PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

AND
PUBLIC RELATIONS

Prepared by:
Prof. Ligaya T. Pascobillo
Dr. Aquilina L. Able
Ms. Margarita C. Paulmitan
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CHAPTER 1

Personality: An
Introduction

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 INTRODUCTION
This module aims to develop knowledge, skills, and
attitude of the students in learning about personality
development. This includes the importance of personality,
process of personality, theories influencing personality,
factors affecting the development of personality from nature
and nurture on their personality traits. It will also provide
teachings that would expand their self-realization as they
reflect on their existing value system, their life philosophy,
paradigms and perceptions. Through this course, students
will be able to understand how different factors of
personality influenced their present behavior.

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COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:
 Be able to define personality according to different perspectives;
 Be able to explain what is personality development;
 Be able to discuss the Theories about the nature of personality;
 Be able to enumerate the elements that affect personality according to the
varied theories of personality;
 Be able to differentiate between nature and nurture;
 Be able to recall the “Big Five” traits; and
 Be able to synthesize on the agencies that affect the development of
personality.

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COURSE CONTENT:
CHAPTER 1: PERSONALITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE
1. Definition of Personality and 6. Process of Personality
Personality Development Development
2. Aspect of Personality 7. Factors Affecting the
Development Development of Personality
3. Importance of personality  Nature
4. Theories That Influence  Nurture
Personality
 Psychodynamic Theory
 Behaviorism
 Humanistic
 Trait Theory

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 PERSONALITY :
AN INTRODUCTION

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WHAT IS PERSONALITY?
 Personality is the sum total of the qualities and
characteristics of a person as shown in her manner of
walking, dressing and her attitudes, interest and ways of
reacting to other people. It refers to all the factors within
the person that influence his characteristics, ways of
behaving, thinking and feeling. It is your image on others.
It is also typical pattern of thinking, feeling and
behaviors that make a person unique.

 Is the conglomeration of an individual’s thoughts,

feelings, emotions, attitudes, intelligence, interests and
abilities. It is a product of varied factors and elements
that may emanate from one’s nature and environment as
they journey through their lifespan. Several theorists and
thinkers define personality according to their unique
perspectives.

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 It came from the Latin word “persona” which means
“mask”. It is what people project which includes the
inner areas of psychological experience which we
collectively call as our “self ”. It provides readiness as
to how the individual confront different types of
people who plays a significant roles in their lives.
They wear a different mask when at home, in front of
their peers, and even in the workplace.

 It comprised a dynamic pattern of behavior, a

consistent set of thoughts and feelings that makes one
distinct. It undergoes a continuous process of change
through learning and re-learning. One’s need to
adjust to the constant changes of life and experiences
creates a personality that is dynamic and well-adjusted.

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HALO EFFECT
 The general first impression given
to the person during the first
meeting.

APPEALING PERSONALITY
 A personality who is generally
liked by others.

REPELLING PERSONALITY
 A personality who is generally
disliked by others.

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WHAT IS PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT?
 Personality development is the relatively enduring pattern of
the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish individuals
from each other. The dominant viewpoint in personality
psychology indicates that personality emerges early and continues
to develop across one's lifespan. Wikipedia

 Development entails progression either quantitatively or

qualitatively. The same is true with regards one’s persona.
Personality can be developed in either or both ways. Every
individual from the time of their birth undergo several process of
change that affects their over-all pattern of behavior and
dispositions. Their confrontation with the daily demands of life
molds them into beings with greater learning and allows them to
from a greater schema of life.

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 THE PROCESS OF PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT INCLUDES:

 Improving communication and language

 Boosting one’s confidence speaking abilities
 Widening one’s scope of knowledge
 Developing certain hobbies, talents, and skills
 Meeting new people

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 THE PROCESS OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT INCLUDES:

 Learning fine etiquettes and manners

 Adding style and grace to the way one
looks, talks, and walks
 Listening
 Overall imbibing oneself with positivity,
liveliness, and peace.
 Connect to God

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TECHNIQUES ON HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR PERSONALITY
a. Accept that improvement is needed.
b. Acquire a strong desire to improve and have a positive,
determined attitude that you can improve.
c. Evaluate yourself honestly by making a checklist of your
strong and weak points or analyze the different areas in
your personality which greatly needs improvement.
d. Have a step-by-step plan for improvement. Do something
to change for the better.
e. Do not stop until you have finally improved or developed
your personality.

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IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

1. To understand oneself for it is through understanding

of oneself that will spell the difference between success
and failure in our dealing with other people and the
circumstances in one’s life.
2. To improve our personality.
3. To understand other people’s personality differences as
we come in contact with many kinds of people in our
day-to-day lives.
4. To adjust and develop a harmonious relationship with
other people, to make this world a better place to live in.

