FACULTY OF BIO-SYSTEMS

BIO SYSTEMS AND WATER RESOURCE

ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT ON: WATER SUPPLY AND

SANITATION.
 By: ERMIAS EYASU

ID No: GPWREMR/0006/12

Submitted to: DR.KANNAN N (PHD).

september 2020,

Hawassa, Ethiopia

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Contents
ASSIGNMENT-1a ........................................................................................................................................... 2
ASSIGNMENT 1b ........................................................................................................................................... 4
SELECTED TOWN - WOLAITA SODO .......................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Considered Factors ................................................................................................................................. 4
Population Numbers and Distribution ...................................................................................................... 5
3.Technology ............................................................................................................................................. 6
4.Economics .............................................................................................................................................. 7
5. Environmental Conditions..................................................................................................................... 7
8. Climate .............................................................................................................................................. 8
9. Geology ............................................................................................................................................. 8
10. Pollution .............................................................................................................................................. 9
11. Limited infrastructures.................................................................................................................... 9
12. Poverty ............................................................................................................................................ 9
13. Politics ........................................................................................................................................... 10
14. Impacts on water insecurity.......................................................................................................... 10
15. Lack of clean piped water in around (metering)........................................................................... 10
16. Waterborne disease ...................................................................................................................... 10
17. Industrial output ........................................................................................................................... 10
18. Conflicts......................................................................................................................................... 10
Recommendation to improve the water use system in the town: ............................................................. 11
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 15

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 ASSIGNMENT-1a

SOLUTION

a) Arithmetic

YEAR POPULATION
1944 40185
1954 44522
1964 60395
1974 75614
1984 98886
1994 124230
2004 158800

K = [(44522 -40185) + (60395-44522)+(75614-60395) +

(98886-75614) + (124230-98886) + (158800-124230) ]/6

=[4337+15873+15219+23272+25344+34570]

=118615/6

= 19769

When : po= 158800

K=19769

Therefore, 2014 ------Pn = Po + nK = 158800+1*19769 = 178569

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 2019 ------Pn = Po + nK = 158800+1.5*19769

= 188453

B) Geometric Growth Method

YEAR POPULATION
1944 40185
1954 44522
1964 60395
1974 75614
1984 98886
1994 124230
2004 158800

r = [[(44522 -40185)/40185 + (60395-44522)/44522+ (75614-60395)/60395 +

(98886-75614)/75614 + (124230-98886)/98886 + (158800-124230)/124230]*100/6

= (0.10+0.35+ 0.25+0.30+0.25+0.27)*100/6

= 25.33%

Therefore, 2014 ------Pn = Po (1+ r/100)n

= 158800 (1+25.33/100)1

= 199024

2019 ------Pn = 158800 (1+25.33/100)1.5

= 222809

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 ASSIGNMENT 1b

SELECTED TOWN - WOLAITA SODO

I know deeply water using system in the town and it’s also my birth place. The considered
factors that affect water use system in the town are:

2.1 Considered Factors

 Population Numbers and Distribution

 Household Demographics
 Technology
 Economics
 Environmental Conditions
 Withdrawal Uses of Water
 Municipal and Industrial Sectors
 Climate
 Geology
 Pollution
 Limited infrastructures
 Poverty
 Politics
 Impacts on water insecurity
 Impacts on water insecurity
 Lack of clean piped water in around (metering)

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  Waterborne disease
 Industrial output
 Conflicts
 Lack of enough surface sources near to town.
 Population
 Urbanization

Population Numbers and Distribution

Trends in population growth and distribution are extremely difficult to predict in the town. In
my assumption currently, total population above 1million in the town.

At the most fundamental level, water is needed to supply people's basic domestic needs, in
quantities directly proportional to the number of people. Other uses of water include the various
municipal, industrial, agricultural, environmental, and other uses described elsewhere in this
report. The quantities of water used for these purposes are also related to some degree to the
number and spatial distribution of people in the town, people residing in urban areas tend to have
different patterns of water use, and they tend to use different quantities of water than people in
rural or agricultural areas.

2. Household Demographics

The amount of water required for each household depends up on the number of families in the
house their water demand.

Domestic household water use is also importantly influenced by the number of persons in the
household. Interestingly, data have been reported that show declining per capita use rates as the
number of persons living in the household increases .Household water-using technology, such as
low-flow toilets, may also be an important determinant of per capita domestic water use, as are
household appliances such as clothes- and dishwashers

Families with children could be expected to use more water as children require frequent
sanitations, outdoor uses by children and teenagers might be higher, youngsters might use water
less carefully, have more showers and demand more frequent laundering, while retired people
might have saving and disciplined water use behaviors in the town.
Factors like the size of the house and access to appliances such as
showers, bathrooms, washing machines, flush toilets, availability of garden
or lawn in the residence etc. also influence water

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3.Technology

Technical improvements that improve timing and lower costs of supply can also affect water
use. For example, the construction of impoundment facilities permits control and regulation
of runoff and allows more constant levels of supply.

