PHILOSOPHY

SENSITIVITY CHECK

1. Juan Tamad Poster – It tells the story of a young man whose attitude is completely eaten by
laziness. Like what the story depicts, when doing a job out of idleness we can’t expect to achieve
our desired goals.
Yin-yang symbol – yin and yang represent each opposing elements as a complementary to one
another. It is balance of everything which consist of both negative and positive sides that in
order to live a life it is normal to have weaknesses along with our strength.
The thinker statue – It thoroughly represent philosophy where a man contemplating deeply to
grasp the idea he is trying to extract, with his position signifying a serious position of a real
thinker.
Lotus Flower – It means that no matter how dark the path that we came from, there will be a
time life enlightens itself. No matter how dirty we are in the eyes of other, we can’t exclude the
fact that there’s a beauty lies within us.

2. Juan Tamad - One of the more infamous characters in Philippine literature is the Picaresque
Juan Tamad. Juan, whose moniker is Filipino for ‘lazy,’ is a young man who tends to get in
trouble for corner-cutting ploys.
Yin-yang symbol - The ubiquitous yin-yang symbol holds its roots in Taoism/Daoism, a Chinese
religion and philosophy. The yin, the dark swirl, is associated with shadows, femininity, and the
trough of a wave; the yang, the light swirl, represents brightness, passion and growth
The Thinker Statue - The statue is a symbol of human existence. Clearly visible from the look on
his face and sitting position, the statue seemed to express the whole human identity as a whole.
The depiction of the statue is really a depiction of the existence of every human being, which
tends to think while supporting his chin.
Lotus Flower - It is a symbol of purity, enlightenment, self-regeneration and rebirth. Its
characteristics are a perfect analogy for the human condition: even when its roots are in the
dirtiest waters, the Lotus produces the most beautiful flower.

3. There were many stereotypes about Filipino Values, some commonly known are the hospitality,
strong religious belief, and respect. This are not just self-proclaimed because we can also hear
this impression from the mouth of our foreigner visitors. These are the reason why they feel like
coming back again in our country because of how we show them our values that are positively
described by the different ethnicities. Despite it, we are also known for some negative behaviour
like the crab mentality and Fatalism. Crab mentality is when letting others down, instead of
rising together just for their own sake. While Fatalism is just letting things happen the way it is if
it will come on our way even though it may cause an unwanted impact to us.

4. Holism is when we overview the understanding of a thing as a whole. It is important to include

all parts of a subject in the process of our evaluation as it is believe that some parts will not
function without the cooperation of others. Just like in the field of medicine, when treating a
patient, we must have the knowledge of the whole human body in order to find the cause of its
illness occurrence.
MEANING

Branches of Philosophy

 Metaphysics - examines the fundamental nature of reality, including the relationship between
mind and matter, between substance and attribute, and between potentiality and actuality.
 Ethics -"involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong
behavior". The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concerns matters of value, and thus
comprises the branch of philosophy called axiology.
 Epistemology- the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge. The
term is derived from the Greek epistēmē (“knowledge”) and logos (“reason”), and accordingly
the field is sometimes referred to as the theory of knowledge.
 Logic - concerns questions about reference, predication, identity, truth, quantification,
existence, entailment, modality, and necessity. Philosophical logic is the application of formal
logical techniques to philosophical problems.
 Aesthetics - is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and appreciation of art,
beauty and good taste. It has also been defined as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature".
The word "aesthetics" derives from the Greek "aisthetikos", meaning "of sense perception".

Special Branches of Philosophy

 Philosophy of Science - branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and
implications of science. The central questions of this study concern what qualifies as science, the
reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose of science.
 Philosophy of State - the political institution in which sovereignty is embodied. An assemblage of
states forms a sovereign states system. The history of sovereignty can be understood through
two broad movements, manifested in both practical institutions and political thought.
 Philosophy of Politics - Political philosophy, also known as political theory, is the study of topics
such as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of laws by authority:
what they are, if they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what rights and
freedoms it should protect, what form it should take, what the law is, and what duties citizens
owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.
 Philosophy of Mathematics - branch of philosophy that studies the assumptions, foundations,
and implications of mathematics. It aims to understand the nature and methods of
mathematics, and find out the place of mathematics in people's lives.
 Philosophy of Education - examines the goals, forms, methods, and meaning of education. The
term is used to describe both fundamental philosophical analysis of these themes and the
description and analysis of particular pedagogical approaches.
 Philosophy of Law - branch of philosophy that examines the nature of law and law's relationship
to other systems of norms, especially ethics and political philosophy. It asks questions like "What
 is law?", "What are the criteria for legal validity?", and "What is the relationship between law
and morality?"
 Philosophy of Language - investigates the nature of language, the relations between language,
language users, and the world. Investigations may include inquiry into the nature of meaning,
intentionality, reference, the constitution of sentences, concepts, learning, and thought.

