Introduction To The Philosophy of The Human Person: Quarter 1 - Module 2 Methods of Philosophizing

Senior High School
NOT
Introduction to the
Philosophy of the
Human Person
Quarter 1 - Module 2
Methods of Philosophizing
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Introduction of the Philosophy of the Human Person - Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 2: Methods of Philosophizing
First Edition, 2020
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Introduction to
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Quarter 1 - Module 2
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Table of Contents
What This Module is About ....................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module .............................................................................................................. ii
Icons of this Module ................................................................................................................................... ii
What I Know ................................................................................................................................................ iii
Lesson 1:
What I Need to Know ................................................................................ 1

What’s New: Truth vs Opinion Activity ...................................................... 1
What Is It: What is Truth and Its Theories ................................................. 2
What’s More: Supply Me Activity ............................................................... 4
What Is It Evaluating Opinion .................................................................... 4
What’s More: Don’t Judge Me Activity ....................................................... 5
What I Have Learned: ............................................................................... 5
What I Can Do:.......................................................................................... 6
Lesson 2:
What’s In ................................................................................................... 7
What I Need to Know ................................................................................ 7
What’s New: Blind Spot Activity .............................................................. 8
What Is It: Methods of Philosophizing ..................................................... 9
What’s More: oops, Something Fishy Activity ........................................... 12
What I Have Learned: (Example: Ethics…………………………………….. 13
What I Can Do: Online Research … ....................................................... 13
Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
Assessment: (Post-Test)…………………………………………………………………………15
Key to Answers / Grading Criteria and Rubrics .............................................................................. 16
References................................................................................................................................................. 17
What This Module is About
This module covers the nature of truth and the characteristics of an opinion. It
highlights the importance of distinguishing or contrasting these two. Since statements could
contain fallacies, biases, and assumptions, one must refer to the methods of philosophy to
differentiate truth from opinion. Following methods of philosophy would require one to exude
the qualities of critical thinking skills, coherent reasoning, and logical thinking. Practicing these
methods will pave the way to man’s better understanding of life. Topics in this module include
the difference between truth from opinion, theories of truth, methods of philosophy, and
fallacies and biases
The following are the lessons contained in this module:
Lesson 1: Discerning Truth from Opinion

Lesson 2: Methods of Philosophizing
What I Need to Know?
1. Distinguish opinion from truth PPT11/12-Ic-2.1

2. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth PPT11/12-Id
3. Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of
philosophizing PPT11/12-Ic-2.1
i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time to read the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
Icons of this Module
What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
Module.
What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge of the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
This part connects the previous lesson with
What’s In that of the current one.
What’s New An introduction to the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you
What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and
understanding of the concept.
These are follow-up activities that are

Intended for you to practice further to master
What’s More the competencies.
What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson
What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
can be applied to real-life concerns and
situations.
ii
What I Know?
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the correct answer from among the given choices.
1. What do you call the statements that are observed to be real or truthful?
a. claim c. opinion
b. truth d. view
2. What are tendencies or influences that affect the views of people?
a. fallacy c. bias
b. opinion d. truth
3. What is an argument based on faulty reasoning?
a. opinion c. fallacy
b. Truth d. bias
4. What are statements that express convictions that are not easily explained by
facts?
a. bias c. opinion
c. truth d. view
5. Which theory holds the notion that propositions are true when they
correspond to reality or the world?
a. coherence theory c. pragmatic theory
b. correspondence theory d. logic
6. What is the first thing to consider when evaluating an opinion is to know the
origin of the material?
a. reliability c. source
b. purpose d. assumption.
7. Which best describes the Socratic Method?
a. inductive reasoning c. logic
b. deductive reasoning d. critical thinking
8. What is the study of correct thinking which focuses on the analysis of
arguments?
a. critical thinking c. existentialism
b. logic d. phenomenology
9. What method of philosophy espouses the idea that reality is made up of events
perceived and understood by the human consciousness.
a. existentialism c. postmodernism
b. phenomenology d. logic
10. What philosophical movement focuses on the relativity of truth or truth having
multiple views.
a. phenomenology c. existentialism
b. logic d. postmodernism
II Write T if the statement is a truth and O if it is an opinion.