Technology and changes in technology may affect the availability or supply of

water, demand for water and levels of water use. Industrialization, for example,
typically increases the demand for water, at least initially. While improvements
in technology have sometimes dramatically increased the availability of water
supplies, technology can also produce unwanted and unforeseen side effects. ).
Household water-using technology, such as low-flow toilets, may also be an
important determinant of per capita domestic water use, as are household
appliances such as clothes- and dishwashers. It is generally recognized that
adoption of water-saving technology and drought-resistant landscaping,
programs of education, and changes in prices and pricing systems can all have
significant impacts on domestic water consumption.

Technology and changes in technology may affect the availability or supply of water, demand
for water and levels of water use. Industrialization, for example, typically increases the demand
for water, at least initially. However, technological developments that permits users to
economize on water—such developments as water-efficient indoor plumbing fixtures, frequently
result in reductions in water use. Over the last century, pumping technology improvements have
made new sources of ground water available that previously could not be exploited because of
their depth. On the other hand, failure to employ modern technology may mean lower quantities
and higher costs of available supply.

While improvements in technology have sometimes dramatically increased the availability of

water supplies, technology can also produce unwanted and unforeseen side effects.
Consequently, a complete assessment, including considerations of sustainability (and
intergenerational equity), of the impacts of new and existing water supply technology should
identify specifically the time domains over which the benefits and costs of the technology are
likely to be borne.

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4.Economics

Economic conditions, both within the town may affect water supply and demand. economic
conditions within the town will affect water supply and demand by affecting the ability of water
users to pay for water, to distribute new private pipes, as well as the ability of producers to
purchase capital and labor for activities in many industries that may directly or indirectly affect
water use, including agriculture.

5. Environmental Conditions

Changes in environmental conditions can also significantly influence water supply and demand
in the town. Increased precipitation in the summer augments water supplies and reduces the
water demand at summer. Increases in temperature diminish available supplies and increase the
water demand in the winter. Changes in the environment can be directly or indirectly caused by
human activities.

6. Withdrawal Uses of Water

In characterizing patterns of water use, one fundamental distinction is that between instream and
withdrawal uses of water. The flowing or fleeting nature of water resources means that in many
instances, certain uses of water do not impair its availability for further use. These uses are
commonly termed instream: they do not notably alter the properties of the water nor thus the
quality or quantity of water to serve subsequent uses. Examples of instream uses include most
recreational uses, support of aquatic habitats and other environmental uses, navigation, and
generation of hydroelectric power.

When water is withdrawn from a surface water body or from an aquifer it may be used either
consumptively or non-consumptively. Consumptive uses occur when water is transformed from a
state or location from which it can be used to one in which it cannot be used. Water used
consumptively is not available for subsequent uses. Examples include uses such as irrigation, in
which transpired water is evaporated and can not be immediately captured to serve new uses, and
industrial uses in which the water is incorporated into a production. For the most part, industrial
and indoor household uses are non-consumptive, however, in almost all cases the quality of the
water is degraded so that some form of treatment is required before it is available for further use.

The availability of water for withdrawal use is determined, at least in part, by the proportion of
the supply allocated to instream uses. While instream uses do not render water unavailable for
additional use, where water supplies are scarce, instream and withdrawal uses tend to compete.

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7. Municipal and Industrial Sectors

The amount of water withdrawn and consumed by the municipal sector is in large measure a
function of the population size. The need for water to supply people's basic needs for drinking,
cooking, and sanitation is proportional to the number of people and their standard of living.
Varying quantities of water may be used for other household purposes beyond these fundamental
needs, and these quantities will also be related to the number of people, though less directly so.
Changes in technology or behavior that alter levels of water withdrawn and consumed may have
significant impacts on the total levels used and the proportion returned as waste. Domestic
household water use is also importantly influenced by the number of persons in the household.
Interestingly, data have been reported that show declining per capita use rates as the number of
persons living in the household increases .Household water-using technology, such as low-flow
toilets, may also be an important determinant of per capita domestic water use, as are household
appliances such as clothes- and dishwashers.

8. Climate

Low levels of rainfall and high temperatures lead to water deficits. When rainfall is low, there is
less water available. When temperatures are high, water evaporates and so there is less available
to use. Water surpluses are common where rainfall is high and temperatures are lower.

