Power System Protection and Switchgear

Current based Relaying Scheme-III

Dr. BHAVESHKUMAR BHALJA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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 Application of Overcurrent Relay
➢ Transient overreach is defined as the tendency of a relay to operate
instantaneously for faults beyond its section. This is related to the time
constant of the decaying DC component of fault current. Fault current is
always asymmetric in nature.

➢ This asymmetry depends on the instant of fault occurrence. If a fault

occurs at a maximum voltage (V = Vm), there is no asymmetry, whereas for
a fault at zero voltage (V = 0), the asymmetry is maximum.

➢ The transient overreach is more if the decay of the DC component of fault

current is slow. Time delay relays are not affected by the transient
overreach phenomena.
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 Application of Overcurrent Relay
2. Definite Time Overcurrent Relay
➢ If the relays R1, R2, and R3 are definite time overcurrent relays, then each
relay (R1, R2, and R3) is set in such a way that it must operate for all faults
in its own zone.
➢ Further, it also provides backup protection to the adjoining line section.
➢ They are adjusted to operate progressively in decreasing order from
source to load.

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 Application of DMT Overcurrent Relay
Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4

GT R1 R2 R3

Load Load Load Load

Time (s)
TopR1 TopR2
TopR3
Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4
Distance (km)

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 Application of Overcurrent Relay
2. Definite Time Overcurrent Relay
Advantages:
(i) It provides backup protection.
(ii) It is immune to the ratio of source impedance to load impedance (Zs/Zl).
Disadvantages:
(i) Time of operation (Top) of relay for a fault near the generator can be
dangerously high. This is obviously undesirable because of the fact that the
magnitude of such faults is very high.
(ii) If these faults persist for a long period of time, then they produce
destructive effect.
(iii) The solution to this problem is to use instantaneous high set unit along
with definite time delay unit.
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 Application of IOC Relay
Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4

GT
R1 R2 R3

Load Load Load Load

Legend
Inverse time overcurrent relay
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 Application of IOC Relay
3. Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
➢ If the relays R1, R2, and R3 are inverse time overcurrent relays, then each
relay (R1, R2, and R3) is set in such a way that it operates for all faults in its
own zone, and at the same time, also provides backup protection to the
adjoining line section.
Characteristic of R1

Top (s)
Characteristic of R2

Characteristic of R3
➢ They are adjusted to operate progressively
in decreasing order from source to load.

Multiple of pickup current (A)

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Thank You

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