__________ 1. ABS-CBN is more entertaining than GMA.
__________ 2. Water is a universal solvent.
__________ 3. The human heart pumps oxygen and nutrient-rich blood.
__________ 4. Rodrigo R. Duterte is 16th President of the Philippines.
__________ 5. I’d rather have a cat as a pet than a dog.
3
iii
Lesson Discerning Truth From Opinion
1
Welcome to the first lesson of this module. At the end of this lesson, the learners will
be able to:
1. Distinguish opinion from truth.

2. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth.
3. Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of philosophizing.
4. Discuss the importance of methods of philosophy.
What’s New?
Activity 1. Fact or Opinion?
Which of the following statements is TRUE? Which is an OPINION?
___________1. King John of England signed the Magna Carta in 1215.

___________2. Christmas is the best holiday of the year.
___________3. My favorite type of music is jazz.
___________4. The sun is the center of the solar system.
___________5. The universe was created by God.
___________6. Asia is the largest continent in the world.
___________7. Mas has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
___________8. Chocolate cake tastes good.
___________9.The movie was boring
___________10. Fruits have vitamins and mineral.
Guide Questions
1. What makes this a challenging activity?

2. Was it easy to distinguish truth from opinion? Why? Why not?
3. Which statements did you find easy? Which ones were contentious?
4. How did you find the activity?
1
What Is It?
In today’s digital world, information is everywhere. From the moment we wake up, we are
confronted with different kinds of news coming from various sources. Information may primarily
come from social media sources or even from our friends, family, and our very own community.
Along with the rise of social media, there is also an unprecedented influx of information in our
world today. The challenge is for us to effectively filter and sort news and stories that are
truthful from mere opinion or hearsays.
One must be analytical and logical in his approach to all kinds of information and even
real-life situations. To do this, one must possess critical thinking skills, coherent reasoning,
and logical thinking when philosophizing.
What is Truth?
The question “what is truth?” does not have any simple answer. Just like philosophy, the word
truth also has no generally accepted definition. However, the conventional way of defining
truth is the quality or state of being in conformity with fact and reality.
Theories of Truth
Since philosophers could not agree about the exact definition of the truth, theories of truth are
helpful to evaluate truth from opinion. Here are some popular approaches to the truth:
Correspondence Theory of Truth - The theory is based on the belief that a proposition is
true when it conforms to some fact or state of affairs (Caraan 2016, 30). It emphasizes the
notion that concepts are true when they correspond to reality or the world.
Example
Snow is white.
Coherence Theory of Truth – This theory is the belief that a proposition is true to the extent
that it agrees with other true concepts (Caraan 2016, 30). This view supposes that ideas
constitute an inter-related system; each element coheres with another justified beliefs.
Example
The sum of half of six and ten is thirteen.
½ (6) + 10 = 13
3+10 = 13
13 = 13
2
Pragmatic Theory of Truth - This theory is the belief that a proposition is true when acting
upon it yields satisfactory practical results (Caraan 2016, 31). It holds that an idea is true; it is
useful to believe.
Example
Earning a lot of money is of paramount importance to everyone.
Activity 2. Supply Me
Write three (3) examples for every theory of truth.
THEORIES OF TRUTH
Correspondence Theory Coherence Theory Pragmatic theory
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
Scoring Rubric
CATEGORY 5 3 1
Content 3 correct 2 correct 1correct
examples are examples are example is given
given per given per per category
category category
Readability of Text All texts are Some texts are Most of the texts
readable and readable and are not readable
legibly written not legibly and not legibly
written written
Spelling and No errors in 2-3 errors in More than 5
Grammar grammar and grammar and errors in
spelling spelling grammar and
spelling
3
What is an Opinion?
Generally, an opinion is a judgment, viewpoint, or statement that is considered to be

