*

SPE
3PE 15764

<huff Gas Production Experience

=y M.A, Kasnick, Arabian American 011Co.
sPE Member

Copyright 1987, Society of Petroleum Engineers

Thie papar was prepared fc! presentation at the Fiflh SPE Middle East Oil Show held in Manama, Bahrain, March 7-10, 1987.

Thle peper was selected tor preaenlation by an SPE Program Commitlee !ollowing raview 01 information ccrdalned In en abstract eubmllled by the
author(s). Conlanfs of the paper, as presanled, have nof been raviewed by the Society of Palroleum Engineers and are subject 10 correction by the
author(s). The malarial, as praa.anted, does not neceasarlly reflect any paeition of the SOoiely of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers
presented at SPE meetings are aubjaoi 10 publication reviaw by Edllorial Commitlaas of the SOOiefy 0! Palroleum Engineers. Permlasion to COPY is
reafrlcted to an abstract of not more than 300 worde. Illuefrations may not be copied. The abatracl should contain ConaplCUC.Ue acknowlmlgmenf of
whera and by whom the paper is presented Write Publicaliona Manager, SPE, PO. Box 83383e, Richardson, TX 760N48W. Telex, 730989 SPEDAL.

ABSTRACT OPERATINGCONDITIONS
The non-associated gas from the Khuff reservoirshas
been developedto provide supplementalfuel gee and The I(huffgaa is used aa a supplementwhenever gas
demand exceeds the supply of gas available from
petrochemzc.-. feedstock. The productionsystems are
centeredon t’~e‘Uthmaniyahand Shedgumareas of the crude production. Although the demand for Khuff
Ghawar field “>ecause of the close proximityto sour gas is greatest during the aumcoermonths, when
gas handlingplante. power consumption ia highest, high demand also
occurs during other times of th~ year as a function
Untreatedsour gaa is producedthrough~he gathering of crude sales. The combinationof demand varia-
systemsdirectlyto gas plants. The high rate, high tion, well test requirementsand epurious tripa
preaRuresour gaa productionis closelymonitoredso produce a condition where wells are frequently
th? system operates within acceptable guidelines. cycled between shut in and flowing conditions.
Figure 2 .iaa plot of the number of production/shut
Scale formation in tubulars, hydraulic limits of
surface cnd aubsurfttcepipes, and potentialcorro- in cycles for typical wells during the 1984-1986
sion/erosion problems in surface facllitiea are ttcneperiod.
typicalconcernsin this sour gaa producingsystem.
Well test,frequencywae initiallyset at one teat/
INTRODUCTION welllmonth. Testa are now done as a function of
production time with teat frequency decreaaed to
In 1982 MtAMCO began a program to auppleuiencthe once a quarter if a well has not been on produc-
associatedgas suppliesin Saudi Arabi~by producing tion more than 1 week per month. Modified
ths son-associatedgae sources in the Khuff reser- itaochronalteats are made on all welle once per
voirs, The Khuff gas producedfrom these reeervolrs year. This frequency will change if there ia
~S a high pressure sour gaa with typical analyaes evidence that the performance of a well has
shown in T~ble 1. Approximatewater productionis chan8edefgnificantly.
1.5 barrelsper millionSCF of gaa while the conden-
sate ra-- varies from 35 to 55 barrels/MMSCF, By Operations information la continually collected
December !983 the first well wae put on production. by a small SupervisoryControland Data Acquisition
The main Khuff Gas DevelopmentSyatemwent on atreerrt (SCADA) system, This system monitors wellhead
shortlythereafter. informationsuch ae preesures,control valve aet-
tin~s, and syetam alarms, At the manifold/test
Gas from each high preaeure sour gas well flowe trap area the eystem collects data on the well
through individual flowlinea to a rer,otemanifold tosta includingall fluid atre.smquantitieswhile
and then through trunkline to the gas plants. the manifold opera~ing condition are monitored.
Figure 1 Is a block flow dia8ram of a Khuff Finally the total flow and system pressure at the
productionsysatcm. gar plant are recordedalongwith alarm information.

