IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, VOL. 63, NO.
12, DECEMBER 2016
Extraction of Maximum Power From a PV Array
Under Nonuniform Irradiation Conditions
Himanshu Sekhar Sahu, Student Member, IEEE, and Sisir Kumar Nayak, Member, IEEE
Abstract— In this paper, a generalized algorithm for the
physical relocation of the modules with a fixed electrical con-
nection (PRM-FEC) in total cross tied (TCT) configuration of an
m × n (where m and n are the number of rows and columns)
photovoltaic array is presented for digit m that is either odd
or even number. This rearrangement of the TCT configuration
distributes the shadows over the array, and hence, it increases the
power output of an array under partial shading conditions. The
proposed scheme is simple and cost effective. The comparison
of power generated by an array with the TCT, electrical array
reconfiguration, and the PRM-FEC configuration is performed
with MATLAB simulation and also the simulation results are
validated with experimental results. The performance of the
PRM-FEC configuration is superior to the TCT configuration.
Index Terms— Partial shading conditions (PSC), photo-
voltaic (PV) array, power improvement.
I. I NTRODUCTION
P ARTIAL shading (PS) of a photovoltaic (PV) array occurs
due to shadows of nearby trees or houses, moving clouds,
and deposition of sand or dust on the modules. The mismatch
loss occurs between the PV module parameters under PS con-
ditions (PSC), because different intensities of solar irradiance
are received by the modules. Hence, the power generated by
an array decreases under PSC. The power–voltage (P–V )
characteristics of an array under PSC contain multiple
peaks [1]. Different maximum power point (MPP) tracking
methods for tracking local MPP [2] and global MPP [3]–[6]
of a PV array have been proposed.
PV array topology is classified into four different types, such
as series–parallel, honey comb, bridge link, and total cross
tied (TCT) [7]. The TCT configuration of an array generates
more output power than the other three configurations under
PSC [8], [9]. The power electronics equalizer (PEE) has been
proposed for the elimination of multiple peaks in the P–V
characteristics of an array under PSC, and hence, there is an
improvement in the generated power of an array [10]. But,
the implementation of PEE in a large-scale PV farm needs
lots of switches and sensors and a control algorithm. Electrical
array reconfiguration (EAR) technique is used to enhance the
generated power output of a PV array in PSC [11]–[13]. In the
Manuscript received June 12, 2016; revised August 29, 2016; accepted
October 6, 2016. Date of publication October 27, 2016; date of current
version November 22, 2016. The review of this paper was arranged by Editor
A. G. Aberle.
The authors are with the Department of Electronics and Elec-
trical Engineering, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India (e-mail:
himanshu.sahu@iitg.ernet.in; sknayak@iitg.ernet.in).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TED.2016.2616580
0018-9383 © 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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4825
Fig. 1. Electrical circuit of the PV module [15].
EAR technique, electrical connection (EC) of the PV modules
is altered in accordance with the PSC. Thus, implementing
a large-scale PV farm under PSC needs lots of switches and
sensors to alter the EC of the modules.
To overcome the aforementioned limitations, a Futoshiki
configuration of a PV array is proposed to improve the power
generation under PSC and the rearrangement of the TCT
configuration of an m × n (where m and n are the number
of rows and columns) PV array is carried out for m = n
only [14]. But, the Futoshiki configuration of a PV array is
not applicable for m = n. However, in the present analysis,
a new approach for the physical relocation of the modules
with a fixed EC (PRM-FEC) of the TCT configuration of an
m × n (m = n and m = n) array is proposed for digit m
that is either odd or even number. This provides a generalized
algorithm of the proposed method for the rearrangement of
row position of an m ×n PV array. A comparison of the PRM-
FEC configuration with different existing configurations, such
as TCT and EAR of an m × n ( m = 7 and n = 5) array
in different shading patterns is carried out. In the PRM-FEC
configuration, the physical position of the modules in an array
is altered only once at the time of the installation without
altering the EC of the modules, and hence, lot of switches,
sensors, and a control algorithm are not required for the real-
time implementation of the present method in a large-scale
PV farm. This configuration distributes the shadows over the
PV array and which ensure that there is a remarkable power
improvement of a PV array under PSC.
II. D IFFERENT C ONFIGURATIONS OF S OLAR PV A RRAY
An electrical circuit of single diode model PV module
shown in Fig. 1 is expressed as
   