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 THEORIES THAT
INFLUENCE PERSONALITY

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 INFLUENCES ON PERSONALITY
1. Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic
Theory (Sigmund Freud)
This theory was developed by
Sigmund Freud. It is said that the
personality is made up of three major
systems that points onto the role of
the id, the ego, and the superego. The
interplay and interaction between
these three systems are said to be the
main determinants of one’s unique
personality.

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SIGMUND FREUD’S THEORY
According to Sigmund Freud, our personality
develops from the interactions among what he proposed
as the three fundamental structures of the human mind:
the id, ego, and superego. Conflicts among these three
structures, and our efforts to find balance among what
each of them "desires," determines how we behave and
approach the world. What balance we strike in any given
situation determines how we will resolve the conflict
between two overarching behavioral tendencies: our
biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives vs. our
socialized internal control over those drives.

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 THE ID
The id, the most primitive and
mainly concerned with instant
gratification of physiological (basic
physical) needs and urges. It is the
pleasure- oriented side of one’s
persona.

For example, if your id walked past a stranger

eating ice cream, it would most likely take the ice
cream for itself. It doesn't know, or care, that it is
rude to take something belonging to someone else;
it would care only that you wanted the ice cream.

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 THE SUPER EGO
The superego is concerned with social rules
and morals—similar to what many people call
their "conscience" or their "moral compass."
It develops as a child learns what their culture
considers right and wrong. If your superego
walked past the same stranger, it would not
take their ice cream because it would know
that would be rude. However, if both your id
and your superego were involved, and your id
was strong enough to override your
superego's concern, you would still take the
ice cream, but afterward you would most
likely feel guilt and shame over your actions.

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 THE EGO
In contrast to the instinctual id and the moral
superego, the ego is the rational, pragmatic part of
our personality. It is less primitive than the id and is
partly conscious and partly unconscious. It's what
Freud considered to be the "self," and its job is to
balance the demands of the id and superego in the
practical context of reality. So, if you walked past
the stranger with ice cream one more time, your ego
would mediate the conflict between your id ("I want
that ice cream right now") and superego ("It's wrong
to take someone else's ice cream") and decide to go
buy your own ice cream. While this may mean you
have to wait 10 more minutes, which would frustrate
your id, your ego decides to make that sacrifice as
part of the compromise– satisfying your desire for
ice cream while also avoiding an unpleasant social
situation and potential feelings of shame.
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The ego balances the Id and the Superego

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2. Behaviorism Theory (John B. Watson)
This theory was coined by John B. Watson
who argued that personality can be determined
only through overt responses (observable
behavior). Hence, manipulation of the
environment may produce certain behavior.
Behaviorist like B.F. Skinner believed in the use
of rewards whether positive or negative and
punishments to produce orderly change in the
individual. Both asserted that behavior can be
learned and conditioned.

Behaviorists agreed on the use of rewards and

punishments to reinforce and strengthen
positive or negative personality and behavior.
It is further asserted that personality and
behavior is a consequence of cause and effect
relationships.

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3. Humanistic Theories
Humanists proposed a theory that rests on
the “person” and the “self ”. Carl Rogers
focused on the changes and development of
personality. It is asserted in this theory that
how a person behaves depends upon his
reality and not from his environment.
Parallel to this view is Abraham’s Maslow’s
theory (Hierarchy of Needs) that revolves
around human needs. This includes his a)
physiological needs; b) safety needs; c)
belongingness and love needs; d) esteem
needs; and e) need for self-actualization.

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 Humanistic theory shows how an individual’s
deficiencies and needs manifest in his behaviour
and personality. The environment to which an
individual was raised will determine how
satisfaction of his need for basic necessities,
love, protection, prestige will direct him
towards self-realization. Hence, personality
becomes a reflection of how one’s needs were
fulfilled in the course of his development.

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 HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.simplypsychology.org%2Fmaslow.html&
 TRAIT THEORY
Trait theories posited that personality can be
understood as exhibited in one’s common traits
or characteristic ways of behaving A person
may be sociable, aggressive, shy, an optimist,
clingy etc. A certain group of people may have
similar traits but these may vary in degree.

Gordon Allport organized the thousands of personality traits into a

hierarchy. Cardinal Traits is what initially comprise the hierarchy
which is collectively known as “master control” and its inclusive of a
person’s ruling passion; Central Traits on the other are general
characteristics that make up the building blocks shaping one’s
behavior. Finally, Secondary Traits includes preferences and attitudes
and in some instances these traits contradict and become
incongruent with the usual behavior of an individual.
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“CATTEL'S I6PF TRAIT
THEORY”
“CATTEL'S IGPF TRAIT THEORY

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Trait is a characteristic that causes
one to behave in a way and as we
humans, have it. Traits among people
are broad and many theorist and
scientist made their own research
about personality.
 TYPES OF PERSONALITY TRAITS

There are many different personality

types, but it is sometimes difficult to
classify a person as a single type.
There are many different personality
traits you can possess and they may
not all fit into one category.

