2 LaterallySupportedBeams 2012

DYB 654: ADVANCED STEEL
STRUCTURES - II
Assoc Prof Bülent AKBAŞ
Assoc.Prof.Bülent
Department of Earthquake and

Crown Hall at IIT Campus
Chicago . Illinois
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
St t l Engineering
Structural E i i
Laterally
Supported Beams
Yanal Olarak Desteklenmiş Kirişler (Laterally Supported Beams)
•Yanal Olarak Desteklenmiş Kirişlerin Davranışı (Behavior of Laterally Supported Beams)
•Yerel Burkulma (Local Buckling)
•Yanal Olarak Desteklenmiş Kirişlerin Tasarımı – LRFD/ASD (Design of Laterally Supported
Beams – LRFD/ASD)
•Sehim Limitleri (Serviceability)
Sehim Limitleri (Serviceability)
•Kesme Dayanımı (Shear Strength)
•Kesmeye Karşı Tasarım –
Kesmeye Karşı Tasarım – LRFD/ASD (Design for Shear –
LRFD/ASD (Design for Shear – LRFD/ASD)
•Tekil Yükler (Concentrated Forces)
•Özet : Yanal Olarak Desteklenmiş Kirişlerin Tasarımı
Özet : Yanal Olarak Desteklenmiş Kirişlerin Tasarımı – LRFD/ASD (Design of Laterally
LRFD/ASD (Design of Laterally
Supported Beams – LRFD/ASD)
•Örnek (Example)
Yanal Olarak Desteklenmiş Kirişlerin Davranışı
(Behavior of Laterally Supported Beams)
In most practical situations, beams are adequately braced laterally,
i.e. stability ned not be considered. And the overall buckling of the
i.e. stability ned not be considered. And the overall buckling of the
compression flange as a column cannot occur prior to reach the
moment strength of the section.
For beams having adequate lateral bracing of the compression
flange local b ckling in compression of the flange and/or eb
flange, local buckling in compression of the flange and/or web
elements may prevent achieving maximum moment strength.
Yanal Olarak Desteklenmiş Kirişlerin Davranışı
direction of deck ribs
Lb3
beam (secondary)
der
Lb2
beam (secondary)
beam (secondary)
gird
Lb1
Typical Floor Plan
Deck ribs are
weak in this
Full lateral stability direction
provided (Lb=0) (deck ribs are
(deck ribs are parellel to the
perpendicular to girder)
the beam)
the beam)
Lb is the
distance
between
adjacent
Beam section Girder section
beams
Yanal Olarak Desteklenmiş Kirişlerin Davranışı (Behavior of
Laterally Supported Beams)
σ < Fy σ = Fy σ = Fy σ = Fy
Plastic
x x
Elastic
Entirely
i l
plastic
Plastic
M < My
M < M M = My
M = My < M < M
< M < Mp M = Mp
M =
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Elastic Increase in moment until Plastic
moment the entire section yields moment
Normal Stress Distribution at different stages of loading of an I‐shaped section
Mp
My
Mp ≈1.10~1.25My
θ
σ = Fy
M y = S x Fy Yield moment, Nmm
M = My
σ = Fy
M p = Fy ∫ yda = Fy Z x Plastic moment, Nmm
Entirely
plastic A
M = Mp Sx= elastic section modulus, mm3
Zx= plastic section modulus, mm3
bd 2 bd 2
Note: for a rectangular section: Sx = Zx =
6 4
As a result of the bending moment in a beam, longitudinal stresses
are set up in the beam. These stresses are tensile in one half of the
b
beam and compressive in the other. As the bending moment
d i i th th A th b di t
increases, yield is eventually reached.
Failure takes place when steel yields in tension and/or compression
across the entire cross section of the beam. When all of the beam’s
cross‐section has become plastic in this way, the beam fails by
formation of a plastic hinge at the point of maximum imposed
moment. t
Yerel Burkulma (Local Buckling)
During the bending, if the compression flange or part of the web
g g, p g p
subject to compression is too thin, the plate may actually fail by
buckling, before the full plastic moment is reached.
www.corusconstriction.com M peer.berkeley.edu
Mp
My
θ
Lokal Burkulmaya Karşı Kesitlerin Sınıflandırılması
Classification of Sections Against Local Buckling
g g
Local bucklingg Î significant

g effect on both ductilityy and strength
g
Fuse members of the structural system (beams in SMF, braces in SCBF,

links in EBF) are
in EBF) are expected to experience significant inelastic deformation.
deformation.
They must satisfy strict widht/thickness limits to assure adequate ductility
can be developed prior to local buckling. Such members must be highly
ductile.
ductile
For highly ductile members, the width/thickness ratio should not exceed

