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 Objective

Describe Multiuser Scheduling

Concept
• Link Adaptation(LA)
• Hybrid automatic retransmission request(HARQ)

Handover Procedure

DTX
Scheduling, LA and HARQ
 Scheduling
 The scheduler is in the base station and it decides every TTI (Transmission
Time Interval) on:
 Which mobile terminals are served;
 For each mobile terminal that is served it decides on:
• Power level
• Subcarriers
• Modulation
• Channel encoding rate
• Multiple antenna settings
 The scheduler decisions are based on:
• Available time, subcarriers and power resources;
• Channel Quality Indicators (CQIs) reported by mobile terminals;
• Amount of data to be transmitted in the base station buffers for a
particular mobile terminal;
• Priority level and other QoS parameters corresponding to each mobile
terminal;
• Terminal capabilities.
 LTE vs. R99 Scheduling

NodeB Rel. 99 eNodeB LTE

Fast pipe is shared among UEs

Dedicated pipe for every UE
Channel quality

time/frequency/space
 Scheduling and Multiuser Diversity

 The main effect behind the scheduling is multiuser diversity.

• With a number of users, chance that one of the users experiences

favorable radio conditions is increasing.

• In other words, it is easier for the scheduler to find a user that can
receive high data rate transmission.

 The gain is restricted to low to medium mobile terminal speeds.

Single-Cell System
 Scheduling Schemes

Round Robin Scheduling

 In this, each user is allocated equal amount of time.
 This scheme does not really exploit favorable conditions but averages out good and
bad radio conditions.
Maximum Rate Scheduling
 Always selects user with the best radio conditions, i.e., maximum SINR and thus the
maximum data rate.
 It results in the highest downlink throughput (i.e., maximum downlink sum data
rate).
 It is not fair because certain users (that experience low SINR) are not served.
Proportionally Fair Scheduling
 It selects user based on favorable radio condition and whether a particular user is
being served frequently enough.
 It may base its decision on how much data is waiting to be transmitted for each
user, i.e., favoring users with more data waiting to be transmitted (even though
their SINR may be low).
Link Adaptation

eNB

64-QAM, 2/3

16-QAM, 1/2

QPSK, 1/2
CQI Table
LA and Spectral Efficiency
HARQ Procedure
HARQ Procedure
 Handover Types

other RAT
intersystem HO
3 intersystem HO
triggered by other
RAT 2 triggered by e.g.
coverage of E-UMTS
E-UMTS macro cell service
load

1b
interfrequency HO

E-UMTS micro cells

1a
Intra-frequency HO intra-frequency HO
(intra eNB) (inter eNB, inter MME)
 Handover Principles

 Lossless
– Packets are forwarded from the source to the target
Network-controlled
– Target cell is selected by the network, not by the UE
– Handover control in E-UTRAN (not in packet core)
UE-assisted
– Measurements are made and reported by the UE to the
network
Late path switch
– Only once the handover is successful, the packet core is
involved
 Handover Algorithm
 A Handover will be initiated by a measurement report, which
is sent via the Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol. Upon
the reception of this measurement report, the handover
algorithm will decide whether a handover should take place.
 In response to the handover decision, the handover execution
will be carried out using the corresponding procedures. After
the handover execution, the handover algorithm will be
informed, whether the handover was successful or not.
 The Handover procedure is composed of a number of single
functions:
• Measurements
• Filtering of measurements
• Reporting of measurement results
• Hard handover algorithm
• Execution of handover
 Handover Procedure
Before Handover Radio Late path
Handover preparation Handover switching
S-GW + P-GW S-GW + P-GW S-GW + P-GW S-GW + P-GW

MME MME MME MME

Target
Sourc eNB X2
e eNB

= Data in radio = S1 signalling

= Signalling in radio = X2 signalling
= GTP tunnel
= GTP signalling
 DTX
 Sleep periods needed for mobiles in RRC Connected Mode to
save UE battery power

 Basic idea → UE is not monitoring PDCCH in some specified

subframes and it sleeps:
 ON period to be defined (UE active and monitoring PDCCH)
 OFF period (UE sleeping not monitoring PDCCH)
 The ON/OFF periods should be set-up in such way to maintain
the QoS (latency) of the application
 web browsing: ON period = 1 ms (1 subframe)
 OFF period 100 ms (100 subframes)

 DTX is configured via higher layer parameters

 Difference with UMTS RRM

Difference with RRM WCDMA:

Softer and Soft handovers are not supported by the LTE system

LTE requirements on power control are much less stringent

due to the different nature of LTE radio interface i.e. OFDMA
(WCDMA requires fast power control to address the “Near-Far”
problem and intra-frequency interferences)

On the other hand LTE system requires much more stringent
timing synchronization for OFDMA signals.
 Summary

Describe Multiuser Scheduling

Concept
• Link Adaptation(LA)
• Hybrid automatic retransmission request(HARQ)

Handover Procedure

DTX
 “HAPPY LEARNING”

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