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Section 1.0 – Most Common Units

This table shows a list of the popular unit conversions applicable for HVAC & Refrigeration

1 Btu/h = 8.33 x10-5 tons 1 ton = 12,000 Btu/h

1 Btu/h = 2.93 x10-4 kW 1 kW = 3,412 Btu/h
1 Btu/h = 0.293 W 1 W = 3.412 Btu/h
1 EER = 0.083 kW/ton 1 kW/ton = 12 EER
1 SEER = 0.083 kW/ton 1 kW/ton = 12 SEER
1 feet = 03048 meter 1 meter = 3.2808 feet
1 lb = 0.4536 kg 1 kg = 2.205 lb

1 ft2 = 0.093 m2 1 m2 = 10.7639 ft2

1 gal = 3.79 liters 1 liters = 0.227 gal
1 ft3 = 0.1337 gal 1 ft3 = 7.481 gal
1 fpm = 5.08x10-3 m/s 1 m/s = 195.85 fpm
1 gpm = 0.063 l/s 1 l/s = 15.85 gpm
1 cfm = 0.472 l/s 1 l/s = 2.119 cfm
1 in. wg = 249.09 Pa 1 Pa = 4.01 x10-3 in. wg
1 ft. hd = 2.99 Pa 1 Pa = 3.34 x10-4 ft. hd
1 psi = 6.89 x10-3 MPa 1 MPa = 145.04 psi
1 psi = 27.68 in. wg 1 in. wg = 0.036 psi
1 psi = 2.31 ft. hd 1 ft. hd = 0.43 psi
1 lb/ft3 = 16.018 kg/m3 1 kg/m3 = 0.062 lb/ft3
1 Btu = 0.293 watthour 1 watthour = 3.412 Btu
1 Btu/h = 3.93x10-4 HP 1 HP = 2,545 Btu/h
1 HP = 0.7457 kW 1 kW = 1.34 HP

𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚
1 = 16.02 1 = 0.0624
𝑓𝑡 𝑚 𝑚 𝑓𝑡
𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚
Density (𝜌) 1 = 0.0624 1 = 62.4
𝑚 𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑚 𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑔 𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚
1 = 27.7 1 = 0.0361
𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑚 𝑖𝑛
1 𝑖𝑛 = 25.4 𝑚𝑚 1 𝑚𝑚 = 0.0394 𝑖𝑛
Length (𝑙) 1 𝑖𝑛 = 2.54 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑐𝑚 = 0.394 𝑖𝑛
1 𝑓𝑡 = 0.3048 𝑚 1 𝑚 = 3.28 𝑓𝑡
1𝑓𝑡 = 0.093 𝑚 1 𝑚 = 10.76 𝑓𝑡
Area (𝐴)
1 𝑖𝑛 = 6.452 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑐𝑚 = 0.1550 𝑖𝑛
1𝑓𝑡 = 0.0283 𝑚 1 𝑚 = 35.32𝑓𝑡
Volume (𝑉)
1 𝑖𝑛 = 16.39 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑐𝑚 = 0.0610 𝑖𝑛
1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 = 1054 𝐽 1 𝐽 = 9.48 𝑥 10 𝐵𝑇𝑈
1 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡 = 1.356 𝐽 1 𝐽 = 0.738 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡
Energy (𝑄)
𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚
1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 = 778 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡 1𝐽 = 1 =1𝑁−𝑚
𝑠

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 1 𝐵𝑇𝑈𝐻 = 0.293 𝑊 1 𝑊 = 3.414 𝐵𝑇𝑈𝐻
𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐽
Power (𝑃, 𝑞) 1 𝐵𝑇𝑈𝐻 = 1 1𝑊 =1
𝐻𝑅 𝑆
12,000 𝐵𝑇𝑈𝐻 = 1 𝑇𝑜𝑛
9 5
𝑇(℉) = (𝑇(°𝐾) − 273) + 32 𝑇(°𝐶) = (𝑇(°𝐹) − 32)
5 9
Temperature (𝑇)
9
𝑇(℉) = 𝑇(°𝐶) + 32 𝑇(°𝐾) = 𝑇(°𝐶) + 273
5
Pressure (𝑃) 1 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑔 = 0.0360912 𝑝𝑠𝑖 1 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 27.7076 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑔

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 Section 2.0 – Basic Engineering Practice

Conversion Formula Factor Value

Present Value to 𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃𝑉 𝑥 (1 + 𝑖)
Multiply PV by (F/P, i, n)
Future Value

𝐹𝑉
Future Value to 𝑃𝑉 =
(1 + 𝑖) Multiply FV by (P/F, i, n)
Present Value

𝑖 ∗ (1 + 𝑖)
Present Value to 𝐴 = 𝑃𝑉 ∗ ( )
(1 + 𝑖) − 1 Multiply PV by (A/P, i, n)
Annual Value

1 − (1 + 𝑖)
Annual Value to 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐴 ∗ ( )
𝑖 Multiply AV by (P/A, i, n)
Present Value