λhd (Table
(T bl D1.1, AISC 341‐10).
D1 1 AISC 341 10)
bf Unstiffened element
(flange is supported at one end and free at the other)
bf
tf λf = Width/thickness ratio for flange
2t f
h
h
tw λw = Width/thickness ratio for web
tw
stiffened element
(web is supported at both ends)
Stiffen
ned elements Unsstiffened elementts
AISC 360-10:
AISC 341-10:
This table is
used for greater
df t
rotation
capacities for
structures in
structures in
areas of high
seismicity
(coresponding
(coresponding
to Table 4.3 in
TDY, 2007)
AISC 341-10:
TDY, 2007:
λhd λmd
(highly ductile) (moderately ductile)
TDY, 2007:
Limiting width / thickness ratios on a relative scale:
λhd λp or λmd λr
0
Local buckling in a moment frame beam....
Note: the beam section in this

experiment was highly ductile. Local
buckling cannot be prevented completely
even for a highly ductile section, but can
be delayed until the desired inelastic
deformation capacity is reached.
Local buckling of a link member in an eccentrically braced frame.....
Not: The beam in this experiment

was highly ductile. The link member
experienced large inelastic
deformations before local buckling.
Local buckling of HHS brace..... (Kobe, 1995)
Effect of Local Buckling on Strength (Flexural) and Ductility
θ
M
Mp
Artan b / t
Increasing b / t
g
θ
Classification of Section:
a. Highly ductile section : λ f ≤ λhd and λw ≤ λhd
b Compact section
b. : λ p ≤ λ f ≤ λhd and λ p ≤ λw ≤ λhd
c. Non‐compact (~moderately ductile) section : λ p ≤ λ f ≤ λr or λ p ≤ λw ≤ λr
a. Slender section : λ f > λr or λw > λr

Section Failure Mode Bending Moment Capacity
Mn
Highly ductile and Compact Plastic hinge formation M n = Mp
Non‐compact Inelastic buckling of flange My < Mn < Mp

(~moderately ductile) and/or web
Slender‐element
Slender element Elastic buckling of flange
Elastic buckling of flange Mn < M
< My
and/or web
should be highly
ductile
Moment Frame
Beams should be
moderately ductile
columns and braces
should be highly ductile
Concentrically Braced Frame
should be should be highly ductile
moderately ductile if
different section
from the link is used
should be
moderately
moderately
ductile
should be highly
ductile
Eccentrically Braced Frames
Yanal Olarak Desteklenmiş Kirişlerin Tasarımı – LRFD/ASD (Design of
Laterally Supported Beams
Supported Beams – LRFD/ASD) (ANSI/AISC 360
LRFD/ASD) (ANSI/AISC 360‐10,10, Chapter
Chapter F)
Strength Requirement:
LRFD ASD
M u ≤ φb M n Ma ≤
Mn
Ωb
φb = 0.90 for flexure Ω b = 1.67 for flexure
M u = ultimate service load moment , Nmm
ultimate service load moment Nmm M a = Service load moment, Nmm
Service load moment Nmm
M n = Nominal moment strength, Nmm
Yanal Olarak Desteklenmiş Kirişlerin Tasarımı – LRFD/ASD
(Design of Laterally Supported Beams
(Design of Laterally Supported Beams – LRFD/ASD)
Compact Section:
A compact section is defined as the one that is capable of developing a fully
plastic stress distribution before buckling. For a compression member to be
classified as compact, its flanges must be continously connected to its web or
λ f , λw
webs ans the width/thickness ratio of its comression elements ( ) should
λp
not be greater than the limiting ratios, .
λ f ≤ λp and λw ≤ λ p
Note that a compact section does not necessarily a highly ductile section.
The nominal strength for compact sections (and for highly ductile sections)
according to the limit state of yielding:
g y g
AISC 360 10 F2 1
AISC 360‐10, F2‐1
M n = M p = Z x Fy
Zx = plastic section modulus
The nominal strength of sections with compact webs and noncompact or slender flanges
according to the limit state of flange local buckling:
g g g
A non‐compact section is defined as the one for which the yield stress can be reached in
some but not all of its compression elements before buckling occurs. A non‐compact
section is not capable of reaching a fully plastic stress distribution. The width/thickness
λ f , λw λp λr
ratio of non‐compact sections ( ) are greater than but not greater than .
λ f , λw λr
The width / thickness ratio of slender sections ( ) are greater than .
λ p ≤ λ f ≤ λr or λ p ≤ λ w ≤ λr
λ p ≤ λ f ≤ λr
a) For sections with non‐compact flanges ( ) :
λ f > λr
b) For sections with slender flanges ( ) :
Lokal Burkulmanın Eğilme Dayanımı ve Süneklik Üzerindeki Etkisi
Plastic buckling
gth, Mn
Mp Inelastic buckling (linear variation of Mn

