HRE121 Step two: The collection information in quantitative research.
CHAPTER I Focused specifically on numerical information, also known as
What is Research?
Merriam-Webster online dictionary
“a studious inquiry or examination; especially
investigation or experimentation and aimed at the discovery
and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or
laws in the light of new facts or practical application of such
new or revised theories or laws.”
University of California San Diego
“a systematic inquiry that investigates hypothesis,
suggests new interpretations of data or texts and poses new
questions for future research to explore. Research consists of
a.)asking a question that nobody has asked before, b.) doing
the necessary work to find the answer, c) communicating the
knowledge that you have acquired to a larger audience.”
John W. Creswell
“a process of steps used to collect and analyse
information to increase our understanding of our topic or
issue.”
Jonathan O’Donnell
“the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of
existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to
generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings.
This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research
to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcome. ”
Online Library Learning Center,2017
“Research is a process of investigation. An
examination of a subject from different point of view. Research
is a hunt for truth. Research is a way to educate yourself. ”
College of san Diego
“Research is searching for and gathering information,
usually to answer a particular question or problem.”
Characteristics of Research (Leedy,1974)
1. Begins with a question
2. Requires a plan
3. Demands clear statement of the problem
4. Main problem through sub-problems
5. Seeks direction through hypothesis
6. Facts and their meaning
7. Circular
Other characteristics of Research
1. Empirical- based on observations and
experimentation of theories
2. Systematic- orderly and sequential procedure
3. Controlled- all variables except those that are tested/
experimented upon kept constant
4. Employs Hypothesis- guides the investigation
process
5. Analytical- critical analysis of all data used so that
there is error in their interpretation
6. Objective, biased and & logical- all findings are
logically based on empirical
7. Employs quantitative or statistical method- data
are transformed in numerical measures.
How quantitative research work
Step one: Observing and explaining occurrences. This can be
presented in the form of a question. Hypotheses, explanation
should be made whether to proved or disproved.
“data”
Step three: Using Mathematics. Done with the use of
statistics.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
 Formal, objective, and systematic in process for
obtaining information about the world.
 Presented in numerical forms, and analyzed through
the use of statistics
 Used to describe and to test relationships.
 Used to examine the cause-and-effect of
relationships.
“concerned with numbers, statistics, and the
relationship between events/numbers.”
Four types of quantitative research
1.Survey/Descriptive Research
-Uses interview, questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a
sense of behavior with intense precision
-Usually express in percentage
-Can be conducted around one group specifically or used to
compare several groups.
-Can be done in person, over the phone, through mail or
email.
Descriptive Research
-Seeks to describe the current status an identified variable or
phenomenon.
-Develop hypothesis after collecting data.
-Analysis and synthesis of the data provide the test of the
hypothesis.
2. Correlational Research
-Tests for the relationship of two variables.
-To establish the effect of one on the other might be on how
that affects relationship.
-To explain a notice occurrence.
-Conducted minimum of two groups
-Attempts to determine of a relationship between two or more
variables using statistical data.
3. Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental research
-Looks to uncover a cause and effect relationship.
-Looks solely for statistical relationship between two variables.
-It tries to identify, specifically, how the different groups are
affected by the same circumstances.
-involves “comparison”.
-Study of two or more groups is done without focusing on their
relationship.
-Similar to true experiments, but with some key differences.
-Independent variable is identified but not manipulated by the
experimenter, and effects of the -independent variables on the
dependent variables are measured.
4. Experimental Research
-Often called true experimentation.
-Uses the scientific method to establish the cause-effect
relationship among a group of variables that make up a study.
-An independent variable is manipulated to determine the
effects on the dependent variables.
-Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatments
rather than identified in natural occurring group
Structure of Quantitative Research
INITIAL PAGES
a) Title Pages-title,name of authors,name of
school/department, place and date of completion
b) Approval Sheet- prove that the researcher has
passed the requirements
c) Abstract- brief summary of your thesis, never
contains new information, no longer than 2 pages
d) Acknowledgement- focused on expressing gratitude
e) Dedication- dedicating the thesis to certain people
who have inspired the researchers
f) Table of Contents- topic outline of the thesis
g) List of Tables/ List of Figures(illustrations
CHAPTER I :INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF
THE STUDY
a) Introduction-how and where the problem arise ,give
the context in terms of content of the research
b) Significance of the study
c) Conceptual Framework-
d) Profile of the Respondents-
e) Scope and Delimitation
f) Definition of Terms
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Literature/Studies(Research)
 Label as local or foreign
 Organized to cover specific problems
 Unpublished material should not older than 5 years
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
a) Research Design-Experimental/correlational design
b) Population of Samples-the population of interest
and the sampling of subjects used in the study
c) Research Instruments- the instrument and what it
will measure; qualifications of respondents
d) Validation Of Procedure- specify the level of
reliability/validity (probability)
e) Data Gathering Procedure- how instrument will be
administered
f) Data Processing and Treatment of Data-
processing and treatment of data.
CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION,ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
a) Presentation of Data-Present the findings of the
study (tabular,textual,graphical)
b) Analysis of data-state statistical descriptions in
declarative sentences
c) Interpretation of data- established interconnection
bet. And among data, link present finding to literature,
use parallel observations
CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
a) Summary of Findings- describes the problem,
research design and findings
b) Conclusions- brief- generalized statements in answer
to the general and each of the specific sub-problems
c) Recommendations- they should be in non-technical
language, should be feasible, workable ,flexible,
doable, adaptable.
How quantitative research work
Step one: Observing and explaining occurrences. This can be
presented in the form of a question. Hypotheses, explanation
should be made whether to prove or disproved.
Step two: The collection information in quantitative research.
Focused specifically on numerical information, also known as
“data”
Step three: Using Mathematics. Done with the use of
statistics.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
 Formal, objective, and systematic in process for
obtaining information about the world.
 Presented in numerical forms, and analyzed through
the use of statistics
 Used to describe and to test relationships.
 Used to examine the cause-and-effect of
relationships.
“concerned with numbers, statistics, and the
relationship between events/numbers.”
Four types of quantitative research
1.Survey/Descriptive Research
-Uses interview, questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a
sense of behavior with intense precision
-Usually express in percentage
-Can be conducted around one group specifically or used to
compare several groups.
-Can be done in person, over the phone, through mail or
email.
Descriptive Research
-Seeks to describe the current status an identified variable or
phenomenon.
-Develop hypothesis after collecting data.
-Analysis and synthesis of the data provide the test of the
hypothesis.
2. Correlational Research
-Tests for the relationship of two variables.
-To establish the effect of one on the other might be on how
that affects relationship.
-To explain a notice occurrence.
-Conducted minimum of two groups
-Attempts to determine of a relationship between two or more
variables using statistical data.
3. Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental research
-Looks solely for statistical relationship between two variables.
-It tries to identify, specifically, how the different groups are
affected by the same circumstances.
involves “comparison”.
-Study of two or more groups is done without focusing on their
relationship.
-Attempts to establish cause-effect relationship among the
variables.
-Independent variable is identified but not manipulated by the
experimenter, and effects of the -independent variables on the
dependent variables are measured.
-Identified control groups exposed to the treatment variable
are studied and compared to groups who are not.
4. Experimental Research
-Often called true experimentation.
-Uses the scientific method to establish the cause-effect
relationship among a group of variables that make up a study.
-An independent variable is manipulated to determine the
effects on the dependent variables.
-Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatments
rather than identified in natural occurring groups.
Variable
-A measurable characteristics that varies. It may change from
group to group, person to person, or even within one person
over time.
-not only something that we can measure, but also something
that we can manipulate and something we can control.
-From the root word “vary”, meaning, changing in amount,
volume, number, form, nature or type.
-Variation can be in quantity, intensity, amount, or type
Kinds of Variables
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- Cause Variable; the one that
identifies forces or conditions that act on something else
DEPENDENT VARIABLE- Effect Variable; the result or
outcome of another variable is the, “depends-on” the cause.
CATEGORICAL AND CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
Discrete or Qualitative Variable
-Nominal
-Ordinal
-Dichotomous
Continuous Variable
-Internal Variables
-Ratio Variables
Other Variables:
Moderating Variables
Is one that has a strong contingent effect on the
independent variable-dependent variable relationship.Modifies
the original relationship between the IV and DV
Intervening Variables
-Appears more complex causal relationships.
-Comes between the IV and DV and shows the link or
mechanism between them.