𝑖
Future Value to 𝐴 = 𝐹𝑉( )
(1 + 𝑖) − 1 Multiply FV by (A/F, i, n)
Annual Value

(1 + 𝑖) − 1
Annual Value to 𝐹𝑉 = 𝐴 ∗ ( )
𝑖 Multiply A by (F/A, i, n)
Future Value

𝐼 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 [𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠]
Ohm’s Law 𝑉
𝐼= 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 [𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠]
𝑅 𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑒 [𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠]

Resistors in series 𝑅 , =𝑅 +𝑅 +𝑅
+𝑅

Resistors in parallel 1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

𝑃 =𝐼∗𝑉
Power Equations 𝑉
𝑃=
𝑅
𝑃 =𝐼 ∗𝑅
ℎ ∗𝑄 ∗ (𝑆𝐺)
𝑃 , [ ] = ;
3956
𝑝 ∗𝑄 ∗ (𝑆𝐺) 𝑄 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 [𝑔𝑝𝑚]
Pump Water 𝑃 , ,[ ] = ;
1,714 ℎ = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 [𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑]
Horsepower
𝑃 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 [ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟]
Equations 𝑆𝐺 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑆𝐺 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 39 𝐹
𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 [𝑝𝑠𝑖]
𝑝 = 1,000 ; 62.4
𝑚 𝑓𝑡

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 𝑄
Fan Mechanical 𝑃 , [ ] = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 [𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒]
Horsepower Equation 𝑄 ∗ 𝑇𝑃 𝑇𝑃 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 [𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒]
= ;
6356 𝑃 , [ ] = 𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

Pump or Fan Brake 𝑃 [ ]]

𝑃 / [ ] = ;
Horsepower Equation 𝜀 /

Motor Horsepower 𝑃 [ ]]
Equation 𝑃 = ;
𝜀

Electrical Power
𝑃 [ ]
Supplied to Motor 𝑃 [ ] =
𝑃𝐹

Single Phase → P = IV ∗ PF
Real Power Three Phase → P = √3 ∗ IV ∗ PF PF = power factor; units → kW, W, MW

Single Phase → S = IV
Apparent Power Three Phase → S = √3 ∗ IV PF = power factor; units → KVA, VA, MVA

Apparent Power P = IV PF = power factor; units → KVA, VA, MVA

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 Section 3.0 – Thermodynamics

Term Equation Description

Pressure 𝑃 [𝑝𝑠𝑖] = 𝑃 [𝑝𝑠𝑖] + 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
Absolute
Temperature °𝑅 = ℉ + 460
temperature
Water 𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 212 °𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝐵𝑇𝑈
0.18505
Enthalpy ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑝𝑣 ∗ ( 𝑙𝑏𝑚 )
1 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 𝑓𝑡
Water has a specific heat of 1.0
℉
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑐 , = 0.240
Heat Capacity 𝑐 𝑙𝑏𝑚 °𝑅
𝑙𝑏𝑚 ℉ 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑐 , = 0.171
𝑙𝑏𝑚 °𝑅

𝜐
𝑝 =𝑝 ∗
𝜐

Isentropic transition 𝑇 K = 1.4 for air

𝑝 =𝑝 ∗
𝑇 𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ (ℎ − ℎ )
from Pressure State
𝜐 𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑐 ∗ (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
1 to Pressure State 2 𝑇 =𝑇 ∗
𝜐
𝑃
𝑇 =𝑇 ∗
𝑃
𝜐 K = 1.4 for air
Isobaric transition 𝑇 =𝑇 ∗
𝜐 𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ (ℎ − ℎ )
with heat gain or
𝑇 𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑐 ∗ (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
heat rejection 𝑣 =𝑣 ∗
𝑇
Transition Description

Other transitions Adiabatic No change in energy

Isothermal No change in temperature
Isochoric No change in volume
Relation between ℎ = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟; ℎ
the Enthalpy of ℎ =ℎ +ℎ = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
Saturated Vapor and ℎ = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Liquid
Enthalpy of Mixed ℎ =ℎ +𝑥∗ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
Vapor-Liquid
Relationship of
Entropy of 𝑠 =𝑠 +𝑠
Vaporization, 𝑠 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
Entropy of 𝑠 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
Saturated Vapor 𝑠 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
and Liquid Water

Entropy of Wet Steam 𝑠 =𝑠 +𝑥∗𝑠

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 (Mixed Region) as a 𝑠 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 (𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 & 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟)
Function of Steam Quality 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑑𝑟𝑛𝑦𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, % 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟

𝑄 =𝑚∗ℎ
𝑙𝑏𝑚
Heat Available from Condensing Steam 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 [ ]
ℎ𝑟
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 [ ]
ℎ𝑟

Throttling: Irreversible Adiabatic [Constant

ℎ =ℎ
Enthalpy] or Isenthalpic

𝑣 =𝑣
Tank Heating/Cooling: Isometric [Constant
𝑓𝑡
Volume] 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 [ ]
𝑙𝑏

Turbine Expansion: Isentropic [Constant

𝑠 =𝑠
Entropy] or Reversible Adiabatic

Compressor: Isentropic [Constant Entropy]