Vpv + Im Rs Vpv + Im Rs
Im = Iph − Io exp −1 −
Ns Vt Rsh
(1)
where Im , Iph , Io , Vpv , Ns , Vt , Rs , and Rsh are the mod-
ule current, photo current, saturation current, output voltage,
4826 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, VOL. 63, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2016

PRM-FEC configuration. So
⎡ ⎤
1 1 .. 1
⎢2 2 .. 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
A(i, ) = ⎢
⎢ .. .. .. .. ⎥
⎥. (5)
⎣ .. .. .. .. ⎦
m m.. .. m
The rearrangement of the PV modules in an array under
PSC depends on the row length of an array, such as m
is odd or even number. For m = odd number, the PRM-
FEC configuration of a PV array is achieved by using the
following steps.
1) If m is an odd number, the positions of the PV modules
Fig. 2. (a) TCT and (b) PRM-FEC configuration of a PV array. in j = 2 are arranged by adding k with the row position
for j = 1 as follows:
⎡ ⎤
k+1 2
series-connected cells, junction thermal voltage, series, and ⎢k + 2 2⎥
shunt resistances, respectively. ⎢ ⎥
A(i, 2) = ⎢
⎢ .. ⎥
⎥ (6)
⎣ .. ⎦
A. TCT Configuration of an Array k +m 2
where k = m/2.
A 7 × 5 PV array with TCT configuration, as shown in
If k + i (i = 1, 2, ....., m) > m, k + i will be replaced
Fig. 2(a), is considered in this paper. The generated current
by k + i − m.
from a PV module varies linearly with solar irradiation G [14]
2) The positions of the PV modules in j = 3 will be
and is given as
obtained by adding k with the row position of an array
I = K Im = (G/G STC ) × Im (2) for j = 2.
3) Similarly, the row positions of an array for j =
where Im is the module current at standard test condition 3, 4, . . . , n are obtained.
(STC), i.e., solar irradiation G STC = 1000 W/m2 and tem- For m = even number, the PRM-FEC configuration of a PV
perature = 25◦ C. The voltage of the array is given as follows: array is obtained by using the following steps.
1) The positions of the modules in an array for j = 2 are

7
obtained in the similar way, as explained in step 1 for
V = Vmx (3) m = odd number.
x=1 2) The positions of the modules in an array for j = 3 are
where Vmx is the xth row voltage of an array. obtained by adding k − 1 with modified row position for
j = 2 to avoid the repetition of the modules position
with j = 1.
B. PRM-FEC Configuration of an Array 3) For obtaining the next cln of an array, step 2 will be
continued until there is no repetition of the module
The prime objective of the PRM-FEC configuration is to position with the earlier modified cln. If there is a
distribute shadows over the array under PSC by arranging the repetition, then repeat the procedure of step 1 to obtain
row position of an m × n array using digits 1 to m followed the module position in the next cln and so on.
by the algorithm, as shown in Fig. 3. The proposed algorithm In the present analysis, a TCT configuration of a 7 × 5
is designed for m = odd and even for the arrangement of row array, as shown in Fig. 2(a), is considered. The PRM-FEC
position of an m × n PV array. In order to obtain the unique configuration of an array, as shown in Fig. 2(b), is obtained
solution, the repetition of the digits in a particular row as well from the TCT configuration by arranging digits 1–7 in the
as a particular column (cln) of a PV array is avoided. row position by using aforementioned algorithm, as explained
Let us consider in Table I. In the PRM-FEC configuration, keeping the cln
⎡ ⎤
11 12 .. 1n position fix, the modules of the same row in the TCT configu-
⎢ 21 22 .. 2n ⎥ ration are shifted to a different row position. Hence, the effect
⎢ ⎥
A(i, j ) = ⎢
⎢ .. .. .. .. ⎥
⎥ (4) of shadows in the same row is reduced and the row current
⎣ .. .. .. .. ⎦ is enhanced. Therefore, the power generated by a PV array is
m1 .. .. mn enhanced under the PSC.
To study the effect of PRM-FEC on the power generation of
is m × n PV array in the TCT configuration where m × n the array with respect to the TCT configuration, the modules
number of PV modules are placed. Without changing the cln of the array, as shown in Fig. 2(a) and (b), are shaded one by
position, the row position of an array is rearranged to get the one in the row sequence followed by 75, 74,........, 12, 11 and

