Nickel

 Nickel does not occur free in nature.

 It is found in association with copper, uranium and other metals.
 Important alloying material.

Iron + Nickel == stainless steel

 It is hard and has great tensile strength.

 Hence nickel steel is used for manufacturing armoured plates, bullet
jackets
 Nickel + Copper or Silver == Coins.
 Nickel-aluminium alloys are used for manufacturing
aeroplanes and internal combustion engines.
 Metallic nickel is used for making storage batteries and as a catalyst
for hydrogenation or hardening of fats and oils intended for use in soap and
foodstuffs and in making vanaspati.
 Important occurrences of nickeliferous limonite are found in the Sukinda
valley of Jajapur district, Odisha. Here it occurs as oxide.
 Nickel also occurs in sulphide form along with copper mineralization in east
Sighbhum district, Jharkhand.
 In addition, it is found associated with uranium deposits at Jaduguda,
Jharkhand.
 Other important occurrences of nickel are in Karnataka, Kerala and
Rajasthan.
 Polymetallic sea nodules are another source of nickel.
 About 92 per cent resources are in Odisha.
 The remaining 8 per cent resources are distributed in Jharkhand, Nagaland
and Karnataka.
OCCURRENCES & RESOURCES

Nickel occurs principally as oxides, sulphides and silicates in India. Important occurrence is nickeliferous
limonite in the overburden of chromite in Sukinda Valley, Jajpur district, Odisha, where it occurs as
oxide. A suitable process is being developed for its utilisation. Nickel also occurs in sulphide form along
with copper mineralisation in East Singhbhum district, Jharkhand. In addition, it is found associated with
uranium deposits at Jaduguda, Jharkhand. Other reported occurrences of nickel are from Karnataka,
Kerala and Rajasthan. Polymetallic sea nodules are another source of nickel. As per UNFC, as on
1.4.2013, the total resources of nickel ore have been estimated at 189 million tonnes. About 92%
resources; i.e., 175 million tonnes are in Odisha. The remaining 8% resources are distributed in
Jharkhand (9 million tonnes) and Nagaland (5 million tonnes). Nominal resources are reported from
Karnataka (0.23 million tonnes).

Tungsten

Tungsten is a greyish-white lustrous metal, which is a solid at room temperature. Tungsten has the

highest melting point and lowest vapor pressure of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the
highest tensile strength. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral
acids.

Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with the symbol W and atomic number 74. The name tungsten comes
from the former Swedish name for the tungstate mineral scheelite, tung sten or "heavy stone

Symbol: W
Melting point: 3,422 °C
Atomic number: 74
Electron configuration: [Xe] 4f145d46s2
Atomic mass: 183.84 u
Boiling point: 5,555 °C
Uranium 

Uranium is a chemical element with the symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in

the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence
electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all isotopes of uranium are unstable; the half-lives of its naturally
occurring isotopes range between 159,200 years and 4.5 billion years. The most common isotopes in natural
uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for over 99% of uranium on Earth) and uranium-
235 (which has 143 neutrons). Uranium has the highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements.
Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in
low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-
bearing minerals such as uraninite.

Uranium is a naturally occurring element found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. This is the
highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on earth. ... It is found in many
minerals including uraninite (most common uranium ore), autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite.

Mode of occurrence

Uranium is a naturally occurring element found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. This is the highest-
numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on earth. According to the United Nations Scientific
Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation the normal concentration of uranium in soil is 300 μg/kg to 11.7 mg/kg.
[5]

It is considered to be more plentiful than antimony, beryllium, cadmium, gold, mercury, silver, or tungsten and is

about as abundant as tin, arsenic or molybdenum. It is found in many minerals including uraninite (most common
uranium ore), autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some
substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-
rich ores (it is recovered commercially from these sources).
Seawater contains about 3.3 parts per billion of uranium by weight, approximately (3.3 µg/kg) or, 3.3 micrograms
per liter of seawater.[6] as uranium(VI) forms soluble carbonate complexes. The extraction of uranium from seawater
has been considered as a means of obtaining the element.

Uranium

 Uranium is a silvery-gray metallic radioactive chemical element. It is only naturally

formed in supernova explosions.
 Uranium, thorium, and potassium are the main elements contributing to natural
terrestrial radioactivity.
 Uranium has the chemical symbol U and atomic number 92.
 Uranium isotopes in natural uranium are 238U (99.27%) and 235U (0.72%).
 All uranium isotopes are radioactive and fissionable. But only 235U is fissile (will support
a neutron-mediated chain reaction).
 Traces of Uranium are found everywhere. Commercial extraction is possible only in
locations where the proportion of Uranium is adequate. There are very few such locations.

Distribution of Uranium Across the World

 Largest viable deposits are found in Australia, Kazakhstan, and Canada.

 Olympic Dam and the Ranger mine in Southern Australia are important mines in
Australia.
 High-grade deposits are only found in the Athabasca Basin region of Canada.
 Cigar Lake, McArthur River basin in Canada are other important uranium mining sites.
 The Chu-Sarysu basin in central Kazakhstan alone accounts for over half of the country’s
known uranium resources.

List of Countries by Uranium Reserves and Production

Uranium in India

 India has no significant reserves of Uranium. All needs are met through imports.
 India imports thousands of tonnes of uranium from Russia, Kazakhstan, France, and
 India is trying hard to import uranium from Australia and Canada. There are some
concerns regarding nuclear proliferation and other related issues which India is trying to sort
out.
 Some quality reserves were recently discovered in parts of Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana between Seshachalam forest and Sresailam [Southern edge of Andhra to
Southern edge of Telangana].

Talc

Talc is a clay mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula Mg3Si4O10(OH)2. Talc in

powdered form, often in combination with corn starch, is widely used as baby powder. This mineral is used as a
thickening agent and lubricant, is an ingredient in ceramics, paint and roofing material, and is also one of the main
ingredients in many cosmetic products.[5] It occurs as foliated to fibrous masses, and in an exceptionally
rare crystal form. It has a perfect basal cleavage, uneven flat fracture and it is foliated with a two dimensional platy
form

Formation
Talc is a mineral that results from the metamorphism of magnesian minerals such
as serpentine, pyroxene, amphibole, and olivine, in the presence of carbon dioxide and water. This is known as "talc
carbonation" or "steatization" and produces a suite of rocks known as talc carbonates.
Talc is primarily formed by hydration and carbonation by this reaction:
serpentine2 Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + carbon dioxide3CO2 → talcMg3Si4O10(OH)2 + magnesite3 MgCO3 + water3 H2O
Talc can also be formed via a reaction between dolomite and silica, which is typical of skarnification of dolomites
by silica-flooding in contact metamorphic aureoles:
dolomite3 CaMg(CO3)2 + silica4 SiO2 + waterH2O → talcMg3Si4O10(OH)2 + calcite3 CaCO3 + carbon dioxide3 CO2
Talc can also be formed from magnesian chlorite and quartz in blueschist and eclogite metamorphism by
the following metamorphic reaction:
chlorite + quartz → kyanite + talc + water
mode of occurance
TALC is a metamorphic and hydrothermal mineral which is found typically in the greenschist facies of
metamorphic rocks, and in shear zones where it is an alteration product. Talc has recently been found to
be widespread in lime stones of many formations ranging in age from Devonian through Recent.  Where
present, it is almost invariably accompanied by chlorite; other clay minerals may or may not be
present. The occurrence of talc has also been noted in sandstones and shales, but in these rocks it is
extremely uncommon.

geographical distribution
Almost always in foliated masses ranging from white to beautiful bluish green. Usually found in
metamorphic rocks with abundant carbonate minerals associated