‘l’he
main subjectof this paper ia the performanceof Safety eyatcma include multiple H S detectors et.
the surface gathering facilities with regard to each wellsite, There are 3 hydraufic and 1 manual
erosion and corrosion. The same concerns for safetyvalveaon each wallhead.The hydraulicayatem
do~ho~Q tubulars ae well as scale formationin tiie ie aet to protect the flowlinefrom excessivepres-
production tubing are alao addresacd. A brief sure or shut in the well in caae of a catastrophic
description of ayatem operating conditions is failure, At the manifold a relief vslve system
provided. protectsthe trunkline from exceesivepressure.
3

2 KHUFF GAS PRODUCTION EXPERIENCE
Finally a total system shutdown can be initiated
from the gaa plant, the manifoldarea, or the field
operationsceuter,
Figure 3 is an exampleof an operatingwin<~w which
is used as an aid in setting individualwell flow
conditions. The five factors which determine the
shape of the window are
1. Minimum fluidvelocity(> 10 ft/see)
2. Maximumfluid velocity [usually< 50
ft/see)
3. Minimumprcaaureat manifold
4. Maximumpreesureat manifold
5. Maximum flowlineinlet pressureat well.
Similar guidelines are used for controlling the
velocity in the trunkline. Normal operating
proceduresare designed to keep velocitiesin well
tubingstringsbelow 50 ft/eecaleo.
SURFACEFACILITIES
This sectim presentsa summaryof an investigation
Ultrasonicreadinga ahowed no metal loss from the
of suspected erosion problems in the gathering wellheada up to the trunkline entry to the gaa
aystemq Although ultrasonic inspectionhad indi-
plant. However, readings taken at points on the
cated metal loss in the pipelinesentering the gas
trunklineimmediatelyupstreamof the slugcatcherin
planta, furtheranalynis proved none had occurred,
the plant appearad to show come loss when compared
However,croaionhas taken place in preaaurecontrol
to prior ultrasonicreadingstaken before the start
valves locatednear the wellhead.
of the test. A typicaltrace of thicknessmeasure-
ErosionAnalyaiain GatheringSystem
Increasedproductionratea required to meet demand
triggereda concernabout posaiiile erosiondamage in
surface piping. The concern became critical when
manual ultrasonic thicknessmeasurementsindicated
metal loaa in elbows and Y braneheaat the entry to
the gas plant. A schematicof the trunklinewith
commentsbased on ultrasonic(UT) readingaare shown
in Figure 4. It is entphaaized that there were no
existing original wall thickness measurements
available on these pipe sec:!~na. A task force
was setup to monitor the effectsof high velocities
on the gathering system and to recommend system
operatinglimits.
The guidelineproposedin Section2,5 of API-RP-14E
was selected to aet ratea for a field teat to
determineoperatinglimits. This guidelinehad been
previouslyused in the design phase to size the
surface piping in the Khuff syetem. The guideline
recommends that pipe used to traneport gae and
liquid in two phase flow should be sized primarily
on the baais of flow velocity,and this flow velo-
city “should be less than some fluid erosional
vtlocity”. The API-RP-14E equntion to determine
this velocitylimit is:
V(4 - C/(Pm)‘i
where: Ve - fluiderosionalvelocitylimit in ft/sec
