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Analyze Constallation of 8-PSK

(Phase Shift Keying)


Hillyatul Aulia Tabita Maudina
Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Electrical Engineering
State Polytechnic of Malang State Polytechnic of Malang
Malang, Indonesia Malang, Indonesia
hillyatul.aulia@icloud.com maudinatabita@gmail.com

Abstract— This paper presents constellation analysis for A constellation diagram is a representation of a signal
phase-shift keying (PSK) signal in time region on some modulated by a digital modulation scheme such as quadrature
problems. A convenient method to represent PSK schemes is on amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying. It displays the
a constellation diagram. This shows the points in the complex signal as a two-dimensional xy-plane scatter diagram in the
plane where, in this context, the real and imaginary axes are complex plane at symbol sampling instants. The angle of a
termed the in-phase and quadrature axes respectively due to point, measured counterclockwise from the horizontal axis,
their 90 degrees separation. Such a representation on represents the phase shift of the carrier wave from a reference
perpendicular axes lends itself to straightforward phase. The distance of a point from the origin represents a
implementation. The amplitude of each point along the in-phase
measure of the amplitude or power of the signal.
axis is used to modulate a cosine (or sine) wave and the
amplitude along the quadrature axis to modulate a sine (or A 'signal space diagram' is an ideal constellation diagram
cosine) wave. By convention, in-phase modulates cosine and showing the correct position of the point representing each
quadrature modulates sine. In this paper we used MATLAB symbol. After passing through a communication channel, due
environment to generate the constellation diagram of M-ary to electronic noise or distortion added to the signal, the
PSK and QAM modulation systems. amplitude and phase received by the demodulator may differ
from the correct value for the symbol. When plotted on a
Keywords—constellation diagram, digital communication,
constellation diagram the point representing that received
MATLAB, PSK.
sample will be offset from the correct position for that symbol.
I. INTRODUCTION An electronic test instrument called a vector signal analyzer
can display the constellation diagram of a digital signal by
Phase shift keying, PSK, is widely used these days within sampling the signal and plotting each received symbol as a
a whole raft of radio communications systems. It is point. The result is a 'ball' or 'cloud' of points surrounding each
particularly well suited to the growing area of data symbol position. Measured constellation diagrams can be used
communications. PSK, phase shift keying enables data to be to recognize the type of interference and distortion in a signal.
carried on a radio communications signal in a more efficient
manner than Frequency Shift Keying, FSK, and some other Using a constellation view of the signal enables quick fault
forms of modulation. finding in a system. If the problem is related to phase, the
constellation will spread around the circle. If the problem is
With more forms of communications transferring from related to magnitude, the constellation will spread off the
analogue formats to digital formats, data communications is circle, either towards or away from the origin. These graphical
growing in importance, and along with it the various forms of techniques assist in isolating problems much faster than when
modulation that can be used to carry data. using other techniques.
There are several flavors of phase shift keying, PSK that QPSK is used for the forward link form the base station to
are available for use. Each form has its own advantages and the mobile in the IS-95 cellular system and uses the absolute
disadvantages, and a choice of the optimum format has to be phase position to represent the symbols. There are four phase
made for each radio communications system that is designed. decision points, and when transitioning from one state to
To make the right choice it is necessary to have a knowledge another, it is possible to pass through the circle's origin,
and understanding of the way in which PSK works. indicating minimum magnitude.
Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of On the reverse link from mobile to base station, O-QPSK
distinct signals to represent digital data. PSK uses a finite is used to prevent transitions through the origin. Consider the
number of phases, each assigned a unique pattern of binary components that make up any particular vector on the
digits. Usually, each phase encodes an equal number of bits. constellation diagram as X and Y components. Normally, both
Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is represented by of these components would transition simultaneously, causing
the particular phase. The demodulator, which is designed the vector to move through the origin. In O-QPSK, one
specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator, component is delayed, so the vector will move down first, and
determines the phase of the received signal and maps it back then over, thus avoiding moving through the origin, and