𝑠 =𝑠
or Reversible Adiabatic

𝑃 =𝑃
Boiler Heating: Isobaric [Constant Pressure]
𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 [𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎]

Simplified Steam Heating Coil: Steam to

𝑚 ∗ℎ = 500 ∗ 𝐺𝑃𝑀 ∗ ∆𝑇
Water Heat Transfer

Simplified Steam Heating Coil: Steam to Air

Heat Transfer 𝑚 ∗ℎ = 1.08 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ ∆𝑇

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 Turbines, Pumps and 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 , =𝑚 ∗ ℎ −ℎ
Compressors Energy Balances
𝑚 ∗ ℎ −ℎ = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
Boilers, Condensers and 𝑄 / +𝑚 ∗ℎ =𝑚 ∗ℎ
Evaporators Energy Balances
𝑄 +𝑚 ∗ℎ =𝑚 ∗ℎ
Nozzles, Diffusers Energy
𝑣 𝑣
Balances ℎ + =ℎ +
2 2
Heat Exchangers Energy 𝑚 ∗𝑐 , ∗ 𝑇 , −𝑇 , = 𝑚 ∗𝑐 , ∗ 𝑇 , −𝑇 ,
Balances

𝑚 ∗𝑐 , ∗𝑇 + 𝑚 ∗𝑐 , ∗𝑇 =𝑚 ∗𝑐 , ∗𝑇
Mixing Energy Balances
𝑚 ∗ℎ + 𝑚 ∗ℎ =𝑚 ∗ℎ

𝐴 ∗ 𝐶 𝐻 + 𝐵 ∗ (𝑂 + 3.76𝑁 ) → 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 + 𝐶 ∗ 𝐶𝑂 + 𝐷 ∗ 𝐻 𝑂
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 & 𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Combustion
𝐴𝑖𝑟 = (𝑂 + 3.76𝑁 )

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑖𝑟
% 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑖𝑟 = − 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑖𝑟

𝐸𝐸𝑅
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
3.412
𝑊
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = (𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
𝑊
Coefficient of Performance 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄 ( )
(COP)
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = ℎ𝑟
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑊 ( )
ℎ𝑟

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 Evaporator Net Refrigeration Effect
𝑄 [𝐵𝑡𝑢ℎ]
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏
= (𝐻 − 𝐻 ) ∗ (𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒)
𝑙𝑏 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑖𝑛
∗ (60)
ℎ𝑟
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐻 = 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 ;𝐻
𝑙𝑏
𝐵𝑡𝑢
= 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 [ ]
𝑙𝑏
Compressor Work
𝑊 [𝐵𝑡𝑢ℎ]
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏
= (𝐻 − 𝐻 ) ∗ (𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒)
𝑙𝑏 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑖𝑛
∗ (60)
ℎ𝑟
𝐵𝑡𝑢
Refrigeration Cycle 𝐻 = 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 ;𝐻
𝑙𝑏
𝐵𝑡𝑢
= 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 [ ]
𝑙𝑏
Net Condenser Effect
𝑄 [𝐵𝑡𝑢ℎ]
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏
= (𝐻 − 𝐻 ) ∗ (𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒)
𝑙𝑏 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑖𝑛
∗ (60)
ℎ𝑟
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐻 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 ;𝐻
𝑙𝑏
𝐵𝑡𝑢
= 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 [ ]
𝑙𝑏
Net Condenser Effect
𝑄 [𝐵𝑡𝑢ℎ]
= 𝑊 [𝐵𝑡𝑢ℎ] + 𝑄 [𝐵𝑡𝑢ℎ]

𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 → 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑚 ∗ (ℎ − ℎ )
𝑃 −𝑃
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 → 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 =𝑚∗
𝜌
𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 = [𝑝𝑠𝑖], 𝜌 = ; 𝑚 = [ ]; 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 =
𝑓𝑡 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 → 𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ (ℎ − ℎ )
Rankine Cycle
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 → 𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ (ℎ − ℎ )

𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 → 𝑊 = 𝑚 ∗ (ℎ − ℎ )

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 − 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑄

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 Section 4.0 – Psychrometrics

Dry bulb temperature indicates the amount of energy independent of the amount of water
Dry Bulb
in the air. Measured with a thermometer.
Temperature
Units = [℉]
Wet bulb temperature indicates the amount of water in the air. Measured with a sling
Wet Bulb
psychrometer or hygrometer.
Temperature
Units = [℉]
The temperature at which moist air must be cooled to, in order for water to condense out of
Dew Point the air.
Units = [℉]
Humidity ratio or specific humidity is the measure of the amount of water in air. 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 =
Humidity Ratio
[ ]
Relative Humidity indicates the amount of water in the air relative to the total amount of
Relative Humidity water the air can hold.
Units = [%]
Sensible heat indicates the amount of dry heat. It indicates the amount of energy either
absorbed or released to change the dry bulb temperature of the air.
Sensible Heat
Btu
Units = [ ]
lb of air
Latent heat indicates the amount of energy in the air due to moisture. It is the amount of
heat released when water in the air condenses out or the amount of heat absorbed by water
Latent Heat in order to vaporize the water.
Btu
Units = [ ]
lb of air
Enthalpy is an indication of the total amount of energy in the air, both sensible and latent.
Enthalpy Btu
Units = [ ]
lb of air
T , =T , ∗% +T , ∗%
T , ∗ CFM + T , ∗ CFM
T , =
CFM + CFM

