Primary source: Secondary source:

1. Guri Cave is perhaps the most [1] Lipuun point was occupied a second
attractive cave on Lipuun Point,
being composed of numerous
chambers and winding
passageways at various levels
which are rich with grotesque
limestone growth -fluted and fan-
like stalactites, stalagmites, and
travertine terraces. The mouth of
the main entrance chamber faces
north east and is approximately 74
level feet above sea level.
time 4000 years ago. For Fox this cave
was “perhaps the most attractive cave
on Lipuun Point”. The main entrance
facing northeast is 75 meters above the
present sea level. It opens into chamber
A. During excavation by the National
Museum in the 1960s, the main trench
revealed several artefacts. Unfortunately,
only a very small part of the assemblage
was retained. The results of the analysis
are based on the industry kept by Fox in
1962

2. Time and Cultural Sequences in [2] Cave in Palawan. Other modified

Guri Cave.-The exploratory
excavations in Guri Cave have
revealed two major periods during
which the cave was utilized by
man: (1) Occupation of the main
entranceway during the early post
Pleistocene period, after the sea
had assumed more or less its
present level. The midden was
formed, it is estimated, during the
period from about 5000 B.C. to
about 2000 B.C. [one C-14 date of
4070±80 B.P. (UCLA 698) was
received for marine shell 60 cm.
below the present surface and (2)
A jar burial assemblages which, as
based upon the present data,
began during the Early Metal Age,
about 300 to 500 B.C., plus others
of a later date.
flakes were analyzed according to the
location, distribution and morphology of
their retouch. The cores were as well
classified based on the degree of
preparation (Fox, 1977). Contrary to
what he stated for the pebble tools, he
tried to apply a functional reflection. For
flaked artefacts, used unmodified flakes
are highlighted first. Their size (length,
width, and thickness), weight but also
the angle of the used edge (blunt,
medium or sharp) and the extent of the
use-wear were examined. Following
Binford’s hypothesis of a general failure
of the first hominids to make
standardized stone tools (Binford and
Binford, 1968) and using ethno-graphic
observations, Fox suggested that the
amorphous character of the Philippines’
lithic material does not reflect any
cultural backwardness but rather the
poor preservation of more sophisticated
equipment made of perishable organic
raw materials.

Primary Source: The Tabon Caves:  Archaeological Explorations and Excavations on

Palawan Island, Philippines by Robert Fox

Authenticity: He is an anthropologist and a leading historian on the pre-Hispanic period in

the Philippines

Provenance: He is the chief anthropologist of the National museum that led the extensive
excavations of the human fossils in the Tabon Caves of Palawan
Secondary Source: The Tabon Caves of Palawan by the National Commission for Culture
and the Arts (NCCA) and a Published research journal posted on science direct about
Philippines and Evolution of prehistoric lithic industries of the Philippines during the
Pleistocene.

Historiography: National Commission for Culture and the Arts is an agency that preserves,
develops, and promote the Philippine arts and culture. The creation of NCCA was based on
the government’s support for cultural development that is highlighted by the R.A. 7356. The
article about the Tabon caves of Palawan was based on the primary source by Robert Fox.

Analysis:

On the first secondary source they cited the primary source and also shares a bit of
information that they know, they also explain how unfortunate that there are only a few
parts of assemblage that was retained. The second secondary source they scrutinized how
the primary source examined the artifacts and shared their own knowledge based on the
primary source gathered data and information. Both of the two secondary source showed
how our knowledge for the past years have grown and that there are still excavations
implemented up until now and with the help of old studies and current functional analysis
we are able to propose chronology of our prehistoric culture and to do further research on
our past.

Sources:

[1] The Tabon Caves of Palawan. (n.d.). Retrieved September 08, 2020, from
https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/prehistory-of-the-
philippines/the-tabon-caves-of-palawan/

[2] Patole-Edoumba, E., Pawlik, A., & Mijares, A. (2011, October 14). Evolution of
prehistoric lithic industries of the Philippines during the Pleistocene. Retrieved September
08, 2020, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631068311001230