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Electric Circuits
Complicated Interconnections
Need techniques to simplify the circuit
Then Apply circuits’ Laws
Resistors in Series
vs is ( R1 R2 R3 ... R7 )
vs is Req
Req R1 R2 R3 ... R7
Resistors in Parallel
+
If Vk is in the opposite direction, put a Rn vn
–
negative sign in the voltage divider rule
Voltage Divider Rule (Example I)
Determine Vo ?
Reduce complexity of circuit
Apply voltage divider rule
vo ( R2 || RL )
vS R1 ( R2 || RL )
Voltage Divider Rule
Determine Vk ?
KCL is satisfied by having a common current i
through all the resistors
+
From Ohm’s law: i R1 v1
vk = iRk and vSCR = (R1+ R2+…+Rk)i –
+
R2 v2
Substitute –
+
vSRC +
–
vk Rk
Rk vk
v SRC R1 R2 ... Rk ... Rn –
+
If Vk is in the opposite direction, put a Rn vn
–
negative sign in the voltage divider rule
Voltage Divider Rule (Example II)
Determine V2 and V1 ?
Reduce complexity of circuit
• (15//3) series with (9//45)
Apply voltage divider rule
Current Divider Rule
Determine i1 ?
KVL is satisfied in every loop
v= v1=v2
From Ohm’s law:
v = i1R1 and v = i2R2
Find Req
R1 R2
v is Req is
R1 R2
Substitute
R2 R1
i1 is i2 is
R1 R2 R1 R2
v
ij
Rj
Req (//)
ij i
Rj
If ij is in the opposite direction, put a negative sign in the
current divider rule
Current Divider Rule (Example I)
Determine i2?
Current and Voltage Divider
(Examples)
Determine P dissipated in the 6Ω resistor ?
Find vo = 20V
Find i in the 30Ω resistor , 166.67mA
Find power in the 50Ω resistor 347mW
Practical Perspective
Model a window defroster
l
R
A
Measuring DC Voltage and Current
DC: Direct Current
All sources we studied before: dependent and independent
Measuring Devices
Ammeters: An ammeter is an instrument that measures
current through a circuit element when inserted in series with
that element
VSRC + c
b A
– I=0
R3 Rx
Measuring Resistance- Wheatstone Bridge:
Operation Principle
If bc is open circuited, then from voltage division
Rx a
Vcd V
Rx R2 R1
R2
R3
Vbd V +
R1 R3
VSRC b A c
– I=0
Substitute d
Rx R3
Rx R2 R1 R3
R1Rx R2R3 Rx
R2
R3
R1
Delta-to-Wye Transformation
?
Delta-to-Wye Transformation
Find Req
Delta-to-Wye Transformation
Also referred to as Pi-to-Tee equivalent
Delta-to-Wye Transformation
Delta (pie) Connection
Rc ( Ra Rb ) Rb ( Rc Ra )
Rab R1 R2 Rca R1 R3
Ra Rb Rc Ra Rb Rc
Ra ( Rb Rc )
Rbc R2 R3
Ra Rb Rc
Delta-to-Wye Transformation
∆ to Y Rc Y to ∆
a b
R1
R2
R3
Rb Ra
c
Delta-to-Wye Transformation (Example I)
Find the current and power supplied by the 40 V in the circuit
Delta-to-Wye Transformation (Example II)
Find v