In the town climate change adding a new challenge to water management. Climate change and
climate variability impacts, cities will increasingly experience difficulties in efficiency
management more scarce and less reliable water resources as well as in coping with floods and
draughts .with more frequent and intense extreme climatic events caused by climate change,
cities need to become more resilient to natural disasters such as floods and droughts.

In order to address these water problems in cities, there is un urgent need to improve water
resource management in the areas and to promote strategies, approaches and scientific solution
that that will lead towards more effective and sustainable urban water management.

9. Geology

Rainfall flows down to the rocks beneath the ground. Some rocks are permeable and allow water
to flow through them. Permeable rocks can lead to less surface water. For example, limestone
landscapes often have dry rivers - the rivers only exist when rain has just fallen. Permeable rocks
form aquifers, which mean they are stores of water.

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10. Pollution
Reducing water pollution in the urban areas a key component of urban water management. Water
pollution has become one of the most crucial problems in wolaita sodo city with its direct impact
on human health and on the sustainability of ecosystems. The demographic and land expansion
of urban areas conglomerations of the cities have had negative impact on surface water and
ground water resources. Several environmental pollution in urban areas often, caused mainly by
lack of sanitation and waste water facilities and inappropriate solid waste management, is posing
a serious threat to the sustainability of water resource and their ecosystem.

Some places in the town have plenty of water, but pollution has made it unsafe to use.
Untreated sewage and waste water from all direction of town cause pollution
problems. Groundwater is usually cleaner, although pollutants can travel down into the ground.

Wastes that people dispose of can pollute the air, the land, and water resources. They affect the
quality of rainwater and of water resources both above and below ground, and damage natural
systems.
The causes of freshwater pollution are varied and include industrial wastes, sewage, runoff from
farmland, cities, and factory effluents, and the build-up of sediment.
Emissions from factories and vehicles are released into the air. They can travel long distances
before falling to the ground, for instance in the form of acid rain. The emissions create acidic
conditions that damage ecosystems, including forests and lakes. The pollution that passes
directly into water from factories and cities can be reduced through treatment at source before it
is discharged. It is harder to reduce the varied forms of pollution that are carried indirectly, by
runoff, from a number of widely spread non-point sources, into freshwater and the sea.
Only a small percentage of chemicals are regulated, and concern is growing about contamination
by unregulated chemicals. A variety of pharmaceutical products, such as painkillers
and antibiotics, are having an impact on water resources above and below ground. Conventional
water treatment does not work for many of them.

11. Limited infrastructures

Pipelines are needed to safely move water from place to place. Sealed pipes reduce the potential
for leaks and pollution. Some places do not have these pipes in place. They can be expensive to
lay as they need to be buried underground. Water pumps also form part of the
water infrastructure.

12. Poverty

Nearly half of people in the town not have access to clean, safe water. This locks them in a cycle
of poverty - they cannot afford water so they become ill and when they become ill then cannot
work and earn money.

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13. Politics

Water sector illegal distribution system and sectors coordinators using water tax like private
income source for themselves.

Water politics, sometimes called hydropolitics, is politics affected by the availability of water
resources.

14. Impacts on water insecurity

Water security is when the entire population of a town has sustainable access to adequate
quantities of acceptably clean water. There are several impacts of water insecurity. Some of these
impacts are linked in a cycle of poverty.

15. Lack of clean piped water in around (metering)

Many girls in the town spend hours walking to collect water rather than attending school.

16. Waterborne disease

Drinking or using dirty water puts people at risk of waterborne diseases and illnesses, such as
diarrhoea, malaria, Schistosomiasis is an illness caused by a parasitic worm that enters the body
through the skin coming into contact with water that contains untreated sewage.

17. Industrial output

Industry needs water for all stages of production. Water is used as a raw material, a coolant, a
method of transport, and in some cases, a source of energy. Areas that experience water
insecurity are unable to operate factories and make products. This leaves them relying on
imports, which may be expensive.

18. Conflicts

Water is a source of conflict in some parts of the world. Seizing dams is a powerful way of
controlling water and hydroelectricity supplies

19. Lack of enough surface sources near to town.

Lack of Rivers and lakes near to town uses to public sectors like road washing,

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20. Population

Migration of people from another place to the town increased the demand of water. For future
population growth expected to face greater challenges in providing safe drinking water and
required sanitation to their

21. Urbanization

Not only in soddo town, has water become an increasingly crucial issue facing many cities
around the world today.

Urbanization and economic development lead to growing pressure on water resource in urban
areas. With water demand exceeding water supply water shortage has become more prominent
in the city.