Personality traits are simply:

• Actions
• Attitudes
• Behaviors
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 Gordon Allport's theory of trait.
1. Cardinal - these are traits that dominate or influence an individual's whole
life and some people can be recognized because they have this specific
traits. Some people have their names synonymous.
For example : my name is Christian , and others
2. Central Traits - Unlike the Cardinal traits, Central traits don't really
dominate the whole individuality of one's person. This forms the basic
foundations of personality, these are major characteristics we might use to
describe a person.
For example: shy, beautiful
3. Secondary traits - These are traits that will only show in certain situations.
For example : naiinis dahil ang tagal ng elevator sa umak.
There are many different personality types, but it is sometimes difficult to
classify a person as a single type. There are many different personality
traits you can possess and they may not all fit into one category.

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 “EYSENCK'S
PERSONALITY
THEORY”

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ABOUT HANS EYSENCK
( BORN IN MARCH 4,1916
DIED IN SEPTEMBER
4,1997)

• WAS BORN IN BERLIN,

GERMANY
• PH.D IN PSYCHOLOGY
FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF
LONDON IN 1940.
• 75 BOOKS AND SOME 700
ARTICLES UNTIL HIS DEATH

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Hans Eysenck is a Trait theorist who emphasized
that biological inheritance is the origin of human
traits. He related temperament into an individual’s
personality which he believed is largely influenced by
his genes. Eysenck believed that personality is
determined to a large extent by a person’s genes. He
theorized that some people can be conditioned more
readily than others because of inherited differences in
their physiological functioning. Furthermore, he
categorized people as possessing either extroversion
vs. introversion, neuroticism vs. stability which later
was supplemented by a newer element as
psychoticism vs. socialization.

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 INTROVERSION VS. EXTROVERSION

EXTROVERSION: Toughness, impulsiveness, tendency to be

outgoing, desire for novelty, performance enhanced by
excitement, preference for vocations involving contact with
other people, tolerance for pain.

INTROVERSION: Tendermindness, introspectiveness,

seriousness, performance interfered with by excitement,
easily aroused but restrained, inhibited, preference for
solitary vocations, sensitivity to pain.

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 NEUROTICISM VS. PSYCHOTICISM
NEUROTICISM: Below average, emotional control, will power,
and capacity to exert self, slowness in thought and action,
suggestibility, lack of persistence, tendency to repress
unpleasant facts, lack of sociability, below average sensory
acuity but high level of activation

PSYCHOTICISM: Poor concentration, poor memory,

insensitivity, lack of caring for others, cruelty, disregard for
danger and convention, occasionally originality and/or
creativity, liking for unusual things, considered peculiar by
others.

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 FACTORS
AFFECTING THE
DEVELOPMENT OF
PERSONALITY

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY

Personality is not just a product of a single factor but a

result of several intertwining elements that make up the
totality of an individual persona. The interaction
between these elements brings about the uniqueness of
an individual which proves the fact that “no two people
are alike”. Even identical twins are totally different from
each other with respect their intelligence, attitudes,
interests, convictions and the like. Hence, one may
inherit the looks and traits of his parents but behave like
the rest of the neighborhood. What molds an
individual’s total persona is the interplay between nature
and nurture.

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 NATURE
Nature is a person’s biological inheritance . The traits derived
from one’s biological parents are provided in the 46
chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs that comprise the blueprint
of one’s total system which begins during the process of
conception. According to Sevilla et al (2006) the heredity units
that we receive from our parents and transmitted to our
offspring are carried by microscopic particles known s
“chromosomes”, colored bodies found within the nucleus of each
cell in the body. Each chromosome is composed of many
individual hereditary units called “genes”. Genetics reiterates
that dominant genes will overpower the recessive genes thus
displaying traits in the child of the parent with such
characteristics.

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 NURTURE
The environment of a child plays a vital role in the
development of personality. The physical and social
environment influences the formation of the traits,
attitudes, interests, motivations, emotions of the
individual. Several areas of our persona are changed
through the learnings that we derive from the different
agents of socialization from which we establish contact
with from the time of our birth to the point of being
educated by the different institutions from which
experiences are derived. Relationships with the
significant others provide us learning through
substantial experiences.