ural Streng
b t
between λpf and
d λrf
0.7My
Elastic buckling
minal Flexu
Compact Non‐Compact
Flange Flange Slender
Flange
Nom
λpf λrf Width/thickness ratio

bf
λ = λf =
2t f
Example: Design Strength of a Compact and Noncompact I
Shape Member
Given: W14x74 and
Given: W14x74 and W10x12
Lb=0 (continous lateral support)
Fy=345 Mpa
Required: Nominal strength of the sections

Solution: Design Strength of a Compact and Noncompact I
Shape Member
Section λf =
bf
λ pf = 0.38
E λrf = 1.0
E
λw =
h
E Classification
2t f Fy Fy tw λ pw = 3.76
Fy
W14x74 6.4 9.14 ‐‐‐‐ 25.3 90.53 Compact
W10x12 9.4 9.14 24.08 46.6 90.53 Non‐Compact

Solution: Design Strength of a Compact and Noncompact I
Shape Member
M n = M p = Z x Fy
Section Zx Sx Mp Mn
(103 mm3 ) (103 mm3 ) (kNm) (kNm)
W14x74 2060 1840 710.7 710.7
W10x12 208 179 71.76 71.26

Serviceability may often control the design of beams instead of
strength. In general, service live load deflections are limited to
h l l l d d fl l d
L/360 of the span length (for shored construction).
L
Δ max ≤ Live load deflection limit
360
L
Δ max ≤ Dead + Live load deflection limit (including snow
240 , there is any)
load, if y)
Δ max = Maximum deflection due
w (service live load) to service live
to se ce e load oad o
or
dead + live load
(not factored)
5 wL4
Δ max =
384 EI
L
Notes on serviceability:
a. Serviceability limit state is not a strength limit state.

b It has nothing
b. has nothing to do with
do with the design methodology used, i.e. it
used i e it
is LRFD or ASD independent (like drift limitation).
c. Serviceabilityy calculations are p
performed at service load
levels.
d. Serviceability limitations have a great impact on
nonstructurall elements.
l
e. Serviceability limitations are developed for brittle finishes
such as plaster. Even though plaster finishes are not
as plaster Even though plaster finishes are not
commonly used anymore, the current engineering practice
keeps the same limits.
f. It also provides human comfort.
Kesme Dayanımı (Shear Strength) (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, Chapter G)
In a general design problem, long beams are generally governed
b d fl
by deflection, medium length beams are usually controlled by
d l hb ll ll d b
flexural strength, and short‐span beams are governed by shear.
Shear stress equation for symmetrical sections is as follows:
V = shear force
Q = statical moment about the x‐axis of the
Q statical moment abo t the a is of the cross‐
cross
VQ sectional area between the
τ= extrem fiber and the particular
Ib location at which the shear stress is
to be determined, mm3
I = moment of inertia, mm4
b = width of the section, mm
Kesme Dayanımı (Shear Strength)
d 3V
τ max =
bd
Profile view
Shear Stress distribution in a rectangular section
(Hibbeler)
V
τ max İs a little larger than
dtw
V V
τ max ≈ =
Aw dtw
tw
d
area of shear stress
Approximated
shear stress
Shear Stress distribution in a I‐shaped section (Hibbeler)
As mentioned before, shear may govern the design of the beam
As mentioned before shear may govern the design of the beam
when there is
a. Very short span (< 3.0 m)
b. Concentrated loads near ends
c Very thin web
c. Very thin web
d. Beams with notches
Beams with notches
Nominal Shear Strength (Vn)
LRFD&ASD assumes that the shear stress is the average value
over the gross area of the web neglecting the effect of any
over the gross area of the web neglecting the effect of any
fastener holes:
Vn = τ y AwCv AISC 360‐10, Chapter G
τy = Shear yield stress of the web steel, MPa
Aw = area of the web
= dtw for rolled beams
d= Overall depth of the rolled beams
tw = web thickness
τ y = 0.6 Fy
Using the Von Mises theory, , nominal shear strength
equation becomes:
b
Vn = (0.6 Fy Aw )Cv = (0.6 Fy dt w )Cv
LRFD and ASD gives different expressions for different h/tw ratios
where shear failures would be plastic, inelastic, or elastic
Cv = Shear buckling reduction coefficient
Plastic Strength
Vp Inelastic Strength
Shear Strrength, Vn
Vr
Elastic Strength
λp λr
Compact Non‐Compact Slender
Shear Strength as a function of plate slenderness
web slenderness limit
bf
h = d − (2t f + 2k )
k tf
d h
The clear distance between flanges less the fillet
tw of corner radii
k
Kesmeye Karşı Tasarım – LRFD/ASD (Design for Shear –
LRFD/ASD)
Strength Requirement:
LRFD ASD
Vu ≤ φvVn Va ≤
Vn
Ωv
h E h E
φ v = 1. 0 for ≤ 2.24 Ω v = 1.50 for ≤ 2.24
tw Fy tw Fy
φv = 0.90 for else Ω v = 1.67 for else
Vu = ultimate service load shear , N Va = Service load shear, N
Vn = Nominal shear strength, N
Tekil Yükler (Concentrated Forces)
Due to high vertical stresses directly over a support or under a
concentrated load, the beam web may crush or buckle as a result
dl d h b b h b kl l
of these stresses.
Figure . Web buckling and web bearing failures
If a steel member has concentrated load perpendicular to one flange and symmetric to