W , =W , ∗% +W , ∗%
Mixing of Air W , ∗ CFM + W , ∗ CFM
W , =
Streams CFM + CFM

h , =h , ∗% +h , ∗%
h , ∗ CFM + h , ∗ CFM
h , =
CFM + CFM

𝑄 = 0.68 ∗ ∆𝑊 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀
𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐻𝑉

𝐻𝑉 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Latent Heat (Air at 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐻𝑉 = 1,060 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Sea Level and Ideal ℎ𝑟
Conditions)
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻20
∆𝑊 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑙𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑄 = 4,734 ∗ ∆𝑊 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀

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 𝑙𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝐻20
∆𝑊 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑙𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑊 , 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝐻20
𝑚 = 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ 60 ∗ 0.075 ∗ ∗
ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 7000 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝐻20
Latent Heat or
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑊 ,
𝑚 = 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ 60 ∗ 0.075 ∗
ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄 [ ] = 𝑚𝑐 ∆𝑇
Sensible Heat (Air at ℎ
Sea Level and Ideal 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 = 0.240 ;
℉
Conditions) .
𝑚= ( )*( )*( )
.
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄 [ ] = 1.08 ∗ ∆𝑇 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀
ℎ
Sensible Heat
𝐵𝑡𝑢 .
Adjusted for 𝑄 = 1.08 ∗ ∆𝑇 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ [1 − 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣 ∗ 6.8754𝑥10 ] ; 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
Different Elevations ℎ
Q = 4.5 ∗ (∆h) ∗ CFM
𝐵𝑡𝑢
Total Heat 𝑄 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 [ ]
Equation ℎ𝑟
∆h = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐶𝐹𝑀 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒

Total Heat 𝐵𝑡𝑢

𝑄 = 4.5 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ (∆h) ∗ [1 − 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣 ∗ 6.8754𝑥10 ] . ; 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
Equation ℎ
p W
RH = x 100% ≈ x 100%
p W
Relative Humidity RH = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦
as a Function of p = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
Humidity Ratio and p = 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Partial Pressures W = ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
W
= ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Btu Btu
sensible heat ( ) sensible heat ( )
SHR SHR = h = h
Btu Btu
total heat ( ) sensible heat + latent heat ( )
h h

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 Section 5.0 – Heat Transfer

Term Equation Description

𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑈 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 [ ]
Convert U-Factor 1 ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉
𝑈=
to R-Value 𝑅 ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉
𝑅 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 [ ]
𝐵𝑡𝑢

Addition of R-
𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 +⋯+𝑅
Values 𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠

Addition of U- 1 1 1 1
= + + ⋯+
Factors 𝑈 𝑈 𝑈 𝑈 𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠

Thermal 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑘=
Conductivity Units ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉

Convert Thermal 𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 [𝑓𝑡]

𝑡 𝐵𝑡𝑢
Conductivity to R- 𝑅= 𝑘 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
Value and U-Factor 𝑘 ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉
𝑘
𝑈=
𝑡
𝐵𝑡𝑢
Heat Transfer
𝑄 = 𝑈 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ ∆𝑇 𝑈 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡[ ]
Equation ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 [𝑓𝑡 ]
∆𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑡 & 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 [℉]
Log Mean ∆𝑇 − ∆𝑇
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = ∆𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Temperature ∆𝑇
ln( ) ∆𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡
Difference (LMTD) ∆𝑇

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Counter-flow Heat
Exchanger

Parallel-flow Heat
Exchanger

𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄 = 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑
ℎ𝑟
Conduction Heat 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑘 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝑘 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
Transfer Equation, 𝑄= ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉
𝑡
Through Wall 𝑇 −𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑠
/𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑠 [℉]
𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 [𝑓𝑡]
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 [𝑓𝑡 ]
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡[ ]
ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉
Convection Heat 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 [𝑓𝑡 ]
𝑄 = ℎ ∗ 𝐴 ∗ ∆𝑇
Transfer Equation ∆𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑡 & 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 [℉]

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 𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡[ ]
Radiative Heat ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉
𝑄=ℎ ∗ 𝐴 ∗ ∆𝑇
Transfer Equation 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 [𝑓𝑡 ]
∆𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑡 & 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 [℉]

𝑄 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 (𝐵𝑡𝑢ℎ); 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑡 );

Radiative Heat 𝐵𝑡𝑢
Transfer Between 𝑄 = 𝜀 ∗ 𝜎 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ (𝑇 −𝑇 ) 𝜎 = 0.1713 𝑥 10 ;
ℎ ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ 𝑅
Two Objects
𝑇 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 (°𝑅); 𝜀 = 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