TASK 1

1. Philosophy is a concept which study the logical reason of the existence, knowledge and values
behind all beings. It doesn’t limit by what just our senses can observe, it needs an analytical
thinking to deliberately understand a situation. It also balances the common stereotypes about
the negative side of any concern.
2. Business – Business leaders focused on building a positive corporate culture build their
philosophy from the mission statement and on the company's code of ethics. Philosophy refers
to a basic or core belief that starts with an individual and then expands to a group that is
working together. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-business-philosophy-
37798.html#:~:text=Business%20leaders%20focused%20on%20building,group%20that%20is
%20working%20together.

Findings: To successfully run a business, and as a leader one must obtain philosophical knowledge since
business is like a gamble, within just a little miscalculation, everything will turn into
sudden downfall. In handling business the concept of holism is crucial, all its constituent
must be carefully measured so that if error exist, we will construct concept that will be
connected to the wholeness of the business.

Schools - Philosophy helps teachers to reflect on key issues and concepts in education, usually
through such questions as: What is being educated? What is the good life? What is knowledge?
What is the nature of learning? And what is teaching? Your educational philosophy is your
beliefs about why, what and how you teach, whom you teach, and about the nature of learning.
It is a set of principles that guides professional action through the events and issues teachers
face daily.
https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/ed416/PP1.html

Findings: Philosophy in education must be a skill teachers initially must have before the students
because they are the one who imply the students the knowledge they need when in school. To achieved
their responsibility, they must sharpen and widen their consciousness and positive mindset .

Movies -

"Philosophy of Film" is often used to describe a few different kinds of work. Two are most
important. We should distinguish between philosophy in or through film, and the philosophy
of or about film. When one does philosophy through film, one seeks to either illuminate
 some philosophical idea or to make progress on some philosophical issue through a
discussion of a movie. One might even attribute the philosophical work to the film. We might
call this philosophy in film. In contrast, the philosophy of film is the philosophy about film.  It
asks about the nature of film, our experience of it, how it works its magic on us, and what
limitations it might have. The analytic philosophy of film is principally issue driven.

Findings: Applying philosophy in the story line of a movie makes it more interesting for the
viewers. Just like when I watch movies, I want it to be a little confusing because it makes my
attention more fund on the scene and can’t help but construct a theories of my own thus it is
what makes a movie marvellous.

TASK 2

Reading Comprehension

1. As what being described in the story of Plato, real world are where things behind what our eyes
can detect lies. It is where light illuminates objects to see clearer its real form, we achieved real
world if we won’t limit our beliefs to what only we have seen. While world of appearance is
when people only settle by those what their eyes have meet. It’s much more on describing
rather that philosophically understanding.
2. Shadow represents the partial meaning of things, people usually tend to believe by the opposite
of the reality when there’s no evidence offered to them then they’ll stick to their customary
reasoning. The light of the sun is the factor that help us see the reality of the world, when put in
real life, it is when some eye-opening situation happens and reveal the valuable point of view of
a thing. Sight is when we look at anywhere want to look, to any angles and directions, it’s when
we witness things that make us believe a certain concept. While eyes correlates with the sight,
eye is important for viewing the scenario around us, what have seen by our eyes is what deliver
messages to our brain, essential for thinking and deciding.
3. It was Russell's contention that this type of thought robs philosophic contemplation of its value
"since it fetters contemplation to Self." According to him, As soon as we begin to philosophize …
we find … that even the most everyday things lead to problems to which only very incomplete
answers can be given.”
4. Socrates explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes
to understand that the shadows on the wall are not reality at all. A philosopher aims to
understand and perceive the higher levels of reality.
5. Those who have highest level of knowledge are people who experienced to be trapped by a
circumstances and has been able to free themselves from the false realization of life. They who
have experiences of both sides have the knowledge to know more and open more things in this
world.
GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. The most highlighted virtues of Socrates are justice, wisdom, courage, and moderation.
2. The philosophical study of knowledge is called epistemology. The term "knowledge" can refer to
a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or
expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); formal or informal;
systematic or particular.
3. Knowledge become wisdom when it’s applied with a right decision. If we know what would be
the negative and positive result it may bring if we’re trying to choose sides. So wisdom is the
ethical way of using our obtained knowledge.
4. Courage is need every time and anywhere as it’s the driving force for us to follow our thoughts
and mind. If we don’t have this value, we can’t show our real self of who we really are. I lost
many opportunities because of my cowardice then I later be realizing how I missed the things
that I really want to do. If we’re also planning to share our knowledge to others we must have
the courage because we can’t expect someone to not mock us since everyone might have
different prospect in life.

