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What is a Code
When a standard has been adopted by governmental bodies and has the force of law, it
becomes a code. A standard also becomes a code when it has been incorporated into a
business contract. A code is a set of rules that experts in the field recommend people to
follow; it is a model. Although it is not a law, it can be adopted into law. A code tells you
what needs to be done, but it doesn’t explain how it should be done. Some examples of Codes
include International Building Code, ASME Boiler and Vessel Code, and AWS D1.1.
What is a Standard
A standard is a set of technical definitions, specifications, and guidelines. They function as
instructions for designers, manufacturers, operators, or users of equipment. If you are building
something, a standard tells you about the materials, process, designs, structure, etc. In brief,
standards tell you how to do something.
Standards are usually created by individual companies, organizations or countries. They are
not legalized. A standard develops into a code when it is adopted by a set of government bodies
and gets legalized. Some examples of standards include ASTM International standards, and
ISO standard.
SOME STANDARDS
• American Petroleum Institute (API).
• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
• American Water Works Association (AWWA).
• American Welding Society (AWS).
• Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS).
• National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE).
• Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).
API STANDARDS
API 2610: Design, Construction, Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection of
Terminal and Tank Facilities
API Standard 2350: Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks in Petro-leum Facilities,
Fourth Edition
API 620, Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
API SPEC 12B, Specification for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
API SPEC 12F, Specification for Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production
Liquids
API 600, Steel Gate Valves - Flanged and Butt-welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets
API 602, Gate, Globe, and Check Valves for Sizes DN 100 (NPS 4) and Smaller
for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
API SPEC 5L: Line PipeAPI SPEC 6D: Pipeline And Piping Valves
API RP 2201 : Safe Hot Tapping Practices in the Petroleum and Petrochemical
Industries
Some codes
1. B31.1 - 2001 - Power Piping: Piping for industrial plants and
marine applications. This code prescribes minimum
requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test,
and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems for
electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, central
and district heating plants.
The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and
high temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or
vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 pounds per
square inch (PSIG) or 1 Kg per square centimetres, and high
temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160
pounds per square inch (PSIG) or 12.5 Kg per square
centimetres and / or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F. (120
degrees C.)
2. B31.2 - 1968 - Fuel Gas Piping : This has been withdrawn as a
National Standard and replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but
B31.2 is still available from ASME and is a good reference for
the design of gas piping systems (from the meter to the
appliance).
3. B31.3 - 2002 - Process Piping : Design of chemical and
petroleum plants and refineries processing chemicals and
hydrocarbons, water and steam. This Code contains rules for
piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical,
pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic
plants; and related processing plants and terminals.
This Code prescribes requirements for materials and
CODES AND STANDARDS
components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection,
examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code
applies to piping for all fluids including:
o Raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals
o Petroleum products
o Gas, steam, air and water
o Fluidized solids
o Refrigerants
o Cryogenic fluids
The principal design codes used for piping design are the