2𝜋𝐿 ∗ (𝑇 −𝑇 )
𝑄 = 𝑟 𝑟
ln ln
𝑟 𝑟 1 1
++ + +
𝑘 𝑘 𝑟 ℎ 𝑟 ℎ

𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄 = 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑
ℎ𝑟
Heat Transfer 𝐵𝑡𝑢
Equation, Through 𝑘 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉
Pipe 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 [℉]
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 [℉]
𝑟 = 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 [𝑓𝑡]
𝑟 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 [𝑓𝑡]
𝐿 = 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ [𝑓𝑡]
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡[
ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉

𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 ;
𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∗ ℉

Prandtl Number 𝜇∗𝑐 𝐵𝑡𝑢

𝑃𝑟 = 𝑘 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ;
𝑘 ℉
ℎ ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗
𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝜇 = 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ( )
ℎ𝑟 − 𝑓𝑡
𝐷∗ℎ
Nusselt Number 𝑁𝑢 = = 𝐶 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 (𝑓𝑡),
𝑘
𝑘 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
Turbulent flow inside circular pipe 𝐷∗ℎ
𝑁𝑢 = = .023 ∗ 𝑅𝑒 . ∗ 𝑃𝑟 .
(heating) Nusselt Number 𝑘

Turbulent flow inside circular pipe 𝐷∗ℎ

𝑁𝑢 = = .023 ∗ 𝑅𝑒 . ∗ 𝑃𝑟 .
(cooling) Nusselt Number 𝑘

Laminar flow inside circular pipe 𝐷∗ℎ

𝑁𝑢 = = 4.36
(heating) Nusselt Number 𝑘

Laminar flow inside circular pipe 𝐷∗ℎ

𝑁𝑢 = = 3.66
(cooling) Nusselt Number 𝑘

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 Section 6.0 – Fluid Mechanics

Term Equation Description

𝑙𝑏
𝜇[ ] 𝑓𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝜇 = 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦;
Kinematic and 𝑓𝑡 ∗ 𝑠
𝑣= =[ ]
Dynamic Viscosity 𝑙𝑏 𝑠 𝑣 = 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜌[ ]
𝑓𝑡
𝜌
Specific Gravity 𝑆𝐺 = 𝑙𝑏
𝜌 𝜌 = 62.4 @ 60℉
𝑓𝑡
𝑢 𝑓𝑡
𝑀= 𝑀 = 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 [𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠]; 𝑢 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ;𝑐
Mach Number 𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑀 = 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟; 𝑅 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡;
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑐
𝑘 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠 = ,
𝑐
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑓𝑡 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Speed of Sound 𝑐= 𝑘∗𝑔∗𝑅∗𝑇
𝑠𝑒𝑐
Air Properties Units

𝑅 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏
1,716
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 − °𝑅
𝑘 1.4 N/A
1 𝑞 / = 𝑎𝑛𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑞 +ℎ + 𝑣 ℎ / = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒
2
Nozzles & Diffusers 1 𝑣 / = 𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒
=𝑞 +ℎ + 𝑣
2
𝐴 / = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Conservation of ∆𝑚 = 0 /𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒
mass ∆𝑚 = 0 𝜌 / = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝜌 ∗𝐴 ∗𝑣 =𝜌 ∗𝐴 ∗𝑣 /𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒

𝑙𝑏𝑓
;
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑓𝑡
Ideal gas law 𝑅 = 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑝 =𝜌∗𝑅∗𝑇 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏𝑓
= 53.35 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟;
𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 𝑅
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ = 𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑; 𝑓 = 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟; 𝑣

Darcy Weisbach
𝑓𝐿𝑣 𝑓𝑡
Equation ℎ= = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ,
2𝐷𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑓𝑡
𝐷 = 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 [𝑓𝑡], 𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 [32.2 ]
𝑠𝑒𝑐

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Convert GPM to 1 ft
Cubic Feet Multiply GPM by to get .
448.83 sec

𝑓𝑡
𝑉∗𝐷 𝜈 = 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ;
sec
Reynolds Number 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 =
𝜈 𝑓𝑡
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 ;
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 [𝑓𝑡]

𝑣 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡; 𝜌 = 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦;

Lift 𝐹 =𝐶 ∗𝜌∗𝐴∗
2 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡; 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔; 𝜌

𝑣
Drag 𝐹 =𝐶 ∗𝜌∗𝐴∗ = 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦;
2 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡; 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝐵 = 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒; (𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝑁)

𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝐵= 𝜌 ∗𝑉 𝜌 = 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦; ( 𝑜𝑟 )
Buoyancy 𝑚 𝑓𝑡
∗ [𝑔] 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑚
𝑔 = 9.81 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝐼
𝑠

𝐹 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑝 = 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ; 𝐹 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑙𝑏𝑠);
Fluid Power 𝐴 𝑖𝑛
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑖𝑛 )

∆𝑃
Bulk Modulus 𝛽= ; 𝑝𝑠𝑖
∆𝑉/𝑉

𝑓𝑡
Viscosity 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 = 1.0764 𝑥 10
𝑠
𝑙𝑏
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 0.067197
𝑓𝑡 − 𝑠
𝑝𝑣 𝑝𝑔𝑧 𝑝𝑣 𝑝𝑔𝑧
𝑃 + + +ℎ =𝑃 + +
2𝑔 𝑔 2𝑔 𝑔
Bernouli’s 𝑔 = 32.2 ; 𝑔 = 32.2
𝑓𝑡
𝑣 = ; 𝑧 = 𝑓𝑡; 𝑃 = 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 ; ℎ = 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑓𝑡
𝑠