subjective. It could refer to thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and estimates with no evidence or
reasoned judgment to support it. For Dr. Rhonda Dubec (2019), an opinion is what a person
believes or thinks about something or any subject. It is a view that represents the outlook of
an individual, which may or may not be based on the fact.
Dr. Rhonda Dubec (2019) continues that opinion is defined as the personal view or judgment
about a subject that is not substantiated by the facts. In other words, an opinion cannot be
proved true or false. It is what a person thinks or feels about something or someone. An
opinion is highly influenced by a person’s feelings, thoughts, perspective, desires, attitude,
experiences, understanding, beliefs, values, etc., which cannot be tested by concrete
evidence.
Distinguishing Truth from Opinion
It is very essential to distinguish truth from opinion because apart from the fact the latter has
no objectives grounds, opinions could also mislead us. They have the potential to influence
public view just to conform to a specific agenda. Their main goal is to achieve a desired
outcome rather than to promote what is the truth.
Whether a statement is a fact or an opinion depends on its validity. The following are some
differences between truth and opinion:
1. Truth is a statement that can be verified or proved with the help of evidence or empirical
data while opinion is an expression of judgment or belief on any particular subject.
2. Truth heavily relies on facts, while opinion depends on assumption and perception.
3. Generally, truth is an objective reality and has universality in its nature, while opinion
is a purely subjective reality. It involves the expression of personal feelings or views.
4. Truths are useful to make information or make an argument, while opinions are used
for persuasion.
What’s More?
Activity 3 Supply Me
To every truth presented in Column A, provide an opinion about it in Column B.

