DCN 3

Network Layer &
Addressing the Network
Network Fundamentals – Chapter 5 & 6
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
 The basic role of the Network Layer in data networks
ITE PC v4.0
Network Layer Protocols
ITE PC v4.0
 The basic characteristics and the role of the IPv4 protocol
 It is the only Layer 3 protocol that is used to carry user
data over the Internet
ITE PC v4.0
 The implications for the use of the IP as it is media
independent
 Source & Destination IP address is added
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 Major header fields in the IPv4 header -Time-to-Live
(TTL) - is an 8-bit binary value that indicates the
remaining "life" of the packet. It prevent endless loop.
ITE PC v4.0
 Key factors to consider when grouping hosts into a
common network
 Geographic location
 Purpose
 Ownership
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 Common issues with large networks are:
 Performance degradation
 Security issues
 Address Management (Broadcast domains)
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 Hierarchical addressing solves the problem of devices
communicating across networks of networks
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 Purpose of further subdividing networks into smaller
networks (/24 – Prefix)
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 The role of an intermediary gateway device in allowing
devices to communicate across sub-divided networks
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Configure Default Gateway address
Confirm it using – ipconfig command
ITE PC v4.0
Routing Table – contains destination network &
next hop address
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 The purpose and use of the destination network in a route
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Default route & gateway address
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 The purpose and use of the next hop in a route – where
the packet will move next
 The router will do one of three things with the packet:
 Forward it to the next-hop router
 Forward it to the destination host
 Drop it
ITE PC v4.0
 The purpose of routing protocols and the need for both
static and dynamic routes
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ITE PC v4.0
Summary
 In IPv4, information used by the router to forward data packets is -
destination network address (network portion)
 Connectionless - destination is not contacted before a packet is sent.
 Use of default gateway – to communicate with other hosts on outside
network.
 When the destination network is not listed in the routing table - The
router discards the packet or forwards the packet out the interface
indicated by the default route entry.
 Default root – 0.0.0.0
 Netstat –r command – used to check gateway add
 Difference between static & dynamic routing
Static used in small network, required NA all the time, require less
bandwidth
Dynamic used in large network, not required NA all the time, require
more bandwidth to circulate packets
ITE PC v4.0
Three types of IPv4 addresses in the network –
Host Add, Broadcast Add & network Add
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 Three types of communication in the Network Layer -
 Unicast -Sending a packet from one host to an individual
host
 Uses destination add as unicast add
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 Broadcast - Sending a packet from one host to all hosts
in the network.
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 Multicast - Sending a packet from one host to a selected
group of hosts
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 The address ranges reserved for these special purposes
in the IPv4 protocol
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Private Addresses & Public addresses
Private address : set aside for use in private networks,

Limited or no Internet access
Public Addresses : Access to Internet
 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)

ITE PC v4.0
ITE PC v4.0
 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the
master holder of the IP addresses
 IPv6 and Multicast address directly obtained by IANA
 IPv4 address by Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
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 Different types of ISPs and their roles in providing
Internet connectivity
 Shifting from one ISP to another.
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 Tier 1 ISP - Directly connected to the Internet backbone.
–Customers - large companies and organizations.
–Advantages – high reliability and speed
–Disadvantage – High Cost
 Tier 2 ISP – Connected to Tier 1

–Customers - business customers
–Advantages – provides more services like website development
–Disadvantage – lower reliability and slow speed than Tier 1
 Tier 3 ISP - Connected to Tier 2

–Customers - retail and home markets in a specific local area.
–Advantages – Good for small size companies, no need of extra
services
–Disadvantage – Low speed and less reliability
ITE PC v4.0
IPv6 Protocol
 Changes made to the IP protocol in IPv6
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 Features -
– Improved packet handling
– Increased scalability and longevity
– QoS mechanisms
– Integrated security
 To provide these features, IPv6 offers:

– 128-bit hierarchical addressing - to expand addressing
– capabilities
– Header format simplification - to improve packet handling
– Improved support for extensions and options - for increased
– scalability/longevity and improved packet handling
– Flow labeling capability - as QoS mechanisms
– Authentication and privacy capabilities - to integrate security
ITE PC v4.0
 The historic method for assigning addresses – by RFC
1700 – Classful and Classless Address
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Address Classes
If the first octet is between
 1-126 it is a Class A address
 128-191 it is a Class B address
 192-223 it is a Class C address
 224-239 it is a Class D address
 240-255 it is a Class E address
127 is reserved for loopback and is used for internal

testing on the local machine
ITE PC v4.0
Prefix
 The prefix length is the number of bits in the address

that gives us the network portion
 Default Subnet mask (calssful subnet mask)

 Class A - 255.0.0.0 /8
 Class B - 255.255.0.0 /16
 Class C - 255.255.255.0 /24
ITE PC v4.0
Example 192.56.32.13 /24
 What class is the address?
C
 What is the default subnet mask?
 255.255.255.0 / 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
 What is the network address?
 192.56.32.0
 What is the broadcast address?
 192.56.32.255
 No of hosts ? 2^8 - 2 = 256 – 2 = 254
ITE PC v4.0
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Subnet Prefix
mask
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 128 /25
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 192 /26
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 224 /27
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 240 /28
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 248 /29
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 252 /30
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 254 /31
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 255 /32
ITE PC v4.0
 Calculating Address – Ex.- 172.16.20.0 /25
 Class - ? Default subnet mask - ?
 Network Address –
0101100.00010000.00010100.00000000
172 . 16 . 20 . 0
 Broad Cast Address –
10101100.00010000.00010100.01111111
172 . 16 . 20 . 127
 First Host Address –
10101100.00010000.00010100.00000001
172 . 16 . 20 . 1
 Last Host Address –
10101100.00010000.00010100.01111110
172 . 16 . 20 . 126
ITE PC v4.0
 Use the VLSM to divide a network into smaller networks
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196.54.34.22
 Borrow 2 bits for the subnet mask

 Number of subnets = 2 number of bits borrowed
 22 = 4 subnets
 Number of hosts per subnet =

 2 # host bits - # bits borrowed = 2 8-2
 26 = 64 (also called the range)
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 Extract network addresses from host addresses using
the subnet mask
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Calculating Addresses
 Calculate the number of hosts in a network range given
an address and subnet mask
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Testing the Network Layer
 Use ping to verify that a local host can communicate
with a gateway across a local area network
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 Use ping to verify that a local host can communicate via
a gateway to a device in remote network
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 Use tracert / traceroute to observe the path between
two devices as they communicate and trace the steps
of tracert / traceroute's operation
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Calculate ?
1. Class
2. Default Subnet
3. Classless Subnet
4. Number of Networks
5. Block Size
6. Number of Usable Hosts per Network
7. Network Address
8. Broadcast Address
9. Next Network Address
10. First Host IP Address
11. Last Host IP Address
ITE PC v4.0
Example - 1
 Given IP Address -
–10.10.10.40
 Given Prefix -
–/27
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Step 1- Class
 1-126 it is a Class A address

 128-191 it is a Class B address
 192-223 it is a Class C address
 224-239 it is a Class D address
 240-255 it is a Class E address
________________________________
 Answer -
–10.10.10.40 - Class A Address
ITE PC v4.0
Step 2 – Default Subnet
 Class A - 255.0.0.0
 Class B - 255.255.0.0
 Class C - 255.255.255.0
_______________________________
 Answer -
–For - 10.10.10.40
–Default Subnet is - 255.0.0.0
ITE PC v4.0
Step 3 – Classless Subnet
 Calculate Binary of given prefix – /27

11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
8 + 8 + 8 + 3 = 27 bits ON
 Convert it into Decimal-

255 . 255 . 255 . 224
_______________________________________
 Answer –
Classless Subnet mask - 255.255.255.224
ITE PC v4.0
Step 4 - Number of Sub Networks
 No. of Networks = 2^n