the web, its flange and web must have sufficient strength against flange local bending,
web yielding, web crippling and sidesway buckling. And if a member has concentrated
load applied to both flanges, it must have suffcient web design strength against web
yielding, web crippling, and column web buckling.
Tekil Yükler (Concentrated Forces) (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, Chapter J10)
The possible failure modes might be listed as follows:
a) Flange local bending
b) Web local yielding Mostly possible in

compression
related situations
c) Web crippling
d) Sidesway web buckling
Sid b b kli
e) Web compression
Web compression buckling
f) Panel zone web shear
a) Flange Local Bending

There are two possible cases that flange local bending needs to be checked:
i. a concentrated force might

g be actingg on the bottom flange
g of a beam element
beam
Beam
end
bf
tf
bfp
y
Pu or Pa Pu or Pa
Note: if bfp < 0.15bf, flange local buckling need not be checked.

ii. When an end moment from a beam is applied to the flanges of a column, the
flange force due to moment is transferred to the column through the flanges and
to the web. This
web This force can cause
can cause localized bending of the
of the flange, if
flange if it is tension.
it is tension
To prevent such behavior, stiffener plates can be added to the flange and the web.

Column
l end
d
tf
y
Pu or Pa
column beam
bf
Pu or Pa
Mu
u or Ma
bfb
Pu or Pa
The nominal tensile load that may be applied through a plate
welded to the flange of a W section (required strength of the
flange) is determined as follows:
if y ≥ 10t f
The nominal tensile load that may be applied through a plate
flange) is determined as follows:
3.125 if y < 10t f


LRFD ASD
Pu ≤ φRn Pa ≤
Rn
Ωv
φ = 0.90 Ω = 1.67
Pu = ultimate (factored) reaction or Pa = reaction or concentrated force , N
concentrated force , N
Rn = Nominal design strength for
flange local bending, N

If the design requirement is not satisfied, then a pair of transverse stiffeners
extending at least one‐half the depth of the web has to be provided adjacent to
the concentrated tensile force
tensile force centrally applied across the flange.
flange
stiffener
stiffener
Pu or Pa
Pu or Pa
b) Web Local Yielding
Web local yielding applies to concentrated compression forces.
The concentrated force P acting on a beam or column is assumed
The concentrated force P acting on a beam or column is assumed
critical at the toe of the fillet. The load is assumed to be
distributed along the web of the beam or column at a slope of
g p
2.5 to 1.
Pu or Pa Pu or Pa
y
tf
k k
lb Critical
section
lb+5k
h
d
lb+2.5k
+2 5k tw
k k
bf
lb
y
Pu or Pa
b) Web Local
Column
l end
d
tf
y
lb=tp
Pu or Pa
lb+5k
column
beam
k
bf
Mu
tw Pu or Pa
u or Ma
bfb
k h k Critical section
Pu or Pa
d
For y > d (interior loads) Î
For y ≤ d Î
LRFD ASD
Pu ≤ φRn Pa ≤
Rn
Ωv
φ = 1 .0 Ω = 1.50
Rn = Nominal design strength for web
local yielding, N
If the strength requirement is not satisfied, either a pair of transverse stiffeners or a
doubler plate, extending at least one half the depth of the web of the column or beam
has to be provided adjacent to a concentrated compressive force.
Pu or Pa
stiffener
Pu or Pa
stiffener
c) Web Local Crippling
Web local crippling is defined as the case where a concentrated force is aplied to
beams, beam bearing at supports, and reaction of beam flanges at connections
to columns causes a localized yielding from high compressive stress followed by
inelastic buckling in the web region adjacent to the toe of a fillet in the vicinity of
the concentrated force.
y
c) Web Crippling
Pu or Pa Pu or Pa
lb
y
tf
k k
h
d
tw
k k
bf
lb Web crippling might occur in the
web region adjacent to the toe of
y
a fillet in the vicinity of the
a fillet in the vicinity of the
Pu or Pa concentrated force.
c) Web Crippling
Web crippling might occur in the
Web crippling might occur in the
Column
l end
d
web region adjacent to the toe of
tf a fillet in the vicinity of the
y concentrated force.
lb=tp
Pu or Pa
column
beam
k
bf
Mu
tw Pu or Pa
u or Ma
bfb
k h k
Pu or Pa
d
c) Web Crippling
The nominal strength of the web based on controlling the
stability of the web will be determined by one of the following
stability of the web will be determined by one of the following
two expressions:
For y ≥ d/2 Î
For y ≥ d/2 Î
c) Web Crippling
c) Web Crippling
For y < d/2 Î
For y < d/2 Î