to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original data. simplifying the radio's design. A constellation diagram will
This requires the receiver to be able to compare the phase of show the accuracy of the modulation. One of the problems
the received signal to a reference signal – such a system is phasing the physical layer security of a wireless system is its
termed coherent (and referred to as CPSK). vulnerability to pilot contamination attacks and hence
schemes for its detection need to be applied. A method determine the exact phase of the received signal. To overcome
proposed in the literature consists of training with two N-PSK this problem PSK systems use a differential method for
pilots. Although the method is effective in most of the cases, encoding the data onto the carrier. This is accomplished, for
it is not able to discover an attack initiated during the example, by making a change in phase equal to a one, and no
transmission of the second pilot from the pair if both the phase change equal to a zero. Further improvements can be
legitimate and non-legitimate pilots coincide. In this current made upon this basic system and a number of other types of
paper, an improvement to this method is proposed which phase shift keying have been developed. One simple
detects an intruder who misses the first pilot transmission. The improvement can be made by making a change in phase by 90
suggested improvement eliminates the usage of threshold degrees in one direction for a one, and 90 degrees the other
values in the detection – a main drawback of previously way for a zero. This retains the 180 degree phase reversal
existing solution. between one and zero states, but gives a distinct change for a
zero. In a basic system not using this process it may be
Both QPSK and 8PSK are widely used in satellite possible to loose synchronization if a long series of zeros are
broadcasting. QPSK is still widely used in the streaming of sent. This is because the phase will not change state for this
SD satellite channels and some HD channels. High definition occurrence.
programming is delivered almost exclusively in 8PSK due to
the higher bitrates of HD video and the high cost of satellite There are many variations on the basic idea of phase shift
bandwidth. The DVB-S2 standard requires support for both keying. Each one has its own advantages and disadvantages
QPSK and 8PSK. The chipsets used in new satellite set top enabling system designers to choose the one most applicable
boxes, such as Broadcom's 7000 series support 8PSK and are for any given circumstances. Other common forms include
backward compatible with the older standard. QPSK (Quadrature phase shift keying) where four phase states
are used, each at 90 degrees to the other, 8-PSK where there
For team member contribution, we divided the point of are eight states and so forth.
discussion. Here are the points:
It is often convenient to represent a phase shift keyed
a. Hillyatul Aulia signal, and sometimes other types of signal using a phasor or
1. Matlab Code constellation diagram. Using this scheme, the phase of the
signal is represented by the angle around the circle, and the
2. Introduction amplitude by the distance from the origin or center of the
3. Method/Simulation design circle. In this way the can be signal resolved into quadrature
components representing the sine or I for In-phase component
4. Create the draft of the flowchart and the cosine for the quadrature component. Most phase shift
5. Result and discussion keyed systems use a constant amplitude and therefore points
appear on one circle with a constant amplitude and the
6. Conclusion changes in state being represented by movement around the
b. Tabita Maudina circle. For binary shift keying using phase reversals the two
points appear at opposite points on the circle. Other forms of
1. Illustration of constellation on visio phase shift keying may use different points on the circle and
there will be more points on the circle.
2. Made the flowchart on visio
When plotted using test equipment errors may be seen
3. Introduction
from the ideal positions on the phase diagram. These errors
4. Abstract may appear as the result of inaccuracies in the modulator and
transmission and reception equipment, or as noise that enters
5. Literature review the system. It can be imagined that if the position of the real
6. Results and discussion measurement when compared to the ideal position becomes
too large, then data errors will appear as the receiving
II. LITERATURE REVIEW demodulator is unable to correctly detect the intended position
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation process of the point around the circle.
which conveys data by changing (modulating) the phase of a Although phase modulation is used for some analogue
constant frequency reference signal (the carrier wave). The transmissions, it is far more widely used as a digital form of
modulation is accomplished by varying the sine and cosine modulation where it switches between different phases. This
inputs at a precise time. is known as phase shift keying, PSK, and there are many
Like any form of shift keying, there are defined states or flavors of this. It is even possible to combine phase shift
