Earthquake Engineering: A Lecture Delivered To The 4th Year Students

“Gh.
Asachi” Tehnical University of Iaşi Faculty of Civil and Building Equipment Engineering
67, D. Mangeron Blvd., Iaşi, 700050, România 43, D. Mangeron Blvd, Iaşi, 700050, România
tel: +40+232-278680 tel: +40-232-278680/1479, fax: +40-232-233368
www.tuiasi.ro www.ce.tuiasi.ro
Department of Structural Mechanics
tel: +40-232-278680/1447, tel/fax: +40-232-239213
www.ce.tuiasi.ro/english/departments/mechanics.html
Earthquake Engineering
a lecture delivered to the 4th year students
by
Fideliu Păuleţ-Crăiniceanu, Associate Professor
tel: +40-232-278680/1488
Lecture 5 fideliu@ce.tuiasi.ro, www.ce.tuiasi.ro/~fideliu
22:18
Seismic Structural Analysis
1dofs. spectral response
Definitions:
Sd ( , ) u (t ) max
= absolute maximum
responses of a 1dofs
with the damping and
Sv ( , ) u (t ) max
the circular frequency .
Sa ( , ) uabs (t ) max
Sd - spectraldisplacement
Sv - spectralvelocity
Sa - spectralacceleration
22:18
Example: Vrancea 1977 E/W N/S U/D
3
10
E/W
Accel.Response Spectrum (gal)
N/S
U/D
2
10
1
10
E/W max=417.7 at 0.788
N/S max=615.6 at 1.156
U/D max=226.7 at 0.164
0
10
-2 -1 0 1 2
10 10 10 10 10
Period (s)
E/W, N/S, and U/D acceleration response spectra for Vrancea 1977 earthquake
22:18
Example:
4
Kobe JMA E/W N/S U/D
10
Accel.Response Spectrum (gal)
E/W
3
N/S
10 U/D
2
10
E/W max=2281 at 0.3806
1 N/S max=2655 at 0.3526

10
U/D max=1274 at 0.2497
0
10 -2 -1 0 1 2
10 10 10 10 10
Period (s)
E/W, N/S, and U/D acceleration response spectra for Kobe 1995 earthquake
22:18
Example:
2
Acceleration Response Spectra 5%
10
Kobe NS
Acceleration Response (m/s2)
El-Centro NS
1
10
0
10
Kobe NS max=26.55 at 0.3526

-1
10
El-Centro NS max=12.14 at 0.1577
-2
10 -2 -1 0 1 2
10 10 10 10 10
Period (s)
Comparison between Kobe NS and El-Centro acceleration response spectra
22:18
Example:
Vrancea NS, March 4, 1977
90
80
Relative Displacement Spectrum (cm)
damping
70 0%
1%
60 2%
5%
50 10%
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Period (sec)
Displacement spectra for different values of damping for Vrancea NS 1977 earthquake
22:18
Example: Vrancea NS, March 4, 1977
350
300
Relative Velocity Spectrum (cm/s)
damping
250 0%
1%
2%
200 5%
10%
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Period (sec)
Velocity spectra for different values of damping for Vrancea NS 1977 earthquake
22:18
Example: Vrancea NS, March 4, 1977
1400
Relative Acceleration Spectrum (cm/s/s)
1200
damping
1000
0%
1%
800 2%
5%
10%
600
400
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Period (sec)
Acceleration spectra for different values of damping for Vrancea NS 1977 earthquake
22:18
Use of spectra:
FEmax k u (t ) max kS d ( , )
1 2 1
E max

m u (t ) max mSv2 ( , )
2 2
FImax m uabs (t ) max mS a ( , )
FEmax maximum elastic force