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 Institution such as the family, school, peers the government,
mass media and church greatly influences the formation of an
individual’s perception about life, his role in the community
and society as well as about the essence of his very existence.
The family as the initial institution that nourishes the child
directs the child towards the basics of life and how one should
go about everyday tasks, life skills are taught by the family
including control.

As the child grows and starts to undergo the rudiments of

formal education, more learning becomes inevitable as he
subjected to the influences of his peer groups, the teachings
of the church, the examples set by the people in the
government and the everyday role played by mass media
specifically the very powerful and influential social media that
have made this planet so small and the people so close
through the expanding worldwide web phenomenon.

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 BASIC PERSONALITY TRAITS
1. Openness to experience
This trait means that a person is open to possible
experiences and learning which connotes wide interests,
curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, artistic, sensitivity, high
motivation, creativity, innovativeness and unconventional
attitudes. This trait also shows conformity to the standards of
the society and community and resilience in times of adversity.
2. Conscientiousness
This trait refers to those whose persona shows
meticulous and principled behavior but guided by one’s own
rules and beliefs. The person is highly organized, diligent,
disciplined, punctual and dependable that is why he weighs well
the pros and cons of his decisions before formulating his well-
thought conclusion. Conscientiousness is associated with
higher productivity in a variety of occupational areas.

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 BASIC PERSONALITY TRAITS

3. Extraversion
This type of individual is highly sociable with a life
that is directed to the significant others. The individual
is very friendly, assertive, and gregarious. These people
are warm and concerned about their friends, family
members and the like. They derive happiness by being
with their beloved at all times.
4. Agreeableness
This trait refers to being a person with much
altruism and benevolence meant for others. They
emphasize, sympathize and cooperate a lot by
volunteering themselves in any moment of need. They
are trusting, cooperative and highly dependable in nature.
Their goals are directed towards the good of the
majority as they are considered selfless.

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 BASIC PERSONALITY TRAITS

5. Neuroticism

This trait connotes negativity as experiences are

thought to be full of sadness, hostility, self-conscious,
insecure, vulnerable and frustrated. The individual is
highly anxious and nervous about what will happen
next. Degree of self-confidence, self-concept and self-
esteem is very low. They suffer from negative
emotionality. Hence, they worry a lot as they think and
feel that they will never be in control of their lives.

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 ASSIGNMENT:

1. Write an essay to discuss, compare, differentiate

theories that influence personality.

2. Write your Self SWOT Analysis that will guide you in

achieving success in one of your immediate priority
goals.

3. Using The JOHARI Window, collaborate with a friend in

assessing your personality in quadrant 2. Be honest in
answering Q1, Q3, and Q4.

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 SEGUE
What is your Personality Type?

Check the checklist from the textbook page 13 to 14

Type A
The study revealed that a person with a Type A personality is more likely to
be preoccupied with social status, accomplishment in life, and self-esteem.
This person is often domineering, impatient, and prone or quick to anger.
This personality type was found to be associated with the higher risk of
developing heart ailments compared to the other type.

Type B
They study concluded that Type B people have lower incidence of heart
problems. Type B personalities are indulgent and tolerant. They also
reported higher levels of satisfaction in life.

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 The Johari Window
(The Johari Window was created by Joseph Luft (1916-2014) and Harrington
Ingham (1914-1995) both Psychologists. It is used as a way to make people
understand their relationship with themselves and with the significant others).

ARENA (Known self) BLINDSPOT

(Traits that you and others (Traits that they think you
know about yourself) possess but you really don’t)

FAÇADE (Hidden self) UNKNOWN

(Traitsthat you are aware (Traits that remain a
of but others are not) mystery)

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ASSESSMENT:

1.Quiz

2.Essay

3.Online Recitation

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 RUBRICS:

Rubrics for written activities:

1) Comprehension of the topic and Organization

of ideas

2) Grammar and spelling

3) Format

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REFERENCES:
1. Personality Development, A Scientific Approach by Ethel Magalona, MA, DSSE,
Evelyn Salting-Sadsad, Ph-D. and Elaine Magalona PHR, SHRM-CP
2. All About Personality - https://www.slideshare.net/JonayedRousan1/personality-
meaning-characteristics-types-and-factors-affecting-personality
3. Assessing oneself using JOHARI window - https://www.businessballs.com/self-
awareness/johari-window-model-and-free-diagrams/
4. Process of Personality Development -
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/teachereducationx92x1/chapter/eriksons-stages-
of-psychosocial-
development/#:~:text=Erikson's%20eight%20stages%20of%20psychosocial,guilt%2
C%20industry%20vs. https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_05.htm
5. Video on Nature and Nurture - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chzDR3feSHY
6. Self SWOT Analysis - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dlLw7_v_Do
Thank you
for
Listening!