points that are used for signaling the data bits. The basic form keying and amplitude keying in a form of modulation known
of binary phase shift keying is known as Binary Phase Shift as quadrature amplitude modulation, QAM.
Keying (BPSK) or it is occasionally called Phase Reversal The list below gives some of the more commonly used
Keying (PRK). A digital signal alternating between +1 and -1 forms of phase shift keying, PSK, and related forms of
(or 1 and 0) will create phase reversals, i.e. 180 degree phase modulation that are used:
shifts as the data shifts state.
a. PSK - Phase Shift Keying
The problem with phase shift keying is that the receiver
cannot know the exact phase of the transmitted signal to b. BPSK - Binary Phase Shift Keying
determine whether it is in a mark or space condition. This c. QPSK - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
would not be possible even if the transmitter and receiver
clocks were accurately linked because the path length would d. O-QPSK - Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
e. 8 PSK - 8 Point Phase Shift Keying the signal from various types of interference, and the mapping
is very specific sequence known as a Barker sequence.
f. 16 PSK - 16 Point Phase Shift Keying
These are just some of the major forms of phase shift III. METHOD/SIMULATION DESIGN
keying, PSK, that are widely used in radio communications The M-ary number parameter, M, is the number of points
applications today. Each form of phase shift keying has its in the signal constellation. Constellation point of 8-PSK are
own advantages and disadvantages. In general the higher rotated by 45° with respect to one another.
order forms of modulation allow higher data rates to be carried
within a given bandwidth. However the downside is that the 8− ℎ ℎ (8 − )
higher data rates require a better signal to noise ratio before =8
the error rates start to rise and this counteracts any
improvements in data rate performance. In view of this = =3
balance many radio communications systems are able to 3 /
dynamically choose the form of modulation depending upon
the prevailing conditions and requirements.
In a digital modulation system, information is transmitted
as a series of samples, each occupying a uniform time slot.
During each sample, the carrier wave has a constant amplitude
and phase, which is restricted to one of a finite number of
values. So each sample encodes one of a finite number of
"symbols", which in turn represent one or more binary digits
(bits) of information. Each symbol is encoded as a different
combination of amplitude and phase of the carrier, so each
symbol is represented by a point on the constellation diagram,
called a constellation point. The constellation diagram shows
all the possible symbols that can be transmitted by the system
as a collection of points. In a frequency or phase modulated
signal, the signal amplitude is constant, so the points lie on a
circle around the origin.
The carrier representing each symbol can be created by
adding together different amounts of a cosine wave
representing the "I" or in-phase carrier, and a sine wave,
shifted by 90° from the I carrier called the "Q" or quadrature
carrier. Thus each symbol can be represented by a complex
number, and the constellation diagram can be regarded as a
complex plane, with the horizontal real axis representing the I Figure 1. Illustration of constellation with grey encoding
component and the vertical imaginary axis representing the Q There are 8 symbols and each symbol representing 3 bits
component. A coherent detector is able to independently of data (000, 001, 010, 100, 101, 011, 110l, 111).
demodulate these carriers. This principle of using two
independently modulated carriers is the foundation of Table 1. Constellation table
quadrature modulation. In pure phase modulation, the phase Data Bits Degree
of the modulating symbol is the phase of the carrier itself and
this is the best representation of the modulated signal. 000 0º
Any number of phases may be used to construct a PSK 001 45º
constellation but 8-PSK is usually the highest order PSK
constellation deployed. Although any number of phases may 011 50º
be used, the fact that the constellation must usually deal with 010 135º
binary data means that the number of symbols is usually a
power of 2 to allow an integer number of bits per symbol. 110 180º
The modulating signal, however, is not just the stream of 111 225º
bits that make up the frame. Additional work goes in to 101 270º
prepare the incoming bit stream for transmission so that it will
better survive the sometimes nasty conditions of the RF 100 315º
channel. Each incoming data bit is mapped to 11 transmission
bits. These outgoing 11 bits are called, together, one symbol,
and each of the eleven bits is individually called a chip. The
process of mapping bits to chips is known spreading, the term
deriving from the effect the mapping has of spreading out the
frequency range the signal takes on. (Or, one can think of the
process as spreading the information contained in the original
data bit over the various chip bits of the symbol.) This
expanding of one data bit to 11 chip “bits” is done to protect
Start =