In the Allegory of the Cave of Plato, it shows a two different world within two quantities of people.
Those who were in trapped in the cave were being limit by the image the just see in a shadow cast by
the thi ngs that passes behind their back and so they become ignorant of what really the picture of
reality is. Based on this story, the value that I want to live in this world is the openness to learn things
beyond the things I just witnessed through my eyes. I will never be contented of what just the things
that comes across in front of me because to in order to achieve satisfaction and happiness we need to
find on our own the meaning of the things that exist in this world. Patience might also be one of the
values as like those imprisoned in the cave they waited for a time for them to be untied. Let us not also
judged others who explain what they believed because sometimes those who were laughed about are
the one who really experience things that we haven’t discovered yet. I believe that we must not stop
building curiosity in our minds as once we find the answer behind it, it will give us another dimension of
life and new perspective of how we perceive the world.

1st pic: Plato

2nd pic: Aistotle

3rd pic: Socrates

Who is Du Buis?

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868–1963) believed that his life acquired its only deep significance
through its participation in what he called “the Negro problem,” or, later, “the race problem.” Whether
that is true or not, it is difficult to think of anyone, at any time, who examined the race problem in its
many aspects more profoundly, extensively, and subtly than W.E.B. Du Bois. Du Bois was an activist and
a journalist, a historian and a sociologist, a novelist, a critic, and a philosopher—but it is the race
problem that unifies his work in these many domains. Du Bois contributes to our specifically
philosophical understanding of race and the race problem, because he treats these themes as objects of
philosophical consideration—indeed, it is largely through an engagement with Du Bois’s work that many
contemporary philosophers have come to appreciate race and race-related concerns as fruitful topics of
philosophical reflection. Through his work in social philosophy, political philosophy, and the philosophy
of art, Du Bois, for all intents and purposes, invented the field of philosophy and race, thereby unsettling
and revising our views of the proper scope and aims of philosophical inquiry.

1. Everyone can have as much freedom as they want to as long as it can’t negatively put others in
harm.
2. No one can decide how much freedom an individual must since God made us equally and we
have fair rights in this world. But if we talk about freedom today, no matter how strongly we
want to be free it still depends to the people around us if they won’t be a barrier for us.

1. White people oppressed black people maybe because they’re not used to their skin colours
as nothing in common to them. They may be associates their colours being black to an
attitude of darkness as well thus that makes the reason why they’re trying to keep distance
themselves to black people.
2. But according to Booker T. Washington, Black people must let them oppressed their race
and just wait until they realize what goods they may contribute to the society, that black
people can prove to them that they’re not worth to be a victim of racism.
3. Black people were now awaken to the fact that there’s nothing to prove for worthiness of a
person because we’re all human and we’re obligated to respect one another. Everyone must
have the right to be respected no matter where they came from, what their skin colours are
or what races they belong.

Is death penalty justifiable for us?

TASK 3

According to what I’ve read about the thought of Socrates, a human must live with a virtue together
with acknowledging wisdom which is the true knowledge in a person. It is said that with these present in
ourselves we can find a real happiness. The virtue is our basis to have a high moral standards and in
order to obtain wisdom we must follow a proper principle of using our knowledge in a right way. When
people around don’t have virtue, then definitely our world would be in chaos, we can’t grasp better
understanding in life as it is just like we’re consuming our time for nothing special. We’ll know if we have
wisdom by looking at our environment as it depicts to wherever place we go. If we perceive peacefully
environment with an approachable and non-toxic people then we surely have what a right thing must
be. To have an interesting world, people who lives there must all be righteously interesting as well which
follows God loves for us.