C - an eml>ir~c*~
constant
Pm - fluid”denaityin lb~/ftaat operating
pressureard temperature
The conservativerecommendationfor a value for the
constant C is 100 for continuous service. The
guidelin~ pointa out. that solids production may
requireuso of a lower value of C for the erosional
velocity calculation, Tt ie also noted that if
corrosivefluids are producederosion,/corrosionmay
cauac metal loss at velocitica much lower than
predictedby the erosionequation.
a ..
SPE 15764
The task force selectedflowlinesfor two high rate
Shedgum Khuff wells to be monitored along with a
trunklinefrom the manifold ar+a to the gas plant.
The iates from the wells and the raanifoldpressure
were adjusted to correspondto C valusa of 105 and
120 in the flowlinea. The trunklinewas ~peratedat
a C value of 113. Au a point of comparisontha
4$-inchtubing in one of the wells was operatedat a
C value of 305 and no erosionwas identif+.ed.The
test period was 90 days. During this time weekly
ultrasonic thickness measurements were made at
points where restrictionsor flow directionchangea
occur,and rate, temperature,and pressuredata were
gathereddaily.
Fluid velocities in the flowlines approached 55
ftfsecwhile the velocity in the trunklinereeched
60 ft/sec. The reason the actual velocitiesin the
trunklineend flowlinesdo not directly correspond
to the C valuea is because operating pressure is
lower at the trunklineend of the ayaceru.
ments for plant p~ping plotted against time is shown
on Figure 5. For comparisona plot of fluid velo-
city ve time ia included. The decreasein thickness
duringMay on severalof the meaaurementawas due to
a change in measurement technique. However this
apparent d$:creasein thicknees prompted the gaa
plant opert,torato impose a limit on Khuff gaa flow
into the plant. An area scanninginspectionayatem
was used to increaaesurveillanceof these suspected
metal loss areae. This system had a computerbased
ultrasonicimagingand mapping tool capableof large
surfacearea coverage.
This system verified the readinga obtained by the
hand held ultrasonicdevices. These findingswere
supplementedwith color coded computer graphic?
which illusti?ated
clasaic erosion patterns. Durfng
the time this systemwas in use the gas production
had decreaaed substantially,but measurementsfrom
both this system and the hand held instruments
continued to show the same rate of metal loss.
Therefore,no relationshipbetween metal 10CS rate
and productionrate was establi~hed,
Based on ramaininglife calculation, several pipe
sections were scheduled for replacementduring a
planned shutdownperiod, Remaininglife was calcu-
lated at less than 3 yeurs. These calculationswere
erroneouslyinfluencedby the previouslymentioned
change in measurementtechnique,
Resultsof Visual Inspection
After the sections of pipe were removed and
measured,i. was still not clear whethermetal loss
had occurred. Sfnce there was no record of baae
line thickness measurementsmnde on these pieces
prior to initial Installation,nominal pipe WU1l
thickncsawas used to indicatethe total extent of
metal loss, However,acceptablethicknesstolerance
for new oil field pipe is t 12,5%, A 16-inch
diameterone-inchwall thickneaeelbow can vary from

