Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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Atlantis
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1418 Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Original -1763 Copy
The New World was ‘discovered’ by a Chinese admiral named Zheng He, whose fleet
roamed the oceans between 1405-1435. His exploits are well documented in Chinese
historical records as well as written about in a book which appeared in China in 1418
called “The Marvelous Vision of the Star Raft”.
http://www.sinothaiyouth.com/spotlight/200707/t20070719_563486.htm
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Anglo-Saxon ‘Cotton’ World Map (1040 A.D.)
This map appears in a copy of a classical work on geography, the Latin version by
Priscian of the Periegesis that was among the manuscripts in the Cotton library (MS.
Tiberius B.V., fol. 56v), now in the British Library. It is not based on the famous
Ptolemaic co-ordinate system. East is at the top, but Jerusalem is not in the centre, and
the Garden of Eden is nowhere to be seen. Unusually, all the waterways of Africa, not
just the Red Sea, are depicted in red (mountains are green). The depiction of the Far East
is ambitious, including India and Taprobane (Sri Lanka) - the latter depicted according to
the exaggerated classical conception of its size. Unsurprisingly, Britain itself is depicted
in some detail. Great Britain, unusually by medieval standards, is shown as one island,
albeit with an exaggerated Cornish promontory, and Mona, Ireland and the many Scottish
islands are all indicated. The cartographer is slightly confused by Iceland, depicting it
both by a version of its classical name 'Thule', north-west of Britain, and as 'Island',
logically linked with Scandinavia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#Anglo-Saxon_Cotton_world_map_.28c._1040.29
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A diagrammatic labeled depiction of the known world from the perspective
of Babylonia, the map is incised on a clay tablet, showing Babylon somewhat to the
north of its center; the clay tablet is damaged, and also contains a section of cuneiform
text.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Map_of_the_World
2/14/2011
Columbus Map (1490)
Drawn 1490 A.D. in the Lisbon workshop of Bartolomeo and Christopher
Columbus.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus
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Ebstorfer-Stitch Map (1235)
The Ebstorf Map is an example of a mappa mundi (a Medieval European map of
the world) similar to the Hereford Map, made by Gervase of Ebstorf, who was possibly
the same man as Gervase of Tilbury, some time in the thirteenth century. The map was
found in a convent in Ebstorf, in northern Germany, in 1843. It is a very large map:
painted on 30 goatskins sewn together, it measured around 3.6m x 3.6m. It represents
Rome in the shape of a lion.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebstorf_Map
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Finaeus Map (1531)
1531 map by French mathematician and cartographer Oronce Finé (Oronteus Finaeus).
Charles Hapgood concluded that advanced cartographic knowledge appears on the Piri
Reis map and the Oronteus Finaeus map, and must be the result of some unknown and
advanced ancient civilization that developed astronomy, navigational instruments, plane
geometry and trigonometry, long before Greece or any other known civilization.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oronce_Fin%C3%A9
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Harris Map (2,200 B.C.)
Dr. Hendon M. Harris, Jr. (1916 - 1981) Dr. Harris found the first of the Harris
Maps in an antique shop in Korea in 1972. He immediately located Fu Sang on the map
and recognized the map's connection to the ancient Chinese geography the Shan Hai Jing.
The legendary Fu Sang is right where America should be. “The Everything Under
Heaven Map.”