For y < d/2 Î
c) Web Crippling
LRFD ASD
Pu ≤ φRn Pa ≤
Rn
Ωv
φ = 0.75 Ω = 2 .0
crippling, N
c) Web Crippling
If the strength requirement is not satisfied, either a pair of transverse stiffeners or a
Pu or Pa
stiffener
Pu or Pa
stiffener
Example (Aghayere and Vigil, 6‐12)
Given : Steel Grade Î Fe52

(A992Grade50) (Fy=345 Mpa)
W18x50
N=150mm
k
Required :: Check web yielding
Required web yielding and web
and web
local crippling for the beam.
lb
y=1000mm
Pu =450 kN
For W18x50 Î k=32mm

tw=9.02mm
d=457mm
tf=14.5mm
1) y=1000mm > d/2=228.5mm
2) lb=150mm
3) Web Local Yielding
φRn = 965kN > 450kN O.K .

4) Web local Crippling
φRn = 762.5kN > 450kN O.K .

d) Web Sidesway Buckling
If the compressive forces are applied to laterally braced
p pp y
compression flanges and the relative lateral movement between
the loaded compression flange and the tension flange is not
restrained at the point of application of the concetrated force,
the web will be put in compression and the tension flange may
buckle The concentrated compressive force could be either an
buckle. The concentrated compressive force could be either an
internal loading or an end reaction.
Pu or Pa
Pu or Pa
bracing bracing
Tension flange
Tension flange
Pu or Pa
It is possible to prevent web sidesway buckling by using lateral
bracing or stiffeners properly designed at the load point. The
bracing or stiffeners properly designed at the load point. The
LRFd commentary suggest that local bracing at both flanges be
designed for 1% of the concentrated force applied at that point.
If stiffeners are used, they must extend from the load point
through at last one‐half the beam or girder depth. And also, the
pair of stiffeners sho ld be designed to carr the f ll load
pair of stiffeners should be designed to carry the full load.
Flange rotation must be prevented if stiffeners or doubler plates
are to be effective.
are to be effective.
Pu or Pa
rotation
Pu or Pa
Tekil Yükler (Concentrated Forces) rotation
d)
b d kl
In case of (a), if the strength requirement is not satisfied, lateral bracing has to be
provided at the tension flange Alternatively either a pair of transverse stiffeners or a
provided at the tension flange. Alternatively, either a pair of transverse stiffeners or a
may be provided adjacent to a concentrated compressive force. In case of (b), if the
strength requirement is not satisfied lateral bracing has to be provided at both flanges
strength requirement is not satisfied, lateral bracing has to be provided at both flanges
ath point of application of the forces.
Pu or Pa
stiffener
Pu or Pa Pu or Pa
Braced point
Braced point
Lb=L Lb=L
L L/2 L/2
Pu or Pa Pu or Pa
Lb=L Lb=L/2
l=Largest laterally unbraced length along either flange at the point of load
LRFD ASD
Pu ≤ φRn Pa ≤
Rn
Ωv
φ = 0.85 Ω = 1.76
sidesway buckling, N
e) Web Compression Buckling
Compression buckling of the web may occur if a pair of double‐
concentrated forces are applied at both flanges of a member at
concentrated forces are applied at both flanges of a member at
the same location (i.e. moment connections at both flanges of a
column).
)
Column
l end
d
tf
y
Pu or Pa Pu or Pa
k h k
Mu
u or Ma Mu
u or Ma
Pu or Pa Pu or Pa
tw
Pu or Pa Pu or Pa
e) Web Compression
The nominal design strength of the web will be determined as
g g
follows:
For y ≥ d/2 Î
e) Web Compression
The nominal design strength of the web will be determined as
g g
follows:
12
For y < d/2 Î
LRFD ASD
Pu ≤ φRn Pa ≤
Rn
Ωv
φ = 0.90 Ω = 1.67
Pu = ultimate (factored) pair of Pa = Service pair of concentrated
concentrated compressive force , N compressive force , N
local buckling, N
If the strenght requirement is not satisfied, a single transverse
stiffener or a pair of transverse stiffeners or a doubler plate
stiffener, or a pair of transverse stiffeners or a doubler plate,
extending the full depth of the web has to be provided adjacent
to concentrated compressive forces at both flanges.
p g
f) Web Panel Zone Shear
Panel zone is defined as the region in which concentrated forces
on a column flange causes large shear forces across the column
on a column flange causes large shear forces across the column
web. The column web shear stresses are generaly high within
the boundaries of the rigid connection of two or more members
g
whose webs lie in a common plane.
The shear in the panel zone, ΣFu, is the sum of the shear in the
web and the shear due to flange force, P
b d h h d fl f Puf or P
Paf. In such cases,
I h
the calculated total force, ΣFu, should not exceed the column
web design strength φRnor such webs should be reinforced.
web design strength φR or such webs should be reinforced
LRFD ASD
Pu ≤ φRn Pa ≤
Rn
Ωv
φ = 0.90 Ω = 1.67
Pu = ultimate (factored) pair of Pa = Service pair of concentrated
concentrated compressive force , N compressive force , N
panel zone shear, N
tf
10mmx125mmx325mm Plate
column
k W12x26
bf
tw
Mu =70kNm
W8x40
k h k
Given : y > d and y > 10tf Required : Check the W8x40 column for