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 Section 7.0 – Energy/Mass Balance

Term Equation Description

𝑙𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝐻20
𝑊 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦
Dehumidification/ 𝑙𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑚 =𝑚 ∗ (𝑊 − 𝑊 )
Humidification 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟;
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑀 , +𝑀 , = 𝑀 ,
Mixing General 𝑀 , +𝑀 , = 𝑀 , +𝑀 ,
Equations 𝑀 , +𝑀 , = 𝑀 ,

T , =T , ∗% +T , ∗%
Mixing Air based T , ∗ CFM + T , ∗ CFM
on Temperature T , =
CFM + CFM

Mixing Air based h , =h , ∗% +h , ∗%

on Enthalpy h , ∗ CFM + h , ∗ CFM
h , =
CFM + CFM
W , =W , ∗% +W , ∗%
Mixing Air based W , ∗ CFM + W , ∗ CFM
on Humidity Ratio W , =
CFM + CFM

Latent Heat of
970 Btu/lbm
Vaporization

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 Section 8.0 – Heating/Cooling Loads

Term Equation Description

𝐵𝑡𝑢
1 𝑈 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 [ ]
Convert U-Factor to 𝑈= ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉
R-Value 𝑅 ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉
𝑅 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 [ ]
𝐵𝑡𝑢
Addition of R-Values 𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 + 𝑅 …+ 𝑅

1 1 1 1 1
Addition of U-Factors = + + …+
𝑈 𝑈 𝑈 𝑈 𝑈

𝐵𝑡𝑢
Thermal Conductivity 𝑘=
ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉
Units

𝑡
Convert Thermal 𝑅= 𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 [𝑓𝑡]
Conductivity to R- 𝑘 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑘 𝑘 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 [
Value and U-Factor 𝑈= ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉
𝑡

𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑈 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡[ ]
ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ∗ ℉
Heat Transfer 𝑄 = 𝑈 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ ∆𝑇 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 [𝑓𝑡 ]
Equation ∆𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛
ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 [℉]

Roof/Wall 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 → 𝑄 = 𝑈 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 → 𝑄 = 𝑈 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷

Or
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 → 𝑄 = 𝑈 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ ∆𝑇
Skylight/Window
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 → 𝑄 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑆𝐶 ∗ 𝑆𝐶𝐿
𝑆𝐶 = 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑆𝐶𝐿 = 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑄 = 𝑁 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝐺 ∗ 𝐶𝐿𝐹
𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒
People
𝐵𝑡𝑢
Sensible loads 𝑆𝐻𝐺 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡
ℎ𝑟
𝐶𝐿𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑄 = 𝑁 ∗ 𝐿𝐻𝐺 ∗ 𝐶𝐿𝐹
𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒
People Latent loads 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡
ℎ𝑟
𝐶𝐿𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

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 𝐵𝑡𝑢
3.412
𝑄 = 𝑁 ∗ 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 ∗ ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝑈𝐹 ∗ 𝑆𝐴𝐹 ∗ 𝑆𝐹
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Lighting 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒.
𝑈𝐹 = 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑆𝐴𝐹 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑆𝐹 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐵𝑡𝑢ℎ 𝑃 (𝐻𝑃)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑄 = 2545 ∗
𝐻𝑃 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 ∗ (1 − 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 ∗ (𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)

𝑄 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 ∗ (1 − 𝜀 )∗𝐹 ∗𝐹

𝑄 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 ∗ (𝜀 )∗𝐹 ∗𝐹
Miscellaneous 𝑃 = ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
Equipment 𝜀 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐹 = 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐹 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑄=𝑞 ∗𝐹 ∗𝐹
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑞 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
ℎ
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝐹 = 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄 = 4.5 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ ∆ℎ [ ]
𝑙𝑏
Infiltration 𝑄 = 1.08 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ (𝑇 −𝑇 )
𝑄 = 4,840 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ (𝑊 −𝑊 )
𝑊 = ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 [𝑙𝑏𝑚 /𝑙𝑏𝑚 ]

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 Section 9.0 – Equipment & Components

Term Equation Description

Simplified Sensible 𝐵𝑡𝑢 ∗ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑡 70℉ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚.