A B
Truth Opinion
Rabbits are mammals.
The sun rises in the east.
There are 26 letters in the English alphabet.
The Polar bear needs fat to stay warm.
The earth has only one moon.
4
Scoring Rubric
CATEGORY 5 3 1
given given
written written
spelling
What Is It?
Discerning Truth from Opinion Leads to Wisdom and Truth
Having the ability to discern truths and opinions can further improve our
understanding and appreciation of differing views and ideas. Differentiating them
requires a holistic perspective and enables us to choose acceptable ideas and make
wiser decisions. This view can make a man understand the world and life better.
A philosophical or reflective mind allows us to form our personal viewpoint that can
guide us in making wiser decisions when faced with life’s difficulties. Since everyone
has every right to his point of view, we have to form ours too. Philosophy is a valuable
tool to help us determine truthful and acceptable ideas essential in building better
and wiser way of looking at life.
Evaluating Opinions
Opinions play a particular role in our lives. They motivate us to investigate further in search of
the truth. It is, however, harmful to accepts opinions as they are; without assessing and
considering its truthfulness. Critical thinking must be employed in this undertaking.
Gallinero and Estaris (2017) presented five helpful tips to guide us better to evaluate an
opinion.
Source – The first thing to consider when evaluating and assessing an opinion is in knowing
the origin of the material. Some sources are more credible than others. Knowing where the
information came from will help us determine the accuracy, correctness, and soundness of
information. When evaluating a source, one must consider the reputation, the audience where
it was intended for, and the authenticity of documents.
5
Reliability - Credibility is also required when checking the accuracy of the person giving the
opinion. Consider the reputation and the expertise of the person about the topic.
Purpose – Identify the main reason why the opinion is given. Evaluate if it is intended to inform
or persuade. Consider reason and evidence in doing this step.
Bias – Everyone has biases and preferences. It is important not to take the person’s sense of
partiality and prejudices about the topic or subject matter.
Assumption – Take notice of all the beliefs presented. Assumptions are ideas that one
accepts as facts but makes no effort to prove or substantiate it.
What’s More?
Activity 4 Don’t Judge Me!
Filipinos are fond of gossip stories and rumors, especially when it comes to entertainment.
How do you evaluate these rumors you have read from social media?
1. An actor is gay.
2. A young actress had gone through an abortion.
3. A famous Filipino actor got married secretly.
4. A high-ranking official has a critical illness.
5. A Hollywood actress has sex tape scandals.
What I Have Learned?
 Philosophy is a very useful tool to help us determine truthful and acceptable ideas
essential in building better and wiser views in life.
 Truths are different from opinions. The former refers to statements that correspond
with an observable fact or reality. The latter is considered subjective; a judgment or a
viewpoint.
 Since the truth is at the heart of any inquiry, philosophy is concerned with determining
and differentiating it from opinions.
6
What I Can Do?
Activity 5 Go Online!
Enrich your knowledge by visiting the following links below. Read these reference materials
and answer the guide questions.
1. https://bit.ly/3cKmX4l Page 6
2. https://bit.ly/2ZlkKIO Pages 18-24
3. https://bit.ly/3dF9Kdb LAS No. 5-6
4. https://bit.ly/2zQwXum
Guide Questions
1. What are the main ideas presented about truth and opinion?
2. What new information and valuable learnings have you learned from your readings?
Go Online/Extend Your Knowledge
CATEGORY 5 3 1
Source Visited 4 Visited 2 Visited 1 website
websites websites
Content The content is The content is The topic is
relevant, relevant, and irrelevant,
complete and substantial yet unsubstantial and
substantial incomplete incomplete
written written
spelling
7
Lesson Methods of Philosophizing
2
What’s In?
Activity 1 Let’s Review
Using a compare and contrast matrix, write down three attributes of TRUTH and OPINION.
BASIS FOR COMPARISON TRUTH OPINION
Meaning
Basis
Type of reality
Welcome to the second lesson of this module. At the end of this lesson, the learners
will be able to:
1. Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of philosophizing
PPT11/12-Ic-2.1
2. Discuss the methods of philosophizing.
3. Recognize fallacies and biases in statements.
8
What’s New?
Activity 2 Blind Spot
Read the blind item story below concerning two actresses displaying real feud while on the
set. Answer the guide questions after reading this gossip story.
An unconfirmed report circulates that Actress A and Actress B had a real fight during their
taping for their drama series. According to the rumors, Actress B would always slap Actress A
hard each time they shot their scene. Actress A noticed that Actress B’s slap to her was
beyond acting. Actress A endured all the slaps she received from Actress B for the sake of
their show’s rating. However, Actress A almost lost her mind when Actress B requested an
“immunity” to be slapped by her co-stars. Moreover, there came a scene where Actress A’s
character needed to slap Actress B. But since Actress B was exempted from that kind of
scene,” Actress A thought of an alternative and better idea. Instead of slapping, she pulled
Actress B’s hair out hard. Actress A angrily pulled Actress B’s hair out to the point that she
lost lots of hair. Because of this, the director had to cut the scene while Actress B was crying.
Surprisingly, Actress A continued to pull Actress B’s hair out like she didn’t hear anything.
Guide Questions
1. Do you find this gossip story interesting? Explain your answer.

2. Do you believe the allegations of Actress A against Actress B?
3. How will you verify Actress A’s statements?
4. If you were the director, how would you resolve their differing stories?
5. Why are Filipinos fond of gossip or blind item stories?
Blind Spot
CATEGORY 5 3 1
Personal Insight The personal The personal The personal
insight is insight is insight is
written written
spelling
9
What Is It?
This lesson will tackle different ways of doing philosophy or philosophizing. To

