An Overview of Wireless

Communication Systems-II
 Outline

Cellular Systems

Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi)

Wireless MAN (Wi-Max)

Other existing systems

Emerging Systems

Challenges in Wireless System Design
 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

01011011 0101 1011

Internet
Access
Point

WLANs connect “local” computers (typ. 250m range)

Breaks data into packets

Channel access is shared (random access)

Backbone Internet provides best-effort service

Poor performance for some apps (e.g. video)
 Wireless LANs

Wireless LAN systems are standardized by IEEE 802.11x
working groups

Wireless LAN networks are growing quickly for home and
office applications- access outside operator networks

Lower cost and ease of implementation are the significant
advantages

Being endowed with roaming capabilities and voice enabled
devices to compete directly with carrier-owned networks
 Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi alliance

for certified products based on the IEEE 802.11
standards. This certification warrants
interoperability between different wireless devices.
Therefore all WLANs are not Wi-Fi enabled but the
converse is true.
 Wireless LAN Standards

802.11b -1999 (About to be obsolete)

Modified form of original 802.11 (1997)

Standard for 2.4GHz band (80 MHz)

Frequency hopped spread spectrum

1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range

802.11a and g ( 802.11g is Emerging Generation)

Standard for 5GHz band (300 MHz)

OFDM with time division

20-70 Mbps, variable range

802.11n (New Standard)

5 GHz band, 40 MHz Channels

MIMO-OFDM

Speeds up to 600 Mbps
 Satellite Systems

 Cover very large areas

 Different orbit heights
 GEOs (39000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km)
 Optimized for one-way transmission
 Radio (DAB) and movie (SatTV, DVB) broadcasting
 Most two-way systems struggling
 Expensive alternative to terrestrial system
 A few ambitious systems on the horizon
 Bluetooth

 Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)

 Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)
 2.4 GHz band (crowded)
 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels
 Widely supported by telecommunications, PC,
and consumer electronics companies

8C32810.61-Cimini-7/98
 WI-MAX
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
 Advantages

 Operates completely on licenced spectrums

 Very high data rate support
 Can withstand larger multipath delay spread
 Better QoS provisioning
 Larger coverage area
 Ideal candidate for providing Wireless Internet
IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)

Evolution of IEEE family of standard for BWA

-IEEE 802.16 Working group on BWA is responsible

for development of the standards
-The standard provides secification for PHY and MAC
layer
IEEE 802.16-2001
-First issue of the family intend to provide fixed BWA access in a
point-to-point (PTP) topology.
-Single carrier modulation
-10-66 GHz frequency range
-QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM (optional) modulation schemes
 WIMAX
IEEE 802.16a
-Added physical layer support for 2-11 GHz
-Non Line of Sight (NLOS) operation becomes possible
-Advanced power management technique and adaptive antenna arrays
were included
-OFDM was included as an alternative to single carrier modulation
-BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM (optional)
IEEE 802.16-2004 (IEEE 802.16d)
-2-11 GHZ frequency range
-256 subcarriers OFDM Technique
-BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
-Fixed and limited mobile access
IEEE 802.16-2005 (IEEE 802.16e)
-Scalable OFDMA
-Mobile BWA
IEEE 802.16m...??
Ad-Hoc/Mesh Networks

Outdoor Mesh

Indoor Mesh
ce
 Ad-Hoc Networks

Peer-to-peer communications.

No backbone infrastructure.

Routing can be multihop.

Topology is dynamic.

Fully connected with different link SINRs
 Wireless Sensor Networks
Data Collection and Distributed Control

•Hard Energy Constraints

•Hard Delay Constraints
•Hard Rate Requirements

Nodes can cooperate in transmission, reception,

compression, and signal processing. 15
 Sensor Networks
Energy is the driving constraint

Nodes powered by nonrechargeable batteries

Data flows to centralized location.

Low per-node rates but up to 100,000 nodes.

Data highly correlated in time and space.
 Ultrawideband Radio (UWB)

UWB is an impulse radio: sends pulses of tens of
picoseconds(10-12) to nanoseconds (10-9)

Duty cycle of only a fraction of a percent

A carrier is not necessarily needed

Uses a lot of bandwidth (GHz)

High data rates, up to 500 Mbps

7.5 Ghz of “free spectrum” in the U.S.

Multipath highly resolvable: good and bad

Useful for short range high data rate services
 Features

High data transmission rate

100Mbps, 480Mbps, up to 1Gbps

Short distance

About 10m

Positioned at WPAN

Low power consumption

100mW ~ 250mW

100mW in 100Mbps
 Wireless Biomedical Systems

Wireless
Network

Prof.Kevin
Warwick
Wireless Telemedicine
In- Body Wireless Devices
-Sensors/monitoring devices
-Drug delivery systems Recovery from
-Medical robots Nerve Damage
-Neural implants
 Next-Generation Cellular
Long Term Evolution (LTE)

OFDM/MIMO (the PHY wars are over)

Much higher data rates (50-500 Mbps)

Greater spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz)

Flexible use of up to 100 MHz of spectrum

Low packet latency (<5ms).

Increased system capacity

Reduced cost-per-bit

Total multimedia support
 Spectrum Regulation

Spectral Allocation in US controlled by FCC

(commercial)

FCC auctions spectral blocks for set applications.

Some spectrum is set aside for universal use

Worldwide spectrum controlled by ITU-R

Regulation can stunt innovation, cause economic

disasters, and delay system rollout
US Spectrum allocation today
 Coexistence Challenge:
Many devices use the same radio band

Technical Solutions:

Interference Cancellation

Smart/Cognitive Radios
 Next-Generation Devices
Everything Wireless in One Device
 Technology Solutions

Exploiting multiple antennas

Better modulation and coding

Better MAC/scheduling

Exploiting Interference

Cooperation and cognition

Picocells and Femtocells

Cross-Layer Design
 Tradeoffs
802.11n Other Tradeoffs:
3G Rate vs. Coverage
Rate Rate vs. Delay
Rate vs. Cost
802.11g/a Rate vs. Energy

Power
802.11b

UWB

Bluetooth
ZigBee Range
Fundamental Design Breakthroughs Needed..
The Wireless Evolution
 Summary

The wireless vision encompasses many exciting
systems and applications

Technical challenges transcend across all layers
of system design

Standards and spectral allocation heavily impact
the evolution of wireless technology

Wireless systems today aim at greater data rates,
coverage, QoS and interoperability

There is a tremendous scope for innovative and
interesting research problems.