http://www.asiaticfathers.com/map.htm
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Hereford Mundi Map (1,300)
The Hereford Mappa Mundi is a mappa mundi, of a form deriving from the T
and O pattern, dating to 1300 A.D. It is currently on display in Hereford Cathedral in
Hereford, England. It is the largest medieval map known to still exist.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_Mappa_Mundi
2/14/2011
Hy Brazil
Brasil, also known as Hy-Brazil or several other variants, is a phantom island
which features in many Irish myths. It was said to be cloaked in mist, except for one day
each seven years, when it became visible but still could not be reached. It probably has
similar roots to St. Brendan's Island. It appears that as the north Atlantic was explored,
the name of Brazil may have been attached to a real place. A Catalan map of about 1480
labels two islands "Illa de brasil", one to the south west of Ireland (where the mythical
place was supposed to be) and one south of "Illa verde" or Greenland. Expeditions left
Bristol in 1480 and 1481 to search for it, and a letter written by Pedro de Ayala shortly
after the return of John Cabot from his expedition in 1497 reports that land found by
Cabot had been "discovered in the past by the men from Bristol who found Brasil".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_(mythical_island)
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Kashgari Map (1072)
Qarakhanid Uyghur scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari compiled a "Compendium
of the languages of the Turks" in the 11th century. The manuscript is illustrated with a
"Turkocentric" world map, oriented with east (or rather, perhaps, the direction of
midsummer sunrise) on top, centered on the ancient city of Balasagun in what is now
Kyrgyzstan, showing the Caspian Sea to the north, and Iraq, Azerbaijan, Yemen and
Egypt to the west, China and Japan to the east, Hindustan, Kashmir, Gog and Magog to
the south. Conventional symbols are used throughout- blue lines for rivers, red lines for
mountain ranges etc. The world is shown as encircled by the ocean. The map is now kept
at the Pera Museum in Istanbul.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps
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Map of the World by Pierre Desceliers 1550
"Map of the World" oil on Canvas. Pierre Desceliers (1500-1558 A.D.) was a
French cartographer of the Renaissance and an eminent member of the Dieppe School of
Cartography. He is considered the father of French hydrography.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Desceliers
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Ortelius World Map (1570)
The Theatrum Orbis Terrarum or "Theatre of the World" is considered to be the
first true modern atlas. Written by Abraham Ortelius and originally printed on May 20th,
1570, in Antwerp, it consisted of a collection of uniform map sheets and sustaining text
bound to form a book for which copper printing plates were specifically engraved.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#.22Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum.22_by_Abraham_Ortelius_.281570.29
http://phoenicia.org/imgs/maps/pages/zcoinmapcombo.htm
http://www.british-israel.ca/Phoenician.htm
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Pietro Vesconte Map (1321)
Italian geographer Pietro Vesconte was a pioneer of the field of the portolan
chart. His nautical charts are among the earliest to map the Mediterraean and Black Sea
regions accurately. He also produced progressively more accurate depictions of the
coastlines of northern Europe. In his world map of 1321 he brought his experience as a
maker of portolans to bear; the map introduced a previously unheard of accuracy to the
mappa mundi genre.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#.22Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum.22_by_Abraham_Ortelius_.281570.29
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Psalter Map (1260)
Psalter world map is the name historiography gave to a medieval world map that
has been found in a psalter. This mappa mundi is now conserved at the British Library in
London. The small map (ca. 9,5 cm high) shows a lot of details. It has been written
around 1260; the author is unknown. According to historian Anna-Dorothee von den
Brincken it looks like a small version of the Ebstorf Map from Northern Germany. It is a
typical mappa mundi that does not only show the geographical and historical knowledge
but also puts it into the frame of salvation history. Jesus Christ appears in the East (i.e.
"above"), as the maps of Christian middle ages have East above, not North. With his right
hand he gives the blessing, in his left he holds a small globe with the T and O scheme.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalter_world_map
2/14/2011
Rare The 17th Century Ricci Map (1602)
The map, created in 1602 by Italian Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci, was the
first in Chinese to show the Americas, and identifies Florida as 'the Land of Flowers'. The
12ft by 5ft document, printed on six rolls of rice paper, is on show at the Library of
Congress. The map includes drawings and annotations detailing different regions of the
world. Africa was noted to have the world's highest mountain and longest river, while a
brief description of North America describes 'humped oxen', wild horses and a region
named 'Ka-na-ta'. Several Central and South American places are also named, including
'Wa-ti-ma-la' (Guatemala), 'Yu-ho-t'ang' (Yucatan) and 'Chih-Li' (Chile).
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1242750/Pictured-The-rare-400-year-old-map-shows-China-centre-world.html
2/14/2011
Shambala
The Hollow Earth hypothesis proposes that the planet Earth is either wholly
hollow or otherwise contains a substantial interior space. The hypothesis has long been
contradicted by overwhelming observational evidence, as well as by the modern
understanding of planet formation; the scientific community has dismissed the notion
since at least the late 18th century. The concept of a hollow Earth still recurs in folklore
and as the premise for subterranean fiction, a subgenre of adventure fiction. It is also
featured in some present-day scientific, pseudoscientific and conspiracy theories. In
ancient times, the idea of subterranean realms seemed arguable, and became intertwined
with the concept of "places" such as the Greek Hades, the Nordic svartalfheim, the
Christian Hell, and the Jewish Sheol (with details describing inner Earth in Kabalistic
literature, such as the Zohar and Hesed L'Avraham).
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In 1818, John Cleves Symmes, Jr. suggested that the Earth consisted of a hollow
shell about 1300 km (800 miles) thick, with openings about 2300 km (1400 miles) across
at both poles with 4 inner shells each open at the poles. Symmes became the most famous
of the early Hollow Earth proponents. The Nazi era Thule Society reported much about
Tibetan myths of openings into the Earth. There is even a theory that Hitler ordered a
research journey for such an opening in Antarctica, based on a speech of Admiral Dönitz
in front of a German submarine in 1944, when he claimed "The German submarine fleet
is proud of having built an invisible fortification for the Führer, anywhere in the world."