Pr ≤ 0.4P
0 4Pc local flange bending, web local
bending web local yielding,
yielding
Steel Grade Î Fe52 web crippling, and eb panel zone shear
(A992Grade50) (Fy=345 Mpa)
For W12x26 Î d=310mm For W8x40 Î d=210mm

tf=9.7mm tf=14.2mm
tw=9.14mm
k=27mm
M u 70 x106
1) Flange Force Puf = = = 225
22 kN
k
d 310
2) lb=10mm (flange plate thickness)
3) Local flange bending
φRn = 391.3kN > 225kN O.K .

4) Web Local Yielding
φRn = 457.2kN > 225kN O.K .
5) Web Crippling
φRn = 557.3kN > 225kN O.K .

5) Web Panel Zone Shear
(considering elastic panel

φRn = 357.5kN > 225kN O.K . zone behaviour))
Note: Since there is a one‐sided connection, web compression buckling need

not be checked.
Özet : Yanal Olarak Desteklenmiş Kirişlerin Tasarımı –
LRFD/ASD (Design of Laterally Supported Beams
LRFD/ASD (Design of Laterally Supported Beams – LRFD/ASD)
1. Design the beam based on bending moment
Design the beam based on bending moment
LRFD ASD
M u ≤ φb M n Ma ≤
Mn
Ωb
2. Check the shear strength if necessary
LRFD ASD
Vu ≤ φvVn Va ≤
Vn
Ωv
3. Check the local web yielding and crippling for bearing and concentrated forces
4 Check deflection under service live load if required
4. Ch k d fl ti d i li l d if i d
Örnek (Example)
moving g
live loads
PL PL PL Sl b
Slab
PD PD PD
2.30m 2.30m 2.30m 2.30m
9.20m
Floor Plan
Given : PD=90 kN (Dead Load)
PL=45 kN (a series of live load with 2.30 m spacing)
BeamÎ fully laterally supported by floor system
fully laterally supported by floor system
Steel Grade Î Fe52 (A992Grade50) (Fy=345 Mpa)
Required : Lightest W section with Δmax ≤ L/360 for the live load

Çözüm (Solution)
1. Demand Evaluation through Structural Analysis
PD PD PD=90kN PL PL PL=45kN
2.30m 2.30m 2.30m 2.30m 2.30m 2.30m 2.30m 2.30m
9.20m 9.20m
PL PL PL=45kN
MD (kNm) ML(kNm)
310.5 414 310.5 155.25 207 155.25
135 56.25
45 PL PL PL=45kN
11.25
VD(kN) VL(kN)
45 33.75
135
Çözüm (Solution)
1. Demand Evaluation through Structural Analysis
Mu=1.2MD+1.6ML=1.2(414)+1.6(207)=828 kNm
LRFD
Vu=1.2VD+1.6VL=1.2(135)+1.6(56.25)=255 kN
Ma=MD+ML=414+207=621 kNm
ASD
Va=VD+VL=135+56.25=191.25 kN
Çözüm (Solution)
2. Design the beam by bending moment
LRFD ASD
Mn
φb M n = M u = Ma
Mu Ωb
φb Fy Z x = M u Zx = 1.67 M a
φb Fy Fy Z x
= Ma Zx =
1.67 Fy
828x106 1.67(621x106 )
Zx = = 2,667 x103 mm3 Zx = = 3,006x103 mm3
0.9(345) 345
Use W610x101 Î Zx=2,900x103mm3 Use W610x113 Î Zx=3,290x103mm3