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SAHU AND NAYAK: EXTRACTION OF MAXIMUM POWER FROM A PV ARRAY UNDER NONUNIFORM IRRADIATION CONDITIONS
Fig. 3. Flowchart of the proposed algorithm for the rearrangement of row position of an m × n PV array.
TABLE I
A RRANGEMENT OF THE PRM-FEC C ONFIGURATION OF A 7 × 5 A RRAY
Fig. 4. Power-number of shaded modules in rowwise curve for a 7 × 5 PV
array.
55, 24,.........., 42, 11 in the TCT and the PRM-FEC config-
uration, respectively. Assuming that the unshaded and shaded
modules receive the solar irradiation of 1000 and 300 W/m2 ,
respectively. The datasheet values of the 85 W modules
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4827
used for the PV array are as follows: short circuit current
(Isc ) = 5.17 A, open circuit voltage (Voc ) = 21.90 V, MPP
current (Imp ) = 4.84 A, MPP voltage (Vmp ) = 17.9 V, and
number of series-connected cell (n s ) = 36. Fig. 4 shows the
power versus number of shaded modules of a 7 × 5 PV array.
It is observed that there is an improvement in the output power
in the PRM-FEC with respect to the TCT configuration in
each shading condition during the modules are shaded in the
aforementioned row sequence.
The output power of a PV array increases under PSC by
using different configurations, such as EAR, Futoshiki, and
the PRM-FEC. But, the real-time implementation of Futoshiki
configuration of a 7 ×5 PV array is not applicable. The imple-
mentation of EAR technique and PRM-FEC configuration of a
7 × 5 PV array is applicable, but EAR technique requires lots
of switches and sensors for altering the EC of the modules in
accordance with PSC. However, the PRM-FEC configuration
does not require lots of sensors, and switches due to the EC of
the modules remains fixed. The rearrangement of PV modules
in the TCT configuration of an array is installed once at the
time of installation for the real-time implementation of the
PRM-FEC configuration, and this configuration is useful for
any types of PSC.
To illustrate the PRM-FEC method, a 35 × 200 large
PV array of 1.75 MW and 1050 V, which can be integrated
with the microgrid, is designed by assembling 200 numbers
of 8.75 kW, 210 V, 7 × 5 small array arranged using the
4828
Fig. 5. 1.75 MW, 1050 V, 35×200 large PV array assembled by an 8.75 kW,
210 V, 7 × 5 small array arranged by the proposed method.
TABLE II
S HADING PATTERN 1 OF A 7 × 5 PV A RRAY. (a) TCT C ONFIGURATION .
(b) PRM-FEC. (c) S HADE D ISPERSION W ITH PRM-FEC
proposed method. Therefore, this large PV array is appeared
as a 5×40 array, as shown in Fig. 5. At the time of installation,
the modules of all small arrays are rearranged using the
proposed method so that when PS occurs on a 35 × 200 large
array, the shade is dispersed in a 7 × 5 small arrays, which
make sure the improvement in the power generation. Hence,
the PRM-FEC method can be used for the power improvement
of a large array under PSC.
III. S IMULATION AND E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS
Two different shading patterns, such as patterns 1 and 2
of a 7 × 5 PV array as given in Tables II and III, are
considered for this paper. The rearrangement of the PRM-FEC
configuration is named as shade dispersion with PRM-FEC
configuration. Usually, bypassing of shaded modules takes
place when the power generation of unshaded modules of
an array is higher than the total power generation in the
array with reduced current under different shading conditions
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, VOL. 63, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2016
TABLE III
S HADING PATTERN 2 OF A 7 × 5 PV A RRAY. (a) TCT C ONFIGURATION .
(b) PRM-FEC. (c) S HADE D ISPERSION W ITH PRM-FEC
Fig. 6. MPP results are obtained by simulation of a PV array for shading
patterns 1 and 2.
Fig. 7. Laboratory scale experimental setup.
(the generated current of the shaded modules limiting the
string current). Since the above mentioned condition is rare
in real-time scenario, the power generation without bypassing
the rows is considered for the comparison of the proposed
method with other existing methods.
It is observed from Fig. 6 that the maximum power obtained
from simulation in the TCT and the PRM-FEC configuration
for shading pattern 1 is 50.83 and 73.55 W, respectively, and
for shading pattern 2, the maximum power generation is 60.07
and 63.99 W, respectively. Hence, the power improvement in
the PRM-FEC configuration with respect to the TCT config-
uration for shading patterns 1 and 2 is 30.89% and 6.12%,
respectively.
To verify the simulation results experimentally for the TCT
and the PRM-FEC configuration under PSC, a controlled