TASK 4

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) was a moral and political philosopher whose analysis of the condition
of women in modern society retains much of its original radicalism. One of the reasons her
pronouncements on the subject remain challenging is that her reflections on the status of the female
sex were part of an attempt to come to a comprehensive understanding of human relations within a
civilization increasingly governed by acquisitiveness and consumption. Her first publication was on the
education of daughters; she went on to write about politics, history and various aspects of philosophy in
a number of different genres that included critical reviews, translations, pamphlets, and novels. Best
known for her Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), her influence went beyond the substantial
contribution to feminism she is mostly remembered for and extended to shaping the art of travel writing
as a literary genre and, through her account of her journey through Scandinavia, she had an impact on
the Romantic movement.

On her most notable note she indicated that women must have the same dignity and respect as what
man has gained. She highlighted that women must have fair education and be part of any societal
position, women can do what men can if given the privilege so, it will benefit not only themselves but
the society as well. I do agree Mary’s point of view, like my mother she can do anything because she’s
full of dedication, women are serious about their responsibilities that’s why they’re an essential portion
and contribution to the proper formation of our community.

TASK 5

Alan Turing was a British scientist and a pioneer in computer science. During World War II, he developed
a machine that helped break the German Enigma code. He also laid the groundwork for modern
computing and theorized about artificial intelligence.

An openly gay man during a time when homosexual acts were illegal in Britain, Turing committed suicide
after begin convicted of "gross indecency" and sentenced to a procedure some call "chemical castration."
He has since become a martyred hero of the gay community. In late 2013, nearly 60 years after his
death, Queen Elizabeth II formally pardoned him.

Gross indecency

Turing had never been secretive about his homosexuality. He was outspoken and exuberant about his
lifestyle, openly taking male lovers. When police discovered his sexual relationship with a young man, he
was arrested and came to trial in 1952. Turing never denied or defended his actions, instead asserting
that there was nothing wrong with what he did. The courts disagreed, and Turing was convicted of gross
indecency. In order to avoid prison, Turing had to agree to undergo a series of estrogen injections.
[Countdown: 10 Milestones in Gay Rights History]

He continued his work in quantum physics and in cryptanalytics, but known homosexuals were ineligible
for security clearance. Bitter over being turned away from the field he had revolutionized, Turing
committed suicide in 1954 by ingesting cyanide.
In 2009, Prime Minister Gordon Brown publicly apologized for how the scientist was treated. And in
December 2013, Queen Elizabeth II formally pardoned Turing. A British government statement said,
"Turing was an exceptional man with a brilliant mind" who "deserves to be remembered and recognized
for his fantastic contribution to the war effort and his legacy to science."

Alan Turing quotes

Advertisement

"We can only see a short distance ahead, but we can see plenty there that needs to be done."

"I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered
so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted."

"Mathematical reasoning may be regarded rather schematically as the exercise of a combination of two
facilities, which we may call intuition and ingenuity."

TASK 6

Western Philosophy

They focused on the ideas in parts rather than the whole idea.

There has to be a beginning and end to find meaning. Linear as it seems, Western philosophy is logical,
scientific, and ration

Outer-world dependent

Life is a service (to the God, money, business, etc.)

Eastern Philosophy

Focus to look to an idea as a whole

East’s concept is eternal and recurring.

Eastern philosophy is also more about the spiritual

Inner-world dependent

Life is a journey towards eternal realities that are beyond the realities that surround us
Western and eastern philosophy

Western Existentialism is similar to Taoism and Western Hermeticism is similar to Hinduism

Both philosophies center on virtues

TASK 7

1. Utang na loob is a debt in gratitude towards person. It’s when someone have assist you in a case
that’s so important for you to solve but cannot be done easily by yourself. You will be in debt to
or owes a person who have helped you.
2. Its advantage is that it builds unity to people and we can practice how to help others even
known or stranger to us. Our works can be finished easily because of the presence of one
another. Its disadvantages is that one might use this as a blackmail to you to follow their
commands even though it’s morally incorrect thus someone might forcefully involve themselves
because of what that person have contributed to us in the previous. You’ll guilt either what
you’re going to choose.
3. Philippine is a 3rd world country thus when our neighbourhood are in need especially in times of
crisis and calamity Filipino people are stressing to act of Bayanihan, it is the concept of one for
all, and all for one. It’s one of the example of holism, in fighting life we must be with each other’s
arm for a faster recovery of our nation. One thing is that Filipinos believe that whatever good
we’re giving to others will be paid back to you someday by God’s blessing.
4. If we grow as a citizen of the Philippines we will be used to our traditions or values as of a
Filipino thus without it we will be dissatisfied because that’s the practice that we’ve grown up
with. Just like during meal, without rice we will not be full contented because for us rice is the
food and the other dishes is just for adding and complementing the flavour.