During the Nuremberg Trials, Dönitz spoke of "an invisible fortification, in midst of the
eternal ice." Other writers have proposed that "ascended masters" of esoteric wisdom
inhabit subterranean caverns or a hollow Earth. Antarctica, the North Pole, Tibet, Peru,
and Mount Shasta in California, USA, have all had their advocates as the locations of
entrances to a subterranean realm referred to as Agartha, with some even advancing the
hypothesis that UFOs have their homeland in these places.
Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd, Jr., USN (October 25, 1888 – March 11,
1957) was a naval officer who specialized in feats of exploration. He was a pioneering
American aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics. On May 9, 1926, Byrd
and pilot Floyd Bennett attempted a flight over the North Pole in a Fokker F-VII Tri-
motor called the Josephine Ford. This flight went from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) and back
to its take-off airfield. Byrd claimed to have reached the Pole. This trip earned Byrd
widespread acclaim, including being received the Medal of Honor and enabled him to
secure funding for subsequent attempts to fly over the South Pole.
Admiral Richard E. Byrd's Diary (Feb. Mar. 1947)
The exploration flight over the North Pole
(The Inner Earth My Secret Diary)
“I must write this diary in secrecy and obscurity. It con cerns my Arctic flight of
the nineteenth day of February in the year of Nineteen and Forty Seven.
There comes a time when the rationality of men must fade into insignificance and
one must accept the inevitability of the Truth! I am not at liberty to disclose the following
documentation at this writing ...perhaps it shall never see the light of public scrutiny, but
I must do my duty and record here for all to read one day. In a world of greed and
exploitation of certain of mankind I can no longer suppress that which is truth.”
In Tibetan Buddhist tradition, Shambhala is a mythical kingdom hidden
somewhere in Inner Asia. It is mentioned in various ancient texts, including the
Kalachakra Tantra and the ancient texts of the Zhang Zhung culture which predated
Tibetan Buddhism in western Tibet. The Bön scriptures speak of a closely related land
called Olmolungring. Whatever its historical basis, Shambhala gradually came to be seen
as a Buddhist Pure Land, a fabulous kingdom whose reality is visionary or spiritual as
much as physical or geographic. It was in this form that the Shambhala myth reached the
West, where it influenced non-Buddhist as well as Buddhist spiritual seekers — and, to
some extent, popular culture in general.
http://www.ourhollowearth.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow_Earth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd
http://www.v-j-enterprises.com/byrdiar.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shambhala
2/14/2011
Sumerian Star Chart (700 B.C.)
The tablet, found by Henry Layard in the remains of the library in the royal
place at Nineveh in the mid-19th century, is thought to be a 700 B.C. copy of notes made
by a Sumerian astronomer watching the night sky. Using computers to recreate the night
sky thousands of years ago, scientists have pinpointed his sighting to shortly before dawn
on June 29 in the year 3123 B.C.
Zecharia Sitchin (January 11, 1920 – October 9, 2010) was an Azeri-born
American author of books promoting an explanation for human origins involving ancient
astronauts. Sitchin attributes the creation of the ancient Sumerian culture to the
Anunnaki, which he states was a race of extra-terrestrials from a planet beyond Neptune
called Nibiru. He believed this hypothetical planet of Nibiru to be in an elongated,
elliptical orbit in the Earth's own Solar System, asserting that Sumerian mythology
reflects this view. Drawing attention to an ancient Sumerian tablet depicting the
Anunnaki's space route, Zecharia's new presentation is appropriately titled "Signs of the
Return."