Ix=764x106mm4 Ix=875x106mm4
d=603mm d=608mm
tw=10.5mm tw=11.2mm
tf=14.9mm tf=17.3mm
bf=228mm
228 bf=228mm
228
k=35mm k=37mm
Çözüm (Solution)
3. Check Compactness
Section λf =
bf h Classification
λw =
E E
λ pf = 0.30
2t f Fy tw λ pw = 3.2
Fy
W610x101 77
7.7 7 22
7.22 52 77 05
77.05 Non Compact
Non‐Compact
W610x113 6.6 9.14 49 77.05 Compact
Use W610x113 for both LRFD and ASD design
Çözüm (Solution)
4. Check Shear Strength
φv = 1.0
h E 200,000
= 49 ≤ 2.24 = 2.24 = 53.93 Ω v = 1.50
tw Fy 345
Cv = 1.0
LRFD ASD
Vu ≤ φvVn Vn
Va ≤
Ωv
(0.6 Fy ) AwCv
191.25 kN ≤
255 kN ≤ 1.0(0.6 Fy ) AwCv 1.50
(0.6 x345)(d .t w )Cv
≤ 1.0(0.6 x345)(d .t w )Cv ≤
1.50
≤ 1.0(0.6 x345)(608 x11.2)1.0 (0.6 x345)(608 x11.2)1.0
<< 1,409.6kN ≤
1.50
<< 939.7 kN
Çözüm (Solution)
5. Check deformation for service live load using any approach to get deflection
PL PL PL=45kN
45kN
2.30m 2.30m 2.30m 2.30m
9.20m
L 9200
Δ max = 10.92mm ≤ = = 25.6mm OK
O.K.
360 360
Çözüm (Solution)
6. Check Web Yielding under Concentrated Load
LRFD ASD
Pu ≤ φRn φ = 1 .0 Rn
Pa ≤ Ω = 1.50
Ωv
180kN ≤ φ ( lb + 5k )Fywt w ( lb + 5k )Fywt w
135kN ≤
≤ 1.0( lb + 185mm )( 345MPa )( 11.2mm ) Ωv
≤ 714.84kN + 3.86lb
m
O.K. ( lb + 185mm )( 345MPa )( 11.2mm )
≤
always 1.50
≤ 476.56kN + 2.58lb
m
O.K.
always
Pu =1.2(90kN)+1.6(45kN)=180kN
y=2.30m Pa =90kN+45kN=135kN
k 3
k=37mm lb
lb+5k=lb+185mm
Çözüm (Solution)
6. Check Web Crippling under Concentrated Load
LRFD ASD
Pu ≤ φRn φ = 0.75 Rn
Pa ≤ Ω = 2 .0
Ωv
⎡ l 11.2 1.5 ⎤ 200000( 345 )( 17.3 )
= 0.80( 11.2 2 )⎢1 + 3( b )( ) ⎥
⎣ 608 17.3 ⎦ 11.2
Rn
180kN ≤ 0.75( Rn ) O.K.
135kN ≤ O.K.
always 2.0 always
Pu =1.2(90kN)+1.6(45kN)=180kN
y=2.30m Pa =90kN+45kN=135kN
lb
Çözüm (Solution)
7. Final Design
Use W610x113
Use W610x113
Design of Bearing Stiffeners for Concentrated Forces (AISC360‐
10, J.10.8)
Stiffeners for concentrated forces in beams are designed as short columns to reinforce
the web of a beam along the length or the web of a beam at an end reaction.
Pu or Pa Pu or Pa
lb
tf
k
d h tw
bf
lb The effective length factor for

Elevation stiffeners is K=0.75; thus , the
y effective length is 0.75h
Pu or Pa
12tw 25tw
Plan
tw
Section Properties of Stiffneners