TASK 8

1. B. Yes. Because no matter how many pennies you’ll get in your job if it isn’t what really fits you,
doesn’t make you completely happy at all. A calling may be coming from god, he is sending us a
signal of the path we should take where we could clearly see our purpose in life. Life is for giving
other, if our work signify our responsibility that can help great number of people, then this what
makes life meaning in accordance to the concept of Holism.
2. Earth Hour bring a positive impact on our environment, it saves up energy usage and can reduce
the progression of global warming. While everywhere is dark, people think of anything they can
do instead of sitting lonely, they think of how will they can fade their boredom away with a
candle in a lit that serves as their light source and as what I’ve watch people are happily bonding
with each other, you can feel the peacefulness of the surroundings when there’s no electricity
that powers up to any mechanical devices.

Assessment
A.

1. Logic
2. Loob -----
3. Ethics
https://www.coursehero.com/file/62895199/etechphilodocx/

4. Aesthetics
5. Love
6. Metaphysics

7-10. JUSTICE -The idea of justice occupies centre stage both in ethics, and in legal and political
philosophy. We apply it to individual actions, to laws, and to public policies, and we think in each
case that if they are unjust this is a strong, maybe even conclusive, reason to reject them.

EX: Mary may believe, for example, that Tom’s lending her his coat when she was cold was good or
generous—but it was an act of beneficence, not of justice. Similarily, if someone states that a certain
person or act is immoral or wrong, he or she does not necessarily mean that it is unjust. Tom may be
deliberately rude to his employees, and he may show callous disregard for the suffering of a poor
man whom he could easily help—but although he acts immorally in both instances, he may perhaps
ease his conscience by reminding himself that at least he did not act unjustly. The point here is
simply that justice is not the whole of morality, it is only one part of it

UTILITARIANISM - Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on
outcomes. It is a form of consequentialism. If you act ethically according to utilitarianism, you’re not
maximizing your happiness, but the total happiness of the whole human race.

EX - For example, if you are choosing ice cream for yourself, the utilitarian view is that you should
choose the flavor that will give you the most pleasure.

Ex2 - Imagine there is a trolley heading toward a group of 5 workers on the tracks. You are sitting in
a control center several miles away, and you have a button that can switch the trolley onto another
track where there’s only 1 worker. If you flip the switch, one person will die. If you do nothing, 5
people will die. Should you flip the switch?

In surveys, most people in America and Britain say yes. 1 death is better than 5 deaths, so if you
have to choose, you should try to minimize the loss of life by flipping the switch. This is an example
of utilitarian reasoning, and the survey results show that this school of thought is popular in British
and American culture. (In other cultures, people think about the problem differently.)

https://www.slideshare.net/smagg01/ethical-theories-46047004
B.

1. Holism is an understanding and focusing to a concept as a whole, in order to fully comprehend a

situation other components must be included as it implies that a thing is connected to others thus a
result of something might be an influence of a thing that correlates to it. It’s like finding meaning to
life all together and so in society we won’t be acting and thinking of ourselves but be considerate to
others as well. This idea is believed by the Eastern Philosophers. On the other hand, partial
philosophy coordinates Individualism, instead of connecting as a whole, it only look at a part of a
whole. It find the reason of everything with just a single entity, it only find the very root which is the
main source and this is mainly believed by the western philosophers.

2. In Business, one can’t be successful if tempt by greediness, we seek for money for it can bring lot
of changes in our life since we can earn the things that a man needed to survive, however if not
used properly money can generate evilness. Many company has undergone bankruptcy due to
financial scams and fraud. The lesser the negative impact to your fellow, the more you embody
goodness. If you embezzle funds own by the company you think of good beneficiary only for your
own physical status in life yet it doesn’t help you become the appreciable in the eyes of the
majority. In order to settle this kind of issue , there must be a process that would be done in the
appellate court, there you’ll face the consequences of your decision based on the systematic law of
our country thus you will be charged depending on the scale of your violations.