𝑄 = 1.08 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ ∆𝑇[℉]
Heat Equation ℎ

𝑄 𝐷
= ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡,
𝑄 𝐷
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄 = 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑄 𝑁
= ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑄 𝑁
Affinity laws 𝐻 𝐷
(For when given a = ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡,
𝐻 𝐷
system curve and
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐻 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
diameter change is
𝐻 𝑁
less than 5%) = ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐻 𝑁
𝑃 𝐷
= ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑃 𝐷
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑃 𝑁
= ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑃 𝑁
Contact Factor ℎ −ℎ where h is equal to the
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
Equation for Coils ℎ −ℎ enthalpy

Contact Factor 𝑇 −𝑇 where T is equal to the

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
Equation for Coils 𝑇 −𝑇 dry bulb temperature

Contact Factor 𝑊 −𝑊
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
Equation for Coils 𝑊 −𝑊

Bypass Factor 𝐵𝑦𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐻 = 60 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑄 ∗ (𝑊 −𝑊 )
[𝑙𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟]
𝑊 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
[𝑙𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟]
𝑙𝑏
Moisture Transfer 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 [ ]
Equation 𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡
𝑄 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 [ ]
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑏
𝐻 = 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 [ ]
ℎ𝑟

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑇 , [℉] − 𝑇 , [℉]

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ = 𝑇 , [℉] − 𝑇 , [℉]

Cooling Tower
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 + 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ

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 𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑄[𝐵𝑡𝑢ℎ] = 500 ∗ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ (𝑇 , −𝑇 , )
𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑔𝑎𝑙
Cooling Tower . 000943 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 𝑇 , −𝑇 ,
𝑚𝑖𝑛
Evaporation Rate 𝑔𝑎𝑙
= 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑖𝑛

1
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑀𝐻𝑃 ∗ ( )
𝐹𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Fans 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ 𝑇𝑆𝑃[𝑖𝑛. 𝑤𝑔]
=
6,356 1
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑃 = 𝐵𝐻𝑃 ∗
𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

𝑝∗𝑣 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑉𝑃 = =
2∗𝑔 𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑔 = 32.2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑠
𝑓𝑡
Fans 𝑣 = ; 𝑧 = 𝑓𝑡; 𝑉𝑃 = 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
𝑠

Shortcut Equation
𝐹𝑃𝑀
𝐹𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = [𝑖𝑛. 𝑤𝑔]
4005
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑃𝑀 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑄 𝐷 𝑁
= ( )
𝑄 𝐷 𝑁
𝐻 𝐷 𝑁 𝑝
= ( )
𝐻 𝐷 𝑁 𝑝
𝑃 𝐷 𝑁 𝑝
Affinity Laws for all = ( )
other cases (fans 𝑃 𝐷 𝑁 𝑝
and pumps)
𝑄 𝐷 𝐻 . 𝑝 .
=
𝑄 𝐷 𝐻 𝑝
N = speed, Q = flow
𝑁 𝐷 𝐻 . 𝑝 .
rate, H = head or = ( )
𝑁 𝐷 𝐻 𝑝
pressure,
𝑃 𝐷 𝐻 . 𝑝 .
p = density, =
𝑃 𝐷 𝐻 𝑝
D = diameter,
𝑁 𝐷 𝑄
P = power = ( )
𝑁 𝐷 𝑄
𝐻 𝐷 𝑄 𝑝
= ( )
𝐻 𝐷 𝑄 𝑝
𝑃 𝐷 𝑄 𝑝
= ( )
𝑃 𝐷 𝑄 𝑝
𝑃 519
ACFM vs. SCFM 𝑆𝐶𝐹𝑀 = 𝐴𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ ∗( )
14.7 𝑇
𝑃 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 (𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎);
𝑇 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒 (°𝑅)

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 𝑅
10 → 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑡
𝑃𝑅
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑠 → 𝜎 =
𝑡
𝑃𝑅
Pressure vessel 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑠 → 𝜎 =
2𝑇
𝜎 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑝𝑠𝑖); 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑝𝑠𝑖);
𝑅 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝑖𝑛)
𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑖𝑛)

𝐴 = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑖𝑛 );

𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 (315 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟);
𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
(𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 0.975);
𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑊 ∗ √𝑇𝑍 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
Pressure relief
→ 𝐴= (𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒);
𝐶 ∗ 𝐾 ∗ 𝑃 ∗ 𝐾 ∗ √𝑀 𝑃 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎);
𝑇 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 (°𝑅);
𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑊 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ;
ℎ𝑟
𝑍 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑄 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑔𝑝𝑚);

∆𝑃
Control valve liquid 𝑄=𝐶 𝐶 = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑡;
𝑆𝐺 ∆𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 (𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑆𝐺 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑄 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑄 (𝑠𝑐𝑓ℎ − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟);
= 59.64 ∗ 𝐶 𝐶 = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑡;
Control valve gas
∆𝑃 520 ∆𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 (𝑝𝑠𝑖);
∗𝑃 𝑇 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 (°𝑅)
𝑃 𝑆𝐺 ∗ 𝑇 𝑆𝐺 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 (𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.0);
𝑃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 = 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

Control valve critical 520
point 𝑄 =𝐶 ∗𝑃 ∗
𝑆𝐺 ∗ 𝑇

𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐻𝐻𝑉 = ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 [ ]
Boiler fuel energy 𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐻𝐻𝑉 𝑙𝑏
𝑙𝑏
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
ℎ𝑟
𝜀
Boiler efficiency (𝑚 ) ∗ (ℎ −ℎ
,
=
𝑚 ∗ 𝐻𝐻𝑉
Boiler energy for 𝑄 = 500 ∗ 𝐺𝑃𝑀 ∗ ∆𝑇 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑐 ∗ ∆𝑇
water temperature 𝑚 = 𝑙𝑏𝑠/ℎ𝑟
𝐵𝑡𝑢
increase 𝑐 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.00
𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∗ ℉
∆𝑇 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 [℉]