E max maximum kinetic energy
FImax maximum inertia force
22:18
Pseudo-velocity spectra response:

t
(t )
S pv ( , ) ug ( )e sin D (t )d
0 max
for structures with 0 < < 0.20:
Sv ( , ) S pv ( , )
1
Sd ( , ) S pv ( , )
Sa ( , ) S pv ( , ) S pa ( , )
1 1
Sd ( , ) Sv ( , ) 2
Sa ( , )
22:18
logSpv
1
Sd S pv
Spv Sa
log S pv log log S d
log S pv log T log 2 log S d
Sd
450
1 -logT 450 logT
S pv Sa
T
log S pv log log S a
log S pv log T log 2 log S a
-logSpv
four-way response spectral representation
22:18
Sd,max = 90.1 cm for T=14.5 sec 1000 cm/s2
Spv,max=137.4 cm/s for T=1.70 sec 500 cm/s2
Spa,max=615.6 cm/s2 for T=1.16 sec 100 cm/s2
50 cm/s2
2 20 cm/s2
10
10 cm/s2
Pseudo-Velocity Spectrum (cm/s)
100 cm
1
10
50 cm
Ps
e
ud
o
s
xi
-A
A
cc
20 cm
m
e
ler
ru
ct
at
pe
io
10 cm
n
tS
Sp
0
en
10
ec
m
t
ru
5 cm
ce
Vrancea NS,
m
la
is p
A
March 4, 1977
xi
D
s
5% damping 2 cm
1 cm
-1
10 -2 -1 0 1
10 10 10 10
Period (sec)
Four-way response spectra for Vrancea NS 1977 earthquake

22:18
1dofs. time-history response
time-dependant second order linear differential equation:
mu( ) cu ( ) ku( ) mug ( )

analytical solution:
u ( ) ugen ( ) u part( )
22:18
Kobe JMA E/W N/S U/D t1=28, dt=25
Acc. (gal) 500 max=617.3 at 5.48
0
-500 min=-476.9 at 5.1

0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (s)
max=579 at 7.94
Acc. (gal)
500
0
-500
min=-818 at 5.56
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (s)
200 max=332.2 at 4.76

Acc. (gal)
0
-200
min=-315.1 at 5.24
-400
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (s)
E/W, N/S, and U/D time-history record of accelerations for Kobe 1995 earthquake
22:18
INPUT: Vrancea NS 1977
Acc. (gal)
200
max=177.6 at 6.88
0
min=-194.9 at 6.14
-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (s)
OUTPUT: Displacement Response for T=1s and damping=5%

20
Disp.(cm)
max=14.2 at 7
0
min=-10.11 at 7.58
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (s)
OUTPUT: Velocity Response for T=1s and damping=5%

Vel.(cm/s)
50 max=68.05 at 6.74
0
-50 min=-63.89 at 7.24
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (s)
OUTPUT: Acceleration Response for T=1s and

500 damping=5%
Acc.(gal)
max=401.3 at 7.56
0
-500 min=-562.7 at 6.98
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (s)
22:18
INPUT: Vrancea NS 1977
Acc. (gal)
200
max=177.6 at 6.88
0
min=-194.9 at 6.14
-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (s)
ug ,i ug ( ) ug ,i 1
t
recorded ground acceleration. detail
22:18
For the linear case:
ug ( ) ug ,i ug ,i ug ,i 1

t
ug ,i ug ( ) ug ,i ug ug ,i ug ,i 1

1
ug
t
t
ug ( ) ug ,i
22:18
ug ( ) ug ,i
ui u( ) ui 1
mu( ) cu ( ) ku( ) m ug ,i
ui u ( ) ui 1 Solution:
m m c
u part( ) ug ,i
k k2
ui u( ) ui 1 1 2 1 2
2
ug ,i 2
ug ( )
response functions
22:18
1 2
u( ) e A cos D B sin D 2
ug ,i
initial conditions: ui u i
1 2 1
A ui 2
ug ,i , B ui A 2
D
Derivatives:
u ( ) e D A B sin D A D B cos D 2
u( ) e 2 D A sin D B cos D