philosophize is to think reflectively and philosophically. Learning to philosophize means
learning to evaluate arguments and sort truths from opinions. These methods of philosophizing
will guide man in his quest for wisdom.
Logic – It is the study of correct thinking which focuses on the analysis of arguments (Ramos
2016, 33). It requires reasoning and critical thinking in analyzing and evaluating an idea. The
two types of logic are inductive and deductive reasoning. In inductive reasoning, a particular
thought comes first before the general idea, while general idea comes first before the specific
one in deductive reasoning. The Socratic Method is an example of inductive thinking where
arriving at truth is done through question and answer.
Phenomenology – It is a method of philosophy which espouses the idea that reality is made
up of events perceived and understood by human consciousness (Gallinero and Estaris 2017,
34). Objects or events are studied from the position of the observer. Everyday life, objects,
experiences, other people, ideas, and everything are considered factually real. In other words,
human reality is a personal reality. Man’s subjective perceptions and internal experiences
(lived experiences) are the most relevant reality.
Existentialism – This approach to finding the truth is heavily based on one’s attitude and
outlook in life. Truth for existentialists is a by-product of rational choice. Man is viewed as a
free agent and is capable of making choices. Just like phenomenology, existentialism believes
in the subjectivity of truth since man has the free will (freedom) to decide his reality (Ramos
2016, 30). .
Postmodernism – Truth in the postmodernist thinking is relative. Truth is treated as subjective

because there is no single attribute to the word real. It can have different views or meanings.
Analytic Tradition- Philosophical problems can be attributed to the misunderstanding of the

language. Thus, an analysis and pure systematic logic must be applied to obtain the meaning
of a concept. This method is more concerned about the logical structures, forms, and
definitions of words and statements and their logical relations reality (Ramos 2016, 33). .
.
10
Fallacies and Biases
When evaluating truth from opinion, one has to be vigilant of fallacies and biases. Fallacies
are arguments that are based on faulty reasoning. Usually, fallacies are intentional and are
designed to persuade or convince. Biases, on the other hand, are tendencies and influences
of a person’s view and are not necessarily errors in reasoning. Here are some examples of
fallacies and biases (Abella 2016, 30-31):
Examples of Fallacies
Fallacy Characteristics
attacking the person presenting the

argument instead of the issue itself.
ad hominem
using the threat of force or an undesirable

event to advance an argument.
appeal to force
using emotions such as pity or sympathy.

appeal to emotion
the idea is presented as acceptable because

a lot of people accept it.
appeal to the popular
The idea is acceptable because it has been

true for a long time.
appeal to tradition
Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is

true; also known as a circular argument.
begging the question
Assuming a cause and effect relationship

between unrelated events.
cause-and-effect
Assuming that what is true of a part is

consistent for the whole.
fallacy of composition
Assuming that what is true for the whole is

true for its parts.
fallacy of division
11
Common Biases
Bias Characteristics
A tendency to judge a person’s personality

by his or her action, without regard for
correspondence bias or attribution effect
external factors or influences
A tendency to look for and readily accept

information which fits one’s own beliefs or
views and to reject ideas or views that go
confirmation bias against it
Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem

while ignoring other aspects
framing
The tendency to see past events as

predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to
hindsight
historical events
A person or group is connected to or has a

vested interest in the issue being discussed
conflict of interest
Analyzing an event or issue-based one’s

cultural standards
cultural bias
12
What’s More?
Activity 3 Compare and Contrast
Using Triple Venn Diagram, Identify the differences and similarities among phenomenology,
existentialism, and postmodernism in their treatment to truth and reality.
Scoring Rubric
CATEGORY 5 3 1
Similarities Cited 3 Cited 2 Cited 1 similarity
similarities similarities
Differences Cited 3 Cited 2 Cited 1 difference
differences differences
written written
spelling
13
Activity 4 Oops, Something’s Fishy
Explain why the following statements are fallacious and biased by completing the sentence.
Fallacies
1. “Of course, he believes that the political system is flawed; he is a terrorist!

This is a fallacy because __________________________________
2. “We will have no other option but to go to war If the agreed-upon concessions are not
met.”
This is a fallacy because __________________________________
3. “Every man your age has already settled down, you should marry now!”
This is a fallacy because _________________________________
Biases
1. “All these activists are linked to progressive groups.”