*
SPE 15764 M. A. Kasni.ck
0.875 to 1.125 inches in wall thicknessand still
pasa inspection. It should be not=d that none of
the UT readingsmade.on any piece of pipe showed a
thicknessthat wae outside the acceptablemanufac-
turing tolerance. Wall thicknesses measured by
caliperon a 16 inch elbow at a croee sect.tonwhere
severe metal loss was auapectedvaried from 0.88 to
0.97 inchasfor a nominal l-inchthick pipe wall.
The visual obsenation of mill scale and manufac-
turing surface marka conclusivelyshowed that no
erosion had occurred. Mill ecale product (FQ O )
waa present at points of suepectedhigh erosion3 in
several of the suspact pipe pieces. Mill scale
usually only occurs during manufacturing. ExamLna-
tion of the insida surfacaof the euspect 16” elbow
also showed striations around the entlra circum-
ferance, even under the mill bcale, as shown in
Figure 6. These striationsare made by the irregu-
larities on a die when an elbow or other pipe
segment is drawn during manufacture, These marks,
usually about 0.03 inches in depth, showed that
metal leas has not taken place, becausa the marka
would have been erodedaway. Mill scale flakingoff
during operation in conjunctionwith the different
densityof the mill scale relativeto the pipe wall
probably gave the UT readinga which seemed to
indicatea metal leas,
The replacement pipe thickness was base line
meaaured and La continuallymonitored, as is the
rest of the gatheringeyatem. After 10 months there
haa been no evidenceof met[,lloss in the reg.ace-
ment piping. Consequently,API RP 14E is not used
to set operationlimits m xhe system with respect
to erosionof surfacepiping.
The systemis also routinelymonitoredfor corrosion
and erosion/corrosion. Corrosion inhibitor is
injected into the flowline at every wellhead and
inhtbitor concentrationie monitored at the gaa
plant end of the piping. Corrosion monitoring
facilitiesinclude a water sample pot, a removable
teet epool, and access connections. All materials
found in the teat trap and other gas plant veasela
during cleanout are thoroughlyanalyzed for corro-
sion Impllcationa,The flowlinesand trunkline are
equipped for scrapingoperations, Finally external
corrosionla combattedby Impressedcurrentcathodic
protection applied to well caeings and surface
piping, and all buried pipe Is externallycoated
with fueionbonded epoxy,
Jhosion in PressureControlValves
Several instancesof severe erosion in the wellhead
presaure control valvea (chokee) have been disco-
vered. The function of theaa PCVa is to reduce
pressureto an acceptableoperatinglimitupon entry
to the flowline. Figures7 and 8 are photographsof
erosion which has taken place in these valves.
Theee valves are multiple step labyrinthtype plug
and seat designed to reduce fluid velocities and
noiaa generation. All parta of the valve exposedto
the high pressuresour gaa are 316 stainleassteel
coveredwith a hard surface facing, whila the valve
body ie made of carbon steel, The hard surface
facingwas appliedby a plaama spray technique. The
aeat ring and stem plug of this valve have suffered
severeerosiondue to high velocityliquidimpinging
on these aurfacee, Figure 9 is a eketch of a
625
,.
3
typicalvalve with the eroded areaa highlighted.
The erosionis causedby the flakingand crackingof
the hard surface face which txpoaea the underlying
softer metal to the high velocity liquid. Liquid
velocity through the presauce lat down in portione
of the valve 16 estimated to be greater than 500
ftlsec.
In two Instanceathe erosion has penetratedthrough
the seat and into the valve body. The problemwas
discoveredwhen all wells were shut in and the gae
plant waa still recording a gaa flow. Every PCV
examined to date has exhibited the same erosion
problem.
The short term solution is to replace the plasma
spray covered seats and plugs with cast seats and
weld overlay plugs. A rigorousmonitoringpro~ram
will determine if this solution is effective, In
the meantimealternatevalve msnufactureraare being
considered in case the r~~lacementparta do not
performsatisfactorily.
DOWNHOLECORROgION
Iron sulfide scale formationwith pitting corrosion
found only under scale has occurred in tubing
atringa in Khuff wells on production. This has
cauaed no operationalproblems to date, but the
poaaibilityof long term effects prompted thorough
and continuing study of the phenomena, Downhole
corrosionmonitoring is performed,but it has not
been neceaaary to initiate a complete corrosion
inhibitor program. The approach to potential
downholecorrosionproblemsin Khuff wells haa been
reactive;wait and see if there are problems,and
then initiate corrective programs, To date no
evidencehas been found to requi::ea change in this
approach.
Detectionand Monitoring
Tha scale is moat prevalent at the bottom of the
tubingstringand completelydisappearsby one third
to one half of the way up hole, There is probably
some natural inhibition effect from the heavy
condensateswhich break out of the gas streamas the
fluidmoves up the tubingstring, It is also likely
that the scale ia formedbv a combinationof corro-
slon productand some leaaer amountof deposition.
Scale samplea have been collected from tubing
strings which were pulled during well workovara.
The primary corrosion monitoring haa been from
detailed analyses of tubing recoveredduring work-
over operations. Some corrosion product samples
have been gathered from tools during wireline
operationawhen mechanicalcalipersare run as part
of the corrosion monitoring program. Four wells
have been worked over, all due to mechanical
problemswhich are not aaaociatedwith scale forme-
tion or the accompanyingcorrosion.
Downholecorrosionmonitoringis done by mechanical
caliper surveys and produced water sampling
analyaie. Water analysia hes yielded limited
informationwith no identifiablecorrosiontrends.
The results from geochemical analyses, dissolved
iron and total iron countshave been randomwith
 * ..

