ones
• Mucus
– Lubrication
• Intrinsic factor
– Absorption of vitamin B12 - erythropoiesis

• Lipase
– Small amount only
 Control of Gastric Juice
Secretioin
• Neural
– Parasimpathetic n

• Hormone
– Gastrin – sel G from pylorus region of stomach

• 3 phases
– Cephalic
– Gastric
– Intestinal
 (Conditioned reflex)
–Conditioned reflex
–Before food enters mouth/stomach
20%
–Sight, sound, smell, chewing,
taste, etc
–Neural:
–Parasympathetic (Vagus)
–Hormonal: Gastrin
Direct stimulation

– Distension
– Vago-vagal reflex 70%
– Parasympathetic n

– Food
– peptides, calcium,
caffeine, etc

–Effect on gastric glands

–Release of gastrin
Hormones
also inhibit
motiliity
 Summary of Control of Gastric Juice
Secretion

Caffeine, Ca++
Histamine

Negative feedback
20% 70% 10%
 Formation and secretion of acid from parietal
cell

Alkaline tide
Formation and secretion of acid from parietal cell
ECL
 Control of G-cell function
Stomach
Protein/peptides/
H+ (antrum)
amino acids lumen
+ +

G-cell D-cell
Gastrin
somatostatin
releasing + -
peptide Stomach body
(corpus):
(GRP)
GASTRIN ECL cell/
circulation

Vagus parietal cell

Gastric
Juice:
Gastric
gland
GASTRIC MUCOSA BARRIER

Insoluble mucus
from surface
mucuous cells

Prostagladins E
series stimulate
mucus and bicarb
secretion
 Destruction of Gastric Mucosal
Barrier
• Gastritis (imflamation), ulcer
– Alcohol, NSAIDS
– Excessive secretion – stress, food (caffeine,
nicotine)
– Helicobacter pylori
Gastric Ulcer
 Helicobacter Pylori

Only bacterium that can live in low pH of stomach

 Pancreatic Juice
• Alkalinc – pH 7.8 – 8
– Bicarbonate
• Enzymes for all classes of food
– Proteinases (secreted as zymogens)
– Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase,
carboxypeptidases
• Protein digestion
– Amylase
• Starch
– Lipase
• triglycerides
– Cholesterol esterase, Phospholipase, DNase,
RNase, colipase, etc
Activation of Proteolytic Enzymes of Pancreas

– inactive precursors = zymogens

– protective
Activation of Enzymatic Proenzymes

Proelastase Elastase
• Trypsin inhibitor in pancreas
prevents activation of
trypsingen and thus other
zymogens
• Protection against self-
digestion
• Blockage of ducts
overwhelms trypsin inhibitor,
leads to activated enzymes
• One cause of pancreatitis
Functions of Pancreatic Juice
• Alkali
– Neutralisation of acid chyme
– Correct pH for enzymes
– Protection of duodenal mucosa

• Enzyme
– Digestion
 Control of Secretion
• Nerves
– Parasympathetic stimulates
– Sympathetic inhibits

• Hormones from small intestine wall

– Secretin inceases water and alkali
– Cholecystokinin (CCK) increases anzymes

Control hormone secretion

• Secretin – acid in lumen of small intestine
• CCK – food products esp fats and peptides in lumen
of small intestine

• Gastrin = +
 Phases in Pancreatic Juice
Secretion
• Cephalic – parasympathetic (vagus)
• Gastric – nerve & gastrin
• Intestinal – 70% of total
– CCK and Secretin
 Bile Juice
• Major components – bile acids and salts
• cholesterol, phospholipid, bilirubin
• Bile acids and salts are required for the adequate
digestion and absorption of lipids

• Control of secretion:
• CCK
– Sphincter of Oddi relaxation
– Contraction of gall bladder
• Secretin
– Ductal secretion

• enterohepatic circulation – reabsorption at terminal

ileum
2o Active transport

K+

Na+
 Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Salts

5%

5%
 Control of Secretion
• Cephalic Phase
– Parasympathetic n.
– Conditioned Reflex
• Gastric Phase
– gastrin
• Intestinal phase
– Hormone: CCK dan secretin
Control of Bile Juice
 Small Intestine
Brϋnners glands (proximal duodenum):

• Mucuous cells – mucus and HCO3-

– Limited protection of small intestine from acidic
chyme

• Control of secretion:
– Tactile – mechanoreceptors
– Vagus – parasympathetic = +
– GI hormone– secretin
Crypts of Lieberkϋhn:
• Goblet cells – mucus – lubrication and
protection
• Enterocytes:
– Juice containing enzymes
– Enzymes: - peptidase
- sucrase, maltase, dextrinase, laktase
- intestinal lipase
• Control of secretion:
– Local stimulants – chyme in small intestine lumen

– Tactile, irritation, reflex in enteric plexus

– Hormones – secretin, CCK
Summary of
secretions