Input N

To get EbN0db
X = randi ( [ 0, 1] , 1, N ) ;
yy = [ ] →

i = 1 : 3 : length (x)

is given by

X (i) = = 0 =
&&
X (i+1) = = 0 y = Cosd (0) + 1j * Sind (0)
2
&&
X (i+2) = = 0 Symbol energy is given by
=

X (i) = = 0
= 2 ; =1
&&
X (i+1) = = 0
&&
y = Cosd (45) + 1j * Sind (45) Normalize symbol energy to unity Es=1
X (i+2) = = 1

X (i) = = 0 / can be calculated as


&&
X (i+1) = = 1 y = Cosd (135) + 1j * Sind (135)
&&
X (i+2) = = 0
= 2

For the channel model randi function in Matlab is used to


X (i) = = 1
generate the noise term. This function generates noise with
&&
X (i+1) = = 1 y = Cosd (180) + 1j * Sind (180) unit variance and zero mean. In order to generate a noise with
&&
X (i+2) = = 0 sigma σ for the given Eb/N0 ratio , use the above equation ,
find σ, multiply the 'randi' generated noise with this sigma ,
add this final noise term with the transmitted signal to get the
received signal.
X (i) = = 1
&&
X (i+1) = = 1
&&
y = Cosd (225) + 1j * Sind (225) IV. RESULTS AND DICUSSION
X (i+2) = = 1
This variant of QPSK uses two identical constellations
which are rotated by 45° ({\displaystyle \pi /4}\pi /4 radians,
hence the name) with respect to one another. Usually, either
X (i) = = 1
the even or odd symbols are used to select points from one of
&&
X (i+1) = = 0 y = Cosd (270) + 1j * Sind (270)
the constellations and the other symbols select points from the
&&
X (i+2) = = 1 other constellation.

X (i) = = 1
&&
X (i+1) = = 0 y = Cosd (315) + 1j * Sind (315)
&&
X (i+2) = = 0

Input
yy = [ yy y ]

EbN0db

EbN0 = 10 ^ ( EbN0db / 10 )

n = ( i / sqrt (2)) * [ randn ( i , length (yy)) + 1j * randn ( 1 , 1 length (yy)]

Sigma = sqrt ( 1 / (( log 2 (N) ) * EbN0 )

r = yy + Sigma * n

Output
Scatterplot (yy) ;
Scatterplot (r) ;

End
Figure 2. Constellation plot
https://id.scribd.com/document/251721264/EbN0VsBERforBPSKove
rRayleighChanneland-AWGNChannel. [Accessed on May 19, 2020]
[7] Unkown, “What is PSK, Phase Shift Keying”, without year. [Online]
Available on: electronicsnotes, https://www.electronics-
notes.com/articles/radio/modulation/phase-modulation-shift-keying-
what-is-psk.php. [Accessed on: May 19, 2020]

Figure 3. Results of 8-PSK constellation diagram


The diagram shows information is transmitted as one of 8
"symbols", each representing 3 bits of data: 000, 001, 010,
100, 101, 011, 110, 111. Each symbol is encoded as a different
phase shift of the carrier sine wave: 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°,
225°, 270°, 315°.
CONCLUSION
From the simulation results shown in figures we can
conclude that constellation diagram simplifies the analysis
and comparison of digital passband modulation techniques.
The developed MATLAB codes able to generate the
constellation diagram for any M-ary modulation type
which, in turn, makes the study of transmitting and
receiving available and simplified. This variant of QPSK uses
two identical constellations which are rotated by 45° with
respect to one another.
REFERENCES
[1] Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, “Matlab code to analyze constellation of 8-
PSK by Dr. Vinoth babu Kumaravelu”, 2020. [Online] Available on:
YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcqFBk3VX10.
[Accessed on May 7, 2020]
[2] Elsevier B. V., “Phase Shift Keying”, 2020. [Online] Available on:
Science Direct,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/phase-shift-keying.
[Accessed on May 17,2020]
[3] GONG Min, ZHANG Chao, HAN han, Lin Xiaokang. “Performance
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Aeronautical Channels” Tsinghua Science and Technology; ISSN
1007-0214 01/21, Vol. 14; 2009, PP. 1-6.
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“Next-Generation Variable-Line-Rate Optical WDM Networks: Issues
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272483326_Next-
Generation_Variable-Line
Rate_Optical_WDM_Networks_Issues_and_Challenges#pf8.
[Accessed on May 18, 2020]
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Reasearchgate,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305311167_
Development_of_MATLAB_Code_for_mary_PSK_Constellation_Di
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