This is biased because __________________________________
2. “How can I accept atheistic views? I am a devout Catholic!”
3. “I do not believe in home for the aged as a safe living environment for seniors.
.We Filipinos value close family ties.”
What I Have Learned?
 Various methods of philosophizing can aid man in his quest for truth. These include
phenomenology, analytic tradition, existentialism, and logic.
 Logic is the study of correct thinking, which focuses on the analysis of arguments. It
requires reasoning and critical thinking in analyzing and evaluating an idea. The two
types of logic are inductive and deductive reasoning.
 The Socratic Method encourages students to practice critical thinking, reasoning, and
logic when engaging in an argumentative dialogue.
 Phenomenology espouses the idea that reality is made up of events perceived and
understood by human consciousness. Truth is dependent on the observer’s view.
 One must be aware of various fallacies and biases to arrive at the better judgment and
make wiser decisions.
 Critical thinking means to carefully analyze and evaluate a subject or an idea.
 Methods of philosophizing allow us to form our personal viewpoint that can guide us in
making wiser decisions when faced with life’s difficulties.
14
What I Can Do?
Activity 5 Go Online!
Research on articles about COVID-19 pandemic from the Internet, newspaper, or magazine.
Identify statements that contain truths and opinions in the said materials. Explain the
considerations you made in your answers.
TRUTH OPINION
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
Explanation
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Scoring Rubric
CATEGORY 5 3 1
Content and Ideas The content is The content is The topic is
Accuracy All answers Most answers Very few
are correct are correct answers are
correct
Explanation All explanation Most Little explanation
is correct explanation is was given
correct
written written
spelling
15
Summary
The different ways of philosophizing could lead us to the path of wisdom and truth. Firstly, the
methods of philosophizing can help man to think reflectively, critically, and philosophically.
Through the use of logic, man has learned to use reasoning and critical thinking in discerning
truthful statements. Phenomenology, existentialism, and postmodernism taught us that truth
is a subjective reality. In phenomenology, we perceive truth according to our very own
experience and consciousness, while our ability to choose or decide our relity is being put
forward by the existentialist. And for the postmodernists, truth is relative because a subject or
an idea can have multiple meanings.
Secondly, Philosophy can help us examine various views on relevant issues in our lives. An
objective evaluation of opinions and an awareness of our own biases can help us make wise
choices regarding the most acceptable views to adopt and the right actions to undertake.
16
Assessment: (Post-Test)
I Identification Write on the line before the number the word referred to in each of the items
below. Choose answers from the list of terms below.
Socratic Method Analytic Tradition Logic

Fallacy Bias
__________ 1. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning.

__________ 2. It is the cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals,
__________ 3. The study of correct thinking which focuses on the analysis of arguments.
__________ 4. These are tendencies or influences that affect the views of people.
__________ 5. This method is more concerned about the logical structures, forms, and
meanings of words and statements and their logical relations.
Ii Classification Group the following statements according to TRUTH or OPINION. Write only
items in their respective categories.
1. Europe is the best holiday destination.

2. Titanic is the most successful movie of all time.
3. Ferdinand Magellan reached the Philippine Islands in 1521
4. December 25th is regarded as the birth of Christ.
5. K Pop is one of the most popular genres in the world.
6. Everyone loves ice cream.
7. The sun the source of all energy found on earth
8. Every man should have a dog.
9. Android is better than iPhone.
10. Christians are the people who are believers of Christianity.
TRUTH OPINION
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
17
Key to Answers
Pre-test What’s New?
I
1. B 1. True
2. C 2. Opinion
3. C 3. Opinion
4. C 4. True
5. B 5. Tue
6. C 6. True
7. A 7. True
8. B 8. Opinion
9. B 9. Opinion
10. D 10. True
II
1. O
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. O
Post-test
1. Fallacy
2. Socratic method
3. Logic
4. Bias
5. Analytic tradition
II
A. TRUTH – 3,4,5,7, & 10