4 KHUFF GAS’ PRODUCTION EXPERIENCE SPR 15764

ref3pectto iron concentrations. Ae a result the
frequencyof analysishas been decrea(jed from twice
monthlyper well to eix timee per year per well.
Caliper surveys are performedon key wells in each
producing area. Over twenty eurveye have been
performedand one fourthhave faileddue to mechani-
cal problemsassociatedwith the presenceof scale.
The caliperecan be used to identifythe presenceof
scalebut are not reliablecorrosionindicatorswhen
scale is presentbecauee the scale masks the corro-
eion and it is difficultto differentiatebreaks in
the scale from pits in the tubingwall.
ScaleAnalysis
TypicalKhuff well completionsketchesare given in
Figures 10 and 11. The scale is present in the
bottom half or lower third of the tubing string. A
compositionanalysiaof the scale reveals it to be
primarily iron sulfide with some chlorides, and
traceamounteof other elementswhich are presentin
drilling fluids and formation water were also
detectedas indicatedon Table 2.
The ecale is stronglyadherent to the tubing wall
but usually loosens after exposure to air. Figure
12 la a cross sectionanalyaisof the scale obtained
through the use of a scanning electron microscope
and an energy dispersingspectroscope. A signifi-
cant result of this analyeia is that an iron chlo-
ride layer ie dominanton the pipe wall aide of the
scale layer. The chlorida Ions may contributeto
the initiationof the scale formation. However,the
results of these analytical techniquesare quali-
tacive and almost nothing ia known about the kine-
tics or thermodynamicswhich cause the scale to
form.
ContinuingStudy Efforta
?.xampleit 1s not clear that downhole corrosion
treatmentcan extend the life of a tubing etring
under the existing conditions,while it can be
argued that variationin coats of workovera,parti-
cularly if ff.ahingoperations are required, cm
significantlyshortenthe breakeventime.
Thus far it has not been possible tIIeimulatethe
scale phenomena in the laboratory. Continuing
studies of preserved aamplea has shown that the
unatable iron sulfide compoundssuch as mackenawite
(Fe S ) found in the scale downholerapidlyundergo
oxi8!
a ion reactionsin the atmosphereto FeS , FeS,
Since meckenawite can be foAl ed by
precipia.ion
and ‘e$o?” or corroatonita presencemay indicate
that some of the scale ie not a product of tubing
corrosion.
SUMMARY
After 30 monthe of experience,Aramco has acquired
considerableknowledge about operating high prea-
cure, two pheae, aour gas production facilities,
Overall, probleme have not been severe, and the
project hae baen very successful. However, study
continues on problems related to valve erosion,
downhole scale formation, and eroaionlvelocity
relationah~pain piping. These effortsare made to
Increaeereliabilityof the Khuff gae system,so it
can continue to supplementthe enargy supplies for
the Kingdomof Saudi Arabia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Appreciationla given to the Saudi ArabianMinistry
of Petroleum and Mineral Resources and to the
Arabian Amarican Oil Company for permission to
publishthis paper.

A large portion of the iron sulfideoccure in forma

other than FeS. Some of these compoundsare rela-
tively insolublein conventionalacids. Becausethe
scale masks the underlying corrosion from the
feelersof a mechanicalcaliper,an attamptwas made
in one well to remove the scale with 28% HC1 prior
to a caliper survey. The acid job was partially
auccesaful in removing scale but the insoluble
particleseroded over 50% of the pipe wall thickness
in two elbows on the flare Itne during the cleanup.
As a result the well cleanup procedure have been
revised.

During the last two workovers major efforts were

mada to preserve sections of ecaled up tubing so
that representativesamplesare availablefor future
study. Tubingwas pickledIn deoxygenatedbrine and
the containerssealed air tight. Many more eamplea
from the laat two workoverswere analysedthan were
possiblewith the tubing from the first two work-
overs, Corrosion pit dapth measurement found in
samplea of these tubing strings were recorded
and a statisticaltechnique (WeibullFunction)was
appliedto predictan expectedlife for these tubing
strings, The expected life baaed on this limited
sample la greater than 10 years, Economic calcu-
lations favor not treatingand eventuallyreplacing
the tubing rather than treating over the expected
life, It La recognizedthat an analyais of this
type ia incompleteas well ae eubjactive. For

626
 ;,
., .

TABLE 1-KHUF7 GAS COMPOSITIONS (mol%)

SDGM SDGM UTMN UTMN

B c B c
H2S 3.05 4.25 4.58 4.55
C02 3.83 3.73 3.60 3.51
N2 13.10 12.06 12.30 11.6$
c1 68.13 67.76 67.82 66.65
C2 4.93 5.03 5.20 5.50
C3 1.95 2.00 2.10 2.29
IC4 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47
NC4 0.81 0.82 0.86 0.91
IC5 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.36
NC5 0,34 0.33 0.34 0.37
C6 0.45 0.47 0.41 0.48
c7+- 2.63 2.75 1.98 3.25

TABLE 2-TYPICAL SCALE ANALYSIS

IRON 57.3
SULFUR 18.9
CHLORINE 8.6
CALCIUM 4.9
BARIUM 3“4
SILICON 1.6
OTHERS * 5.3
* MINOR COMPONENTS(IF LESS
THAN 1 WT. PERCENTEACH

627
 I

w
, MANIFOLD AREA
TEST
TRAP

r
KWH;:[
FLOWLINE

TRUNK LINE
I
SLUG
CATCHER
GAS PLANT

3 PHASE
AREA

GAS

SEPARATOR
tE

3
Cj
lb
FLOWLIKE IWLE7
PmssunE
CoNTouns

TO NEw CONDENSATE
TO CRUOE INJ
SOUR WATER
STRIPPER MANIFOLO INLET PRESSURE (=)

F@. l—Khuff system diagram. Fig. 3—Welllflowhne operating window.