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 𝑄=𝑚 ∗ℎ
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑙𝑏𝑚
Boiler energy for 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑏𝑠/ℎ𝑟
vaporization of 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑓𝑡 62.4 𝑙𝑏 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
water 1 ∗ ∗ ∗
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 7.48 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

𝑄 = 500 ∗ 𝐺𝑃𝑀 ∗ℎ =𝑚 ∗ℎ

Desuperheating Region
1𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝: 𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗𝑐 , ∗ (𝑇 −𝑇 )

Condensing Region
Feedwater heater
2𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝: 𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ℎ

Subcooling Region
3𝑟𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝: 𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗𝑐 , ∗ 𝑇 −𝑇

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 Section 10.0 – Systems & Components

Term Equation Description

(𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) .
𝐷 = 1.30 ∗ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 a and b are the width[ft] and height[ft] of the duct
Rectangular Duct (𝑎 + 𝑏) .

(𝐴 ∗ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎) .
𝐷 = 1.55 ∗
Oval Duct (𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟) . 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 A is the major axis and a is the minor axis
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋 ∗ 𝑎 + 2 ∗ (𝐴 − 𝑎)

Velocity Pressure
𝐹𝑃𝑀 𝐹𝑃𝑀 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
as a Function of Air 𝑉𝑃 = [𝑖𝑛. 𝑤𝑔] 𝑉𝑃 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 [𝑖𝑛. 𝑤𝑔]
Velocity 4005

Friction loss due to 𝑖𝑛. 𝑤𝑔

𝐹 [𝑖𝑛. 𝑤𝑔] = 𝐿[𝑓𝑡] ∗ 𝑓[ ]
length of duct 100 𝑓𝑡

Friction loss due to

𝐹 [𝑖𝑛. 𝑤𝑔] = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑉𝑃
duct fitting

0.1025𝐿𝑞
𝑓=
𝑟𝑑 .
Where, 𝑓 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 (𝑝𝑠𝑖)
Compressed air 𝐿 = 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑓𝑡)
piping loss 𝑞 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 (𝑐𝑓𝑚)
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 @ 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑑 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑖𝑛)

h = ft of head;
f = Darcy friction factor;
fLv ft
Darcy Weisbach v = velocity ,
h= sec
2Dg
D = inner diameter [ft],
ft
g = gravity [32.2 ]
sec
Pressure
1 psi is equal to 2.31 feet of head (water)
NPSH = Suction Head − Vapor Pressure
NPSHA = (P P − P ) − VP

Net positive 𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻𝐴 = 𝑃 𝑃 −𝑃 −𝑃

suction head
or
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻𝐴 = 𝑃 +𝑃 −𝑃

Velocity pressure 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
𝑉 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 ; 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 32.2
(Pumps) [𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑]; 𝑠𝑒𝑐 sec
2𝑔

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 𝑞 , = 4.5 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ (ℎ −ℎ )
𝑞 , = 4.5 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ (ℎ −ℎ )

𝑞 , = 1.08 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ (𝑇 −𝑇 )
𝑞 , = 1.08 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ (𝑇 −𝑇 )

Air to air energy 𝑞 , = 4,770 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ (𝑊 −𝑊 )

recovery devices 𝑞 , = 4,770 ∗ 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ∗ (𝑊 −𝑊 )

𝑞 ,
𝜀 =
𝑞 ,
𝑞 ,
𝜀 =
𝑞 ,
𝑞 ,
𝜀 =
𝑞 ,

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 Section 11.0 – Supportive Knowledge

Term Equation Description

Fresh air flow

based on ASHRAE 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑅 ∗ (# 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒) + 𝑅 ∗ (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)
62.1

Refrigeration Room .
𝑄[𝐶𝐹𝑀] = 100𝑋𝐺 , where G = lbs of refrigerant.
Ventilation Rate

Vibration Control:
1
Natural Frequency 𝑓 (𝐻𝑧) = 3.13 ∗
of Spring 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠)

Vibration Control: 1 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦% =

Transmissibility 𝑇= 100% − 𝑉𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦%
𝑓
and Vibration −1
𝑓
Isolation Efficiency

Combining the
Sound Levels of 𝐿 = 10 ∗ log (10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 +. . )
Multiple Sources

𝐿 =𝐿 − 20 ∗ log 𝑥 − 1
Sound Level at a Distance from a Point Source 𝐿 = 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 [𝐷𝐵]
(Spherical Propagation) 𝐿 = 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 [𝐷𝐵]
𝑥 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 [𝑓𝑡 ]

Sound Level at a Distance from a Point Source

𝐿 =𝐿 − 20 ∗ log 𝑥+2
(Half-Spherical Propagation)

Sound Level at a Distance from a Point Source

𝐿 =𝐿 − 20 ∗ log 𝑥+5
(Quarter-Spherical Propagation)

Sound Level at a Distance from a Point Source

𝐿 =𝐿 − 20 ∗ log 𝑥+8
(Eighth-Spherical Propagation)

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