•Where n is No. of bits borrowed
 No. of bits borrowed = 11100000 = 3

•2^3 = 8
_______________________________
 Answer –
–Number of Sub Networks = 8
ITE PC v4.0
Step 5 – Block Size
Default subnet mask – Classless subnet mask
255.255.255.256
- 255.255.255.224 (Subnet mask of /27)
------------------------
0.0.0.32
_______________________________
 Answer –
–Block Size = 0.0.0.32
ITE PC v4.0
Step 6 – Total Number of Usable Hosts
 2 ^ (Total Host bits) - 2

–= 2 ^ 5 - 2
–= 32 – 2
–= 30
_______________________________
 Answer –
–Total Number of Usable Hosts = 30
ITE PC v4.0
Step 7 – Network Address
 Use ANDing method

1. Convert IP Add to Binary
2. Convert Subnet mask to Binary
3. Use AND operation
4. Convert answer into decimal
– IP address : 00001010.00001010.00001010.00101000
– Subnet mask : 11111111.11111111.11111111.1110000
– AND -----------------------------------------------------------
– Network address : 00001010.00001010.00001010.00100000

– Decimal Format: 10.10.10.32
_______________________________
 Answer –
– Network Address = 10.10.10.32
ITE PC v4.0
Step 8 - Broadcast Address
 Network Add + Block size - 1
 10.10.10.32 + 0.0.0.32 - 1
 = 10.10.10.63
 Answer –
–Broadcast Address = 10.10.10.63
ITE PC v4.0
Step 8 - Broadcast Address
 Use XOR method

Convert IP Add to Binary
Convert Subnet mask to Binary
Invert Binary Subnet mask
Use XOR operation
Convert answer into decimal
– IP address : 00001010.00001010.00001010.00101000
– Inverted Subnet mask : 00000000.00000000.00000000.00011111
– XOR --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
– Network address : 00001010.00001010.00001010.00111111
– Decimal Format : 10.10.10.63
______________________________________
 Answer –
–Broadcast Address = 10.10.10.63
ITE PC v4.0
Step 10 – First Host IP Address
 First Host IP Add = Network Address + 1

 = 10.10.10.32 + 1
 = 10.10.10.33
____________________________________
 Answer –
–First Host IP Address = 10.10.10.33
ITE PC v4.0
Step 10 – Last Host IP Address
 Last Host IP Add = Broadcast Address - 1

 = 10.10.10.63 - 1
 = 10.10.10.62
____________________________________
 Answer –
–Last Host IP Address = 10.10.10.62
ITE PC v4.0
Step 9 – Next Network Address
Next Network Add = Network add + Block Size

= Broadcast Add + 1
 = 10.10.10.32 + 0.0.0.32
 = 10.10.10.64
____________________________________
 Answer –
–Next Network Address = 10.10.10.64
ITE PC v4.0
ITE PC v4.0

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Network Layer &

Addressing the Network

Network Fundamentals – Chapter 5 & 6

 Source & Destination IP address is added

Private address : set aside for use in private networks,

 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)

 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)

 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)

 Tier 2 ISP – Connected to Tier 1

 Tier 3 ISP - Connected to Tier 2

 To provide these features, IPv6 offers:

127 is reserved for loopback and is used for internal

 The prefix length is the number of bits in the address

 Default Subnet mask (calssful subnet mask)

 Borrow 2 bits for the subnet mask

 Number of hosts per subnet =

 1-126 it is a Class A address

 Calculate Binary of given prefix – /27

 Convert it into Decimal-

 No. of Networks = 2^n

 No. of bits borrowed = 11100000 = 3

Default subnet mask – Classless subnet mask

 2 ^ (Total Host bits) - 2

 Use ANDing method

– Network address : 00001010.00001010.00001010.00100000

 Network Add + Block size - 1

 Use XOR method

 First Host IP Add = Network Address + 1

 Last Host IP Add = Broadcast Address - 1

Next Network Add = Network add + Block Size

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