PHYSIOLOGY

RISK FACTROS / PREDISPOSING FACTORS

Childbirth - Women who have vaginally delivered bigeminal children have a

advanced chance of having prolapse.

Aging - Your chance of experiencing prolapse expands as you age because you
naturally lose muscle and nerve function as you grow older, causing muscles to
turn stretched or weakened. This is peculiarly true after menopause, when
estrogen - that improves preserve pelvic

Having a hysterectomy - Having your uterus get rid of may lead to weakness in
your pelvic floor.

Genetics - Several women are born with weaker combinational tissues in their
pelvic areas, making them normally more convincible to a cystocele.

Menopause - the depletion of a woman's eggs (ova) and the complete cessation
of the menstrual cycle. Menopause, commonly known as "the change", marks the
end of a woman's ability to conceive children. Menopause is a natural and normal
condition that most women experience as they age. Menopause generally occurs
naturally after the age of about 45.

Urinary tarct infection (UTI) - Some people have structural abnormalities of the
urinary tract that cause urine to stagnate or flow backward into the upper urinary
tract

Collagen diseases - Diseases, such as Marfan's syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos

syndrome, affect proteins that support muscle tissues in the body. This makes
the muscles around your vagina weak and makes you more likely to develop a
cystocele.

Obesity - Weighing more than what is suggested by your caregiver may increase
your risk of having a cystocele.

Straining - The pressure inside your abdomen increases when you strain. This
usually happens with constipation (dry, hard stools), severe coughing, or when
lifting heavy objects.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

A cystocele may not have any signs or symptoms. If signs or symptoms are
present, these may include one or more of the following:

• A soft bulge or lump in your vagina, which may or may not protrude
through the vaginal opening.

• Low back pain that is relieved when you lie down.

• Pain or pressure in your vagina, especially when passing urine or

having sex.

• Pink or red-colored urine.

• Pressure in your abdomen, or feeling that the bladder has not

completely emptied after passing urine.

• Problems with voiding (passing urine), such as difficult, painful, or

frequent voiding, especially at night.

• Urine leaks out when coughing, sneezing, or laughing.

MEDICAL TERMS:

Vaginal buldge - Bulge or protrusion inside the vagina

Urinary incontinence - is a very common condition in which there is involuntary
leakage or a loss of control of the urine
Urine retention - Excessive holding of urine in the body
Urinary frequency - Urinary frequency refers to urinating more often than is
normal
Urine leakage - is a very common condition in which there is involuntary leakage
or a loss of control of the urine
Stress incontinence - The occurrence of incontinence when the bladder is under
stress
 LABORATORY EXAMS
HEMATOLOGY

RESULT NORMAL INTERPRETATION

RBC COUNT 3.80 4.5-5.0 x 10 12 /L Low red blood cell counts are
referred to as anemia and can
be a result of blood loss,
active bleeding, bone marrow
diseaseor excessive red blood
cellbreakdown that is seen in
some immune diseases and
toxin ingestion.

HEMOGLOBIN 114 FEMALE: 120-140g/L Low levels indicate

anemia,bleeding or iron
deficiency.

HEMATOCRIT .35 FEMALE: .38-.47% Low hematocrit indicate

anemia, bone marrow
disorders, blood loss, active
bleeding or excessive red
blood destruction due to toxins
or immune disorders.

WBC COUNT 4.8 5.0-10.0x 10 9/L A person with low white blood
cell count is at higher risk of
bacterial, fungal and viral
infections due to a
compromised immune system.
The infections
ofgastrointestinal system,
lungs, throat and bladder are
are some typical examples of
low white blood cell count
infections.

SEGMENTERS .46 .50-.65

LYMPHOCYTES .45 .25-.35 An increase in the presence of

lymphocytes (lymphocytosis)
is most commonly seen in
response to a viral
infection but can also be seen
in bacterial infection and
allergic conditions.

MONOCYTES .04 .03-.08 NORMAL

EOSINOPHILS .05 .01-.05 NORMAL

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

COMPONENT RESULT NORMAL

FASTING 3.90 3.89-5.84mmol/L
BLOOD
SUGAR
BLOOD UREA 4.2 2.50-8.33mmol/L
NITROGEN
CREATININE 71 53-115umol/L