B. OPINION – 1,2,6,8, & 9
18
GRADING CRITERIA & RUBRICS FOR OTHER ACTIVITIES
Supply Me 1
CATEGORY 5 3 1
given per given per per category
category category
written written
spelling
Supply Me 2
CATEGORY 5 3 1
given given
written written
spelling
19
CATEGORY 5 3 1
Source Visited 6 Visited 3 Visited 1 website
websites websites
Content The content is The content is The topic is
written written
spelling
Compare and Contrast
CATEGORY 5 3 1
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References
Books
Abella, Roberto. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc., 2016. 18, 30-31,36
Caraan, Aleli. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Makati City: DIWA
Learning Systems Inc., 2016, 30-31.
Ramos, Christine Carmela R. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Manila:
Rex Book Store, Inc., 2016, 30-33.
Winston Gallinero and Richard Juanito Estaris. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. Malabon: Mutya Publishing House, Inc., 2017, 34-35, 41-44
Online Sources
Blind Item: Two actresses clash at the set of their drama series. lionhearTV.net
https://www.lionheartv.net/2017/02/blind-item-two-actresses-clash-set-drama-series/
(accessed June 3, 2020
Fact vs Opinion Resource. teachingcommons.lakeheadu.ca

https://teachingcommons.lakeheadu.ca/fact-vs-opinion-resource (accessed June 1, 2020)
Truth and Scientific Truth. ck12.org

https://flexbooks.ck12.org/user:coachtgj/cbook/episd-
philosophy/section/5.3/primary/lesson/truth (accessed June 1, 2020)
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For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education
Division of Cagayan de Oro City
Fr. William F. Mastersn Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph
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Introduction To The Philosophy of The Human Person: Quarter 1 - Module 2 Methods of Philosophizing

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Senior High School

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro

Development Team of the Module

Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO V

Co-Chairperson: Alicia E. Anghay, PhD, CESE

Printed in the Philippines by

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

What This Module is About ....................................................................................................................... i

What I Know ................................................................................................................................................ iii

What I Need to Know ................................................................................ 1

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

Lesson 1: Discerning Truth from Opinion

What I Need to Know?

1. Distinguish opinion from truth PPT11/12-Ic-2.1

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

What’s New An introduction to the new lesson through

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

These are follow-up activities that are

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

II Write T if the statement is a truth and O if it is an opinion.

1. Distinguish opinion from truth.

Activity 1. Fact or Opinion?

Which of the following statements is TRUE? Which is an OPINION?

___________1. King John of England signed the Magna Carta in 1215.

1. What makes this a challenging activity?

Earning a lot of money is of paramount importance to everyone.

Write three (3) examples for every theory of truth.

Generally, an opinion is a judgment, viewpoint, or statement that is considered to be

Distinguishing Truth from Opinion

To every truth presented in Column A, provide an opinion about it in Column B.

Discerning Truth from Opinion Leads to Wisdom and Truth

Activity 4 Don’t Judge Me!

What I Have Learned?

Go Online/Extend Your Knowledge

Activity 1 Let’s Review

BASIS FOR COMPARISON TRUTH OPINION

What I Need to Know?

Activity 2 Blind Spot

1. Do you find this gossip story interesting? Explain your answer.

This lesson will tackle different ways of doing philosophy or philosophizing. To

Postmodernism – Truth in the postmodernist thinking is relative. Truth is treated as subjective

Analytic Tradition- Philosophical problems can be attributed to the misunderstanding of the

attacking the person presenting the

using the threat of force or an undesirable

using emotions such as pity or sympathy.

the idea is presented as acceptable because

The idea is acceptable because it has been

Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is

Assuming a cause and effect relationship

Assuming that what is true of a part is

Assuming that what is true for the whole is

A tendency to judge a person’s personality

A tendency to look for and readily accept

Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem

The tendency to see past events as

A person or group is connected to or has a

Analyzing an event or issue-based one’s