- acts as dependent variable with respect to independent
variable and act as an independent variable toward the
dependent variable.
Extraneous Variables
-To identify the true relationship between the IV and DV
-This is necessary if we are conducting an experiment where
the effect of the confounding factors has to be controlled.
-Confounding factors is another name used for extraneous
variables.
CHAPTER II
1.Range of Research Topics in the Area of Inquiry
 Make sure you have enough resources for your topic
 Check references from the library
 Master the skill of finding the right research topic
2.How to design a research that is useful in daily life
 The very first step is choose a topic
3.The research title
A. How to write a “research title”
 Discovering, narrowing and focusing a researchable
topic
 Finding, selecting and reading resources
 Grouping, sequencing and documenting information
B. Five simple steps to write a good title
1.Ask yourself the ff.
o What is my paper about?
o What techniques/ designs were used?
o Who/what is studied?
o What were the results?
2.Use your answers to list key words
3. Create a sentence that includes the key words you listed
4. Delete all necessary/ repetitive words and link the
remaining
5. Delete all non-essential information and reword the title
Background of Research- a review of the area being
researched, current information surrounding the issue,
previous studies on the issue and relevant history on the
issue.
Research Questions
- fundamental core of a research project
- focuses the study, determines the methodology, and guides
all stages of inquiry, analysis and reporting
- a statement that identifies the phenomenon to be studied.
Scope and Delimitation of Study – two elements of a
research paper that inform the reader what information is
included in the research and explain why the authors explain
that information.
Scope- explains what information or subject is being analyzed
Delimitation- explanation of the scope of study.
*Limitation- identifies potential weaknesses of the study
- influences that the researchers cannot control.
*Delimitation- addresses how a study will be narrowed in
scope
- choices made by the researcher which should be
mentioned.
- define the parameters of the study
Significance of the study- a brief declaration that such study
is very important and necessary
Statement of the Problem- a brief piece of writing that *operationalizing- finding a way to measure or
explains the problem or issue the document is addressing to quantify a variable
the reader. Null Hypothesis
- Prediction that there will be no effect observed during
CHAPTER III the study.
Literature Review Test Statistic
-an integrated synthesis drawing upon a select list of = (Statistic - Parameter) / (Standard deviation of statistic)
academic sources with a strong relation to the topic in = (Statistic - Parameter) / (Standard error of statistic)
question. *Parameter- value appearing in the null hypothesis
-narrowly focused to concrete only on truly relevant materials *Statistic- the point estimate of parameter
Annotated bibliography P-value (calculated probability)
-a list of what’s available in a given field - The probability of finding the observed, or more
-a bibliography accompanied by annotations extreme, results when the H0 of a study question is
true
Ethical Writing- “Ethical writing is clear, accurate, fair and Hypothesis Testing
honest. Ethical writing is a reflection of ethical practice” - Process of making inferences or educated guesses
about a particular population
A.Plagiarism- practice that involves knowingly taking and - Can either be done using statistics or data
using another person’s work and claiming it, directly or Definition of Terms
indirectly - Parameters or boundaries how certain “terms” are
Types of Plagiarism going to be used in the research or study
1. Blatant- the writer tries to deceive the teacher or - To avoid misunderstanding with the audience.
readers –either for a grade or acclaim—into believing
he/she is totally responsible for or originator the
content
2. Technical- occurs when the writer is not trying to
cheat or deceive but fails to follow accepted methods
of using or revealing sources.
B. Language Use- be sensitive to the sensibilities of audience
- writer must avoid racially-charged, sexist,
offensive language and tendencies
C. Fraud- fabricate data and results just to get over corse
work or school requirement.
Must be observed to avoid fraud
- Honesty
- Objectivity
- Integrity
- Carefulness

Conceptual Framework (Research paradigm)

- Researcher’s idea on how the research problem will
have to be explored
- Dwells on time tested theories that embody the
findings of numerous investigations on how
phenomena occur
- Embodies the specific direction by which the research
will have to be taken.
- Outlines IPO (input,process,output)
- Describe the rel. bet. specific variables
Theoretical Framework
- Provides general representation of relationships bet.
things in a given phenomena

Research Hypothesis
- An educated prediction that provides an explanation
for an observed event.
- In a form of an if-then statement
*observed event- measurable result or condition