experiment is performed in the Department of Electronics
and Electrical Engineering, IIT Guwahati, by taking the
PV modules of the same rating (i.e., 3 W), two current and
voltage sensors, one rheostat (1000  and 2 A), and the
SAHU AND NAYAK: EXTRACTION OF MAXIMUM POWER FROM A PV ARRAY UNDER NONUNIFORM IRRADIATION CONDITIONS
Fig. 8. MPP results are obtained experimentally of a PV array for shading
patterns 1 and 2.
TABLE IV
S HADING PATTERN 3 OF A 7 × 5 PV A RRAY. (a) TCT C ONFIGURATION .
(b) PRM-FEC. (c) S HADE D ISPERSION W ITH PRM-FEC
transparent papers of different thicknesses to set the different
intensities of solar irradiance, as shown in Fig. 7. The datasheet
values of a 3 W PV module provided by the manufacturer are
Isc = 0.37 A, Voc = 10.60 V, Vmp = 8.70 V, Imp = 0.34 A,
and n s = 18. The power generated from a 7 × 5 PV array is
measured by considering the current and voltage sensor data.
The level of solar irradiance while performing the experiment
is calculated by using measured short circuit current and the
data sheet values of the module provided by the manufacturer
[15]. The power obtained experimentally for two different
configurations, such as TCT and the PRM-FEC of a 7 × 5
PV array in two different PSC is shown in Fig. 8. In Fig. 8,
it is observed that the power improvement in the PRM-
FEC configuration with respect to the TCT configuration for
shading patterns 1 and 2 is 25.43% and 10.98%, respectively.
A real-time shading condition, i.e., shading pattern 3 as
given in Table IV occurs in a 7 × 5 PV array when the
array is kept near the wall of the roof top of Electronics and
Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Guwahati, as shown in
Fig. 9(a). The modules of the seventh row of an array, which
are close to the wall, receive the solar irradiation of 195 W/m2
and the modules of the sixth and fifth rows receive the solar
irradiation of 313 and 340 W/m2 , respectively, whereas the
rest of the modules of an array receive the solar irradiation of
940 W/m2 . The power obtained experimentally in two different
configurations, such as TCT and the PRM-FEC of a 7 × 5 PV
array for shading pattern 3 is 36.68 and 59.35 W, respectively,
as shown in Fig. 9(b). So the power improvement in the
PRM-FEC configuration with respect to the TCT configuration
is 38.19%.
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4829
TABLE V
C OMPARATIVE R ESULTS OF P OWER G ENERATION IN D IFFERENT
C ONFIGURATIONS , S UCH AS TCT AND PRM-FEC FOR
D IFFERENT S HADING PATTERNS
TABLE VI
D IFFERENT S HADING PATTERNS OF A 7 × 5 PV A RRAY. (a) S HADING
PATTERN 4. (b) ( B ) S HADING PATTERN 5. (c) S HADING PATTERN 6
It is observed from Fig. 9(c) that the maximum power
obtained from simulation in the TCT and the PRM-FEC
configuration for shading pattern 3 is 41.06 and 70.26 W,
respectively. Hence, the power improvement in the PRM-
FEC configuration with respect to the TCT configuration
is 41.55%. It is observed from Table V that the amount of
power improvement in the PRM-FEC with respect to TCT
configuration of an array under PSC is significant.
A comparison between the PRM-FEC and EAR techniques
performed by using MATLAB Simulink for aforementioned
85 W PV module, considering different shading patterns
1–6 of a 7 × 5 PV array as given in Tables II–IV and VI,
is presented in Fig. 10. It is observed from Fig. 10 that the
power generation in the PRM-FEC configuration is always
higher than the TCT configuration and is the same as the
EAR technique in different shading patterns. However, for
a few peculiar noncontinuous shading patterns, the power
generation for an EAR scheme may be slightly higher than
PRM-FEC configuration. Since the real-time implementation
of the EAR technique in a large-scale PV farm needs a
large number of switches, sensors, and a complex control
algorithm for changing the EC of the PV modules dynamically,
the implementation of EAR scheme is more complex and
expensive. On the other hand, the implementation of the PRM-
FEC configuration for the estimation of power generation of
an array is simpler and economical.
For a realistic assumption of PSC on a PV array, a home,
which is constructed near the PV array, is designed by using
a 3-D modeling tool, as shown in Fig. 11. For designing the
array, 85 W PV modules are considered. In order to study
the power enhancement in the proposed method in real time,
when the sun changes its position from east to west during the
course of a day, a shading with different patterns and different
4830 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, VOL. 63, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2016