http://www.enkispeaks.com/Essays/1CelestialBattleNibiru&Tiamat_2.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zecharia_Sitchin
http://www.sitchin.com/
2/14/2011
Tabula Rogeriana Map (1154)
The Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi'khtiraq al-afaq lit. "the book of pleasant journeys into
faraway lands", most often known simply as the Tabula Rogeriana (lit. "The Book of
Roger" in Latin), is a description of the world and world map created by the Arab
geographer, Muhammad al-Idrisi, in 1154. Al-Idrisi worked on the commentaries and
illustrations of the map for fifteen years at the court of the Norman King Roger II of
Sicily, who commissioned the work around 1138. The book, written in Arabic, is divided
into seven climate zones (in keeping with the established Ptolemaic system), each of
which is sub-divided into ten sections, and contains maps showing the Eurasian continent
in its entirety, but only the northern part of the African continent. The map is oriented
with the North at the bottom. It remained the most accurate world map for the next three
centuries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana
2/14/2011
Oak Island is a 140-acre (57 ha) island in Lunenburg County on the south shore of
Nova Scotia, Canada. The tree-covered island is one of about 360 small islands in
Mahone Bay and rises to a maximum of 35 feet (11 m) above sea level. Oak Island is
noted as the location of the so-called Money Pit, a site of numerous excavations to
recover treasure believed by many to be buried there. The island is privately owned, and
advance permission is required for any visitation. Several documented treasure recovery
attempts have found layers of apparently man-made artifacts as deep as 31 meters, but
ended in collapsed excavations and flooding. Critics argue that there is no treasure and
that the pit is a natural phenomenon, likely a sinkhole. Excavations have revealed
evidence of man made architectural structures.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Island
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The oldest surviving Chinese world map, Da Ming Hun Yi Tu (1389)
The Great Ming Amalgamated Map or Da Ming Hun Yi Tu is a world map
created in China. It was painted in color on stiff silk and 386 x 456cm in size. The
original text was written in Classical Chinese, but Manchu labels were later
superimposed on them. It is one of the oldest surviving world maps from East Asia
although the exact date of creation remains unknown. It depicts the general form of the
Old World, placing China in the center and stretching northward to Mongolia, southward
to Java, eastward to central Japan, and westward to Africa and Europe.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Ming_Hun_Yi_Tu
Vinland Map
The Vinland map is claimed to be a 15th century mappa mundi with unique
information about Norse exploration of America. It is very well known because of the
publicity campaign which accompanied its revelation to the public as a "genuine" pre-
Columbian map in 1965. In addition to showing Africa, Asia and Europe, the map depicts
a landmass south-west of Greenland in the Atlantic labeled as Vinland; the map describes
this region as having been visited by Europeans in the 11th century. Although it was
presented to the world in 1965 with an accompanying scholarly book written by British
Museum and Yale University librarians, historians of geography and medieval document
specialists began to suspect that it might be a fake as soon as photographs of it became
available, and chemical analyses have identified one of the major ink ingredients as a
20th century artificial pigment. However, individual pieces of evidence continue to be
challenged, most recently at a 2009 conference.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinland_Map
2/14/2011
Waldseemüller Map (1507)
The Waldseemüller map, Universalis Cosmographia, is a printed wall map of the
world by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller, originally published in April
1507. It is known as the first map to use the name "America". The map is drafted on a
modification of Ptolemy's second projection, expanded to accommodate the Americas
and the high latitudes. A single copy of the map survives, presently housed at the Library
of Congress in Washington, D.C. Waldseemüller also created globe gores, printed maps
designed to be cut out and pasted onto spheres to form globes of the Earth.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldseem%C3%BCller_map
2/14/2011
Atlantis
Atlantis is a legendary island first mentioned in Plato's dialogues Timaeus and
Critias. In Plato's account, Atlantis was a naval power lying "in front of the Pillars of
Hercules" that conquered many parts of Western Europe and Africa 9,000 years before
the time of Solon, or approximately 9600 BC. After a failed attempt to invade Athens,
Atlantis sank into the ocean "in a single day and night of misfortune".
Plato's dialogues Timaeus and Critias, written in 360 BC, contain the earliest
references to Atlantis. For unknown reasons, Plato never completed Critias. Plato
introduced Atlantis in Timaeus:
‘For it is related in our records how once upon a time your State stayed the course
of a mighty host, which, starting from a distant point in the Atlantic ocean, was insolently
advancing to attack the whole of Europe, and Asia to boot. For the ocean there was at that
time navigable; for in front of the mouth which you Greeks call, as you say, 'the pillars of
Heracles,' there lay an island which was larger than Libya and Asia together; and it was
possible for the travelers of that time to cross from it to the other islands, and from the
islands to the whole of the continent over against them which encompasses that veritable
ocean. For all that we have here, lying within the mouth of which we speak, is evidently a
haven having a narrow entrance; but that yonder is a real ocean, and the land surrounding
it may most rightly be called, in the fullest and truest sense, a continent. Now in this
island of Atlantis there existed a confederation of kings, of great and marvelous power,
which held sway over all the island, and over many other islands also and parts of the
continent.’
There have been dozens of locations proposed for Atlantis, to the point where the
name has become a generic concept, divorced from the specifics of Plato's account. This
is reflected in the fact that many proposed sites are not within the Atlantic at all. Few
today are scholarly or archaeological hypotheses, while others have been made by
psychic or other pseudoscientific means. Many of the proposed sites share some of the
characteristics of the Atlantis story (water, catastrophic end, relevant time period), but
none has been demonstrated to be a true historical Atlantis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis
31o 24’13.09”N 24 o 25’35.95”W
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The 10 Regional-States of America
“FEMA’s mission is to support our citizens and first responders to ensure that as a nation
we work together to build, sustain, and improve our capability to prepare for, protect
against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards.”
http://www.fema.gov/about/contact/regions.shtm
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