A WAS. WIID% LOSS MAXIMUM LOSS OF 12% ~

~.<
lJGfE*L~~y2ymA4Py&f nN

WI BAND MU#L LOSS CM UP

-
SCiRAL WEAR PATTERN 10fNllFIEO AS ELWJW CWNWIS DIRECTION
METAL LOSS OF U? TO 11S KIE?ATMO SCANS S- AND 10-
..NWM wfAR ARIAS .Ro”m DOWNSTREAM OF llw5 fL80w INDICATED WEAR *ATTfnN CWITINUZS -J-l
BUT %FCOUFS WAOU4UY 1ES5 FVICfNT ● SCAM 8- uPSTRFAN
CIRCUMFSREWF W17H WFIA1
W THIS 61WW l?101CA7f0
A NARROW
!JP10 5%)m TMf 80 C<occmsmcm
8AND W WET*L LOSS W
w

m
*–
1 2 s e ,
V& NUM;RS 4

Fig. 4-%unkfine ultrasonic readings.

Fig. 2-Cycks {on ffow-off flow) per well, Aug. 19S4-June 19S6.
:
 I

ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS VS TIME

Za
la- Tn. AIIEA 7 P7. 7 now 4

s __
z
_ ~g —--.==. =~— lS- TL AFKA 2 P?. S ROW 3
— — _________
m -\
G ‘--\- -_.--e-_===_?~TILIL AREA 4 PT. a SOUTH
5
X24 ‘ “-------- .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...?!. ‘~ ARM 1 ‘T. 5 ‘ow 1
0 —-— -——-
—-—- —-— .—-— 16- Vi Nom 3 P7. e 70P
Z
1-
:22— ——____
s
24- lIL AREA 11 P7. 3 ROW 3
—. —. —. —._. _~:-— __________
—. —._. ._. —. —-. 24 7&, AREA 70 P7. 2 NORTH

20

FLUID VELOCITY VS TIME

~:~~p

> xl.
MAR APR - MAY ‘ JUN JUL

1985

(n Fig. S-Pipe wall thickness measurements. Fig. 7—Plug erosion in pressure control valve.
N
co

Fig. 8-18-in. elbow sea-on showing striations. Fig. 8-Seat rtng er--on in pressure control valve.
 SPE 15764~

@ AREAS OF EROSION

WELD OVERLAY lzzz41 w

IN QOOD -

‘?zl--- SEAT RING

STEM PLUG

:~:
: METAL
! SPRAYED

L
! COATING ET ...., 7S HANGER W/TIW PSR
. (.
e m“, 63.6#, 996/sMf20.a
‘ WELD OVERLAY
~
IN GOOD CONDITION - - 7“, 36#, LOO

Fig. 9-Pressure control valve diagrsm.

.’ 24”, t7#1, X42

I PIPE l.D~
*II
?’ x 4-1/2’ X-OVER

43% Fe
25% s 67% Fe
14% (J 26% Cl
0% Ca
a

67% ~0 96% FO 66% Fe

s 132
38% 20% c1
63% c1 61%Fa 77% Fe
29% Ca 27% S lax c1 163
0% cl

23% Ba
B 6/0”, 63.5P, SOO/8M00.8 26% SI
66% Fe 10% Ga 83% Fe
J 4 1/2” H&NQER IQ*I$
cl loofi
s 12% cl QLM

ill
).<
:.?. ?“, 3S#, LOO
@%Fe
\? 6% Cl
~
.. .. .. . ,.. , f 1/2”, 13.6?, LoO, VAM LINER

Fig. 10-Wall aompletlon-7.ln, X 4%4n, Fig, 12-Scala deposition on tubing wall.

630