Fig. 9. (a) Laboratory scale experimental setup for realistic shadow. (b) MPP results are obtained experimentally of a PV array for shading pattern 3.
(c) MPP results are obtained by simulation of a PV array for shading pattern 3.

TABLE VII
S OLAR I RRADIATION ON H OURLY BASIS D URING S UNSHINE H OURS

Fig. 10. Maximum power generation of a 7 × 5 PV array in different

techniques under different shading patterns.

Fig. 12. PSC on a 7 × 5 PV array on an hourly basis.

completely shaded at 5 h, the modules of the first row are

Fig. 11. Realistic assumption of PSC on a 7 × 5 PV array at 9 h.
intensities occurs in a 7 × 5 PV array on an hourly basis
during sunshine hours of a day as mentioned in Fig. 12 are
considered. In Fig. 12, it is assumed that all the modules are
unshaded at 6 h, the modules of the first and second rows
are unshaded at 7 h, and similarly the rest of the rows are
unshaded at different instants of time. Finally the modules of
an array are completely unshaded during 12–17 h. The shaded
modules of an array are represented by different symbols at
each hour during PSC from 6 to 11 h.
An average solar irradiation on hourly basis during sunshine
hours from 5 to 17 h in the month of March - 2012 of
Guwahati city (Longitude = 91.73°, Latitude = 26.18°) as
given in Table VII is considered. In Table VII, it is assumed
that the unshaded and shaded modules of an array receive
unshaded solar irradiation (USI) and shaded solar irradiation
(SSI), respectively, on an hourly basis during sunshine hours.
Considering the solar irradiation mentioned in Table VII, the
power generated from an array in the TCT, EAR, and PRM-
FEC configuration for a day is estimated and the results are
presented in Fig. 13. It is observed from Fig. 13 that the power

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SAHU AND NAYAK: EXTRACTION OF MAXIMUM POWER FROM A PV ARRAY UNDER NONUNIFORM IRRADIATION CONDITIONS
Fig. 13. Comparison of power generation from an array during sunshine
hours for different shading patterns.
Fig. 14. Energy obtained from an array in a month of March 2012.
generated in the PRM-FEC configuration is always higher than
the TCT configuration and the same as the EAR configuration
during PSC on an array from 6 to 11 h. In addition, the
energy obtained from an array in the TCT, EAR, and PRM-
FEC configuration method in the month of March 2012 is
presented in Fig. 14. It is observed from Fig. 14 that the energy
obtained in PRM-FEC configuration is always higher than the
TCT configuration and the same as the EAR configuration.
Therefore, onetime arrangement of PRM-FEC configuration
holds effective for any types of static and dynamic PSC.
IV. C ONCLUSION
This paper presents a generalized algorithm for the dis-
tribution of shading effect over the m × n (m = n and
m = n) array to improve the output power under PSC. In the
present approach, the physical position of the modules is
altered only once at the time of installation for any types of
shading condition, without changing the EC of modules. The
power generated in the PRM-FEC configuration of a partially
shaded PV array is the same as the EAR scheme. The PRM-
FEC configuration is economical and simpler for the real-
time implementation of a large-scale PV farm, because it does
not need lots of switches and sensors. It is observed that the
generated power from a PV array under PSC in the PRM-FEC
scheme is always more than the TCT configuration.
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Himanshu Sekhar Sahu (S’15) received the
M.Tech. degree in power system engineering from
VSSUT, Burla, India, in 2010 and is currently
pursuing the Ph.D. degree with the Department of
Electronics an Electrical Engineering, IIT Guwa-
hati, Guwahati, India. His current research interests
include the integration of renewable sources with the
grid, photovoltaic power system, and power quality
issues.
Sisir Kumar Nayak (M’12) received Ph.D. degree
from the IISc, Bangalore, India in 2009. He was a
Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with the School of
Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technol-
ogy, Sweden. He is currently an Assistant Profes-
sor with the Department of Electronics and Elec-
trical Engineering, IIT Guwahati, India. His cur-
rent research interest is an integration of renewable
sources with the grid.