10, J.10.8)
For columns, stiffener plates are required when the applied forces are greater than the
design strength for each failure mode (flange local bending, web local yielding, web
crippling, compression buckling). The stiffeners should extend the full depth of the
column when there are applied forces on both sides of the column.
bb t w
bst ≥ −
3 2
tb
bst
tw
bb
tst
0.5d
tb bst
d t st ≥ or t st ≥
2 15
05, J.10.10)
For columns, stiffener plates are welded to both the web and the flange. The weld to
the flange is designed for the difference between the required strength and the
design strength of the controlling limit state (flange local bending, web local
yielding, web crippling, compression buckling).
When the shear strength in the web panel zone is exceeded, a full‐depth web doubler

plate or a pair of diagonal stiffeners are required. The force in the double plate can
be compression, tension, or shear and therefore, the double plate must be designed
for these limit states (Aghayere and Vigil, pg.253).
Also note that, when stiffeners are provided, web local yielding, web crippling, and web

sidesway buckling need not be checked.
05, J.10.10)
AISC360‐10, J10.8 allows a portion of the web to be included in the calculation of the
design compressiove strength of the localized section.
05, J.10.10)
AISC360‐10, J10.8 allows a portion of the web to be included in the calculation of the
design compressiove strength of the localized section.
05, J.10.10)
The stiffeners are usually welded to the flanges and the web of the beam. However, the
stiffener is not required
q to be welded to the compression
p flange. For
g the weld to
the web, the difference between the total concentrated force and the smallest
design strength for web local yielding, web crippling, and web sidesway buckling can
be used to determine the wield size (Aghayere and Vigil, pg.253).
10, J.10.8)
References
• M.D. Engelhardt, University of Texas at Austin, AISC, V.1, 2007.
lh d f
• Akbaş, B., Advanced Steel Structures, GIT, 2008.
• Shen J Advanced Steel Structures Class Notes IIT 2009
Shen, J., Advanced Steel Structures, Class Notes, IIT, 2009.
• Aghayere, A. and Vigil, J., Structural Steel Design: A Practice‐Oriented
Approach.

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DYB 654: ADVANCED STEEL

Department of Earthquake and

Local bucklingg Î significant

Fuse members of the structural system (beams in SMF, braces in SCBF,

For highly ductile members, the width/thickness ratio should not exceed

Note: the beam section in this

Not: The beam in this experiment

a. Highly ductile section : λ f ≤ λhd and λw ≤ λhd

a. Slender section : λ f > λr or λw > λr

Non‐compact Inelastic buckling of flange My < Mn < Mp

φb = 0.90 for flexure Ω b = 1.67 for flexure

Mp Inelastic buckling (linear variation of Mn

λpf λrf Width/thickness ratio

Required: Nominal strength of the sections

W14x74 6.4 9.14 ‐‐‐‐ 25.3 90.53 Compact

W10x12 9.4 9.14 24.08 46.6 90.53 Non‐Compact

W14x74 2060 1840 710.7 710.7

W10x12 208 179 71.76 71.26

a. Serviceability limit state is not a strength limit state.

area of shear stress

Vn = (0.6 Fy Aw )Cv = (0.6 Fy dt w )Cv

If a steel member has concentrated load perpendicular to one flange and symmetric to

a) Flange local bending

b) Web local yielding Mostly possible in

a) Flange Local Bending

i. a concentrated force might

a) Flange Local Bending

a) Flange Local Bending

a) Flange Local Bending

a) Flange Local Bending

3.125 if y < 10t f

a) Flange Local Bending

a) Flange Local Bending

For y < d/2 Î

Given : Steel Grade Î Fe52

For W18x50 Î k=32mm

φRn = 965kN > 450kN O.K .

φRn = 762.5kN > 450kN O.K .

Given : y > d and y > 10tf Required : Check the W8x40 column for

For W12x26 Î d=310mm For W8x40 Î d=210mm

3) Local flange bending

φRn = 391.3kN > 225kN O.K .

φRn = 457.2kN > 225kN O.K .

φRn = 557.3kN > 225kN O.K .

(considering elastic panel

Note: Since there is a one‐sided connection, web compression buckling need

2.30m 2.30m 2.30m 2.30m

Required : Lightest W section with Δmax ≤ L/360 for the live load

2.30m 2.30m 2.30m 2.30m 2.30m 2.30m 2.30m 2.30m

310.5 414 310.5 155.25 207 155.25

Use W610x101 Î Zx=2,900x103mm3 Use W610x113 Î Zx=3,290x103mm3

W610x113 6.6 9.14 49 77.05 Compact

2.30m 2.30m 2.30m 2.30m

lb The effective length factor for

Section Properties of Stiffneners

When the shear strength in the web panel zone is exceeded, a full‐depth web doubler

Also note that, when stiffeners are provided, web local yielding, web crippling, and web

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