2
1 2 2
A cos D B sin D
Notes: - the above calculations are performed for each time-step, t

- the interval's final values become initial values for the next step
22:18
1dofs. Integration methods
• The integration methods are step-

by-step numerical approaches for
dynamic response analysis. i
u ( )
u i
u 1
• They are based on the next

integral expressions for the
structural responses: ui u ( ) ui 1
t
u i 1 u i u( )d u( )
0 ui ui 1
t
ui 1 ui u ( )d t
0
22:18
Euler-Gauss Method
i
u ( )
u i
u 1
ui 1 ui
ui 1 ui ui t
ui u ( ) ui 1
2
t
ui 1 ui ui t ui
ui u( ) ui
2
1
22:18
Newmark Methods
ui 1 ui (1 )ui t ui 1 t

1 2 2
ui 1 ui ui t ui t ui 1 t
2
=> the type of damping. most common = 1/2
is depending of the response acceleration shape
22:18
Newmark Methods
= 0, the acceleration is constant along the

i
u i
u
interval t and equal to the initial value (the 1
case of Euler Method)

= 1/4, the acceleration is constant along i
u i
u 1
the interval t and equal to the average i
u 2 i
u 1
between the initial and final values
= 1/6, the acceleration is linearly varying
i
from the initial value to the final value along the u i
u 1
interval t
= 1/8, the acceleration is constant and
equal to the initial value along the first half of i
u i
u 1
the interval t, and the acceleration is constant

t/2
and equal to the final value along the second
half of the interval t t
22:18
Newmark Methods, example =1/2

Steps for each interval, i, of time t: =1/6
1. based on ui , ui , ui previously obtained, and using
the velocity and displacement response, ui 1, ui 1 are calculated:
1
ui 1 ui ui ui 1 t
2
1 2 1 2
ui 1 ui ui t ui t ui 1 t
3 6
Note:
0 , u0 , u0 usually zero, should be used for the first interval.
Initial conditions u
22:18
Newmark Methods, example
2. introducing ui 1 and ui 1 in the initial equation of motion,
the acceleration at the end of the interval is obtained
1
mug ,i 1 c tui cui kui
ui 2
1
1 1 2
m c t k t
2 6
Notes:
- For the first time interval u1 is obtained using u
0 , u0 , u0
- An incremental, generalizing approach will be shown later
22:18

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a lecture delivered to the 4th year students

E/W max=2281 at 0.3806

1 N/S max=2655 at 0.3526

Kobe NS max=26.55 at 0.3526

El-Centro NS max=12.14 at 0.1577

FEmax maximum elastic force

Pseudo-velocity spectra response:

for structures with 0 < < 0.20:

four-way response spectral representation

Four-way response spectra for Vrancea NS 1977 earthquake

time-dependant second order linear differential equation:

mu( ) cu ( ) ku( ) mug ( )

-500 min=-476.9 at 5.1

200 max=332.2 at 4.76

OUTPUT: Displacement Response for T=1s and damping=5%

OUTPUT: Velocity Response for T=1s and damping=5%

OUTPUT: Acceleration Response for T=1s and

ug ,i ug ( ) ug ,i 1

ug ( ) ug ,i ug ,i ug ,i 1

ug ,i ug ( ) ug ,i ug ug ,i ug ,i 1

mu( ) cu ( ) ku( ) m ug ,i

ui u ( ) ui 1 Solution:

u( ) e 2 D A sin D B cos D

Notes: - the above calculations are performed for each time-step, t

• The integration methods are step-

• They are based on the next

ui 1 ui (1 )ui t ui 1 t

is depending of the response acceleration shape

= 0, the acceleration is constant along the

case of Euler Method)

the interval t, and the acceleration is constant

Newmark Methods, example =1/2

the velocity and displacement response, ui 1, ui 1 are calculated:

Newmark Methods, example

2. introducing ui 1 and ui 1 in the initial equation of motion,

the acceleration at the end of the interval is obtained

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