Recommendation to improve the water use system in the town:

 An integrated approach for access to water and sanitation
 Shifting from water supply management to water demand management with aims of
limiting cities water demand, improving water use efficiency ,and promoting waste water
reclamation and reuse.
 Reducing water pollution in urban areas through prevention, control and restoration.
 Safeguarding water quality from the source to the tap in order to reduce the health and
environmental impacts of water pollution.
 Protecting and sustainably managing the urban groundwater resources that provide the
main sources of drinking water for cities.
 Promoting adaptability of water systems to climate change, and improved flood resiliency
and drought management.
 Promoting good water governance.
 Protecting ecosystems and habitats which provide important services and properties and
using these ecosystems as a tool for flood protection, pollution control and improvement
of the quality of water.

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The suitable method of population forecasting for soodo town is ARTHEMETICAL INCREASE
METHOD based on the following reason:

 The city covers large area.

 The city is old with considerable development.
 Easy to calculate present calculation based on past census reports.

Arithmetic method is suitable for large and old city with considerable development. If it is used
for small, average or comparatively new cites, it will low result than actual value. In this method
the average increase is added to the present population to find out the population of next decade.

Q3. DESIGN INTAKE STRUCTURES.

Assumed Data
Number and size of openings in the intake well
The size, shape and the height of the intake well
The gravity pipe for raw water connecting the intake well and jack well.
Given data
RL of river bed=130.00m
RL of lowest water level (LWL)=135.00m
RL of NWL=140.00m
RL of HFL=150.00m
Population to be served=60,000
Average water demand =300lpd
Assume any other suitable data required

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 Solution
Average water demand = 60000*300lpd = 18Mlpd
Max. water demand=1.8*18mld=32.4Mlpd

Assume the pumping to take place for 12hrs a day,

The discharge to be pumped:
6
=32.4*10
18*60*60 sec
3
Qd= 0.75m /sec
i. Design of openings:
Let me provide rectangular shaped inlet well with openings provided at three levels-
 one layers of opening shall be kept below LWL=135.00m,
 The other at the middle layer just below the NWL=140.00m
 The third may kept below HFL stage=150.00m
Assuming these opening shall be fitted with bar screen made of 30mm dia. steel bar of say 60mm
opening (clear), and also let the velocity through the bar screen be limited to 0.15m/sec.
From the formula Q=A*V
A= 0.75/0.15
2
=5m
let us provide 1m height of screen opening then the clear length of opening required is 5m.
Number of opening required=5/0.06=83.33 =84
Number of bar=84-1=83bar
Length required by 20mm dia. of bar=83*.03=2.49
Length of total screen =5m+2.49=7.49
take=7.5m

Let me provide 2parts of each level, the size of each point will 1m*1.4m length.
Thus, 2 screen parts will be provided within the well b/n
RL=135.00m to 134.00m
RL 140.00m-139.00m, and
Rl 150.00m-149.00m

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II. DESIGN OF INLET WELL
These part can be fitted in an oblong well consisting of rectangular length 3m (sufficient to fix 2
bar screen each length 1.4m) and provide with circular ends the well has a width of say 2m.
Assume this inlet well can be sunk into river bed by say 3m below the river bed, so as to provide
space for accumulation of sand and silt. Thus, the bottom of the intake well will be 127.00m
Also let us provide 2.5m free board from HFL then the top of the inlet will be RL=152.5.00m
Therefore the total height of the intake will be
=152.5.00-127.00m
= 25.5m

III- design of gravity pipe connecting intake well and jack well
The intake pipe shall be designated to flow by gravity at maximum velocity (1.2m/sec):
2
From the formula Q =V*A ; A=πd /4
d
3
Q =0.75m /sec
d

V=1.2m/sec
From this d=0.74m take 75cmdia RCC intake pipe
From manning formula take n=0.017
To calculate the gradient of the pipe
1/2 2/3
V=1/n*S R
S1/2=nV/R2/3

0.017*1.2m/s/(75/2)2/3

S=1:250

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 REFERENCES
Wright, J., Gundry, S., & Conroy, R. (2004). Household drinking water in
developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination
between source and point-of-use. Tropical medicine & international
health, 9(1), 106-117.

Yasin, M., Ketema, T., & Bacha, K. (2015). Physico-chemical and bacteriological
quality of drinking water of different sources, Jimma zone, Southwest Ethiopia.
BMC research notes, 8(1), 541.
WHO/UNICEF. (2010a). Rapid Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in the Federal
Republic of Ethiopia: Country Report, World Health Organization (WHO),
Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH), Ethiopian Health & Nutrition Research
Institute (EHNRI) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

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