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Elena Alexandrescu
CHIMIE
ANORGANICĂ
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pentru liceu și gimnaziu
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Probleme
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Autori: Elena Alexandrescu
prof. gr. I - Şcoala Internaţională „Spectrum”, Ploieşti
546
544
ISBN: 978-606-93525-7-1
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TABELUL PERIODIC AL ELEMENTELOR
Blocul s Blocul d Blocul p
GRUPE
Perioade
1 (IA) 18 (VIIIA)
1 1,00797 2 4,00260
1 H He
Hidrogen Numãr atomic ¾ 1 0,00797 ½ Masa atomicã Heliu
2,1 313 567
1s1 2 (IIA) ½ Simbol chimic 13 (IIIA) 14 (IVA) 15 (VA) 16 (VIA) 17 (VIIA) 1s2
3 6,941 4 9,01218 Denumire ¾ Hidrogen
H 5 10,81 6 12,01 7 14,00 8 15,99 9 18,99 10 20,179
Electronegativitate ¾ 2,1 313 ½ Energia primei
2 Li Be 1s1 ionizãri [kcal/g mol] B C N O F Ne
Litiu Beriliu ¿ Bor Carbon Azot Oxigen Fluor Neon
1,0 124 1,5 215 Configurația electronicã 2,0 191 2,5 260 3,0 336 3,5 314 4,0 402 - 497
1s22s1 1s22s2 1s22s22p1 1s22s22p2 1s22s22p3 1s22s22p4 1s22s22p5 1s22s22p6
11 22,98977 12 24,305 13 26,98 14 28,08 15 30,97 16 32,06 17 35,45 18 39,94
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodiu Magneziu Aluminiu Siliciu Fosfor Sulf Clor Argon
0,9 119 1,2 176 1,5 138 1,8 188 2,1 254 2,5 239 3,0 300 - 363
[Ne]3s1 [Ne]3s2 3 (IIIB) 4 (IVB) 5 (VB) 6 (VIB) 7 (VIIB) 8 (VIIIB) 9 (VIIIB) 10 (VIIIB) 11 (IB) 12 (IIB) [Ne]3s23p1 [Ne]3s23p2 [Ne]3s23p3 [Ne]3s23p4 [Ne]3s23p5 [Ne]3s23p6
19 39,0983 20 40,08 21 44,9559 22 47,88 23 50,94 24 51,99 25 54,93 26 55,84 27 58,93 28 58,69 29 63,54 30 65,39 31 69,72 32 72,61 33 74,9216 34 78,96 35 79,904 36 83,80
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potasiu Calciu Scandiu Titan Vanadiu Crom Mangan Fier Cobalt Nichel Cupru Zinc Galiu Germaniu Arsen Seleniu Brom Kripton
0,8 100 1,0 141 1,3 151 1,5 158 1,6 156 1,6 156 1,5 171 1,8 182 1,8 181 1,8 176 1,9 178 1,6 216 1,6 138 1,8 187 2,0 231 2,4 225 2,8 273 - 323
[Ar]4s1 [Ar]4s2 [Ar]3d14s2 [Ar]3d24s2 [Ar]3d34s2 [Ar]3d54s1 [Ar]3d54s2 [Ar]3d64s2 [Ar]3d74s2 [Ar]3d84s2 [Ar]3d104s1 [Ar]3d104s2 [Ar]3d104s24p1 [Ar]3d104s24p2 [Ar]3d104s24p3 [Ar]3d104s24p4 [Ar]3d104s24p5 [Ar]3d104s24p6
37 85,4678 38 87,62 39 88,9059 40 91,22 41 92,90 42 95,94 43 (98) 44 101,07 45 102,90 46 106,42 47 107,86 48 112,41 49 114,82 50 118,71 51 121,75 52 127,60 53 126,90 54 131,29
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidiu Stronțiu Ytriu Zirconiu Niobiu Molibden Tecnețiu Ruteniu Rodiu Paladiu Argint Cadmiu Indiu Staniu Stibiu Telur Iod Xenon
0,8 96 1,0 131 1,3 152 1,4 160 1,6 156 1,8 166 1,9 167 2,2 173 2,2 178 2,2 192 1,9 175 1,7 207 1,7 133 1,8 169 1,9 199 2,1 208 2,5 241 - 280
[Kr]5s1 [Kr]5s2 [Kr]4d15s2 [Kr]4d25s2 [Kr]4d45s1 [Kr]4d55s1 [Kr]4d55s2 [Kr]4d75s1 [Kr]4d85s1 [Kr]4d105s0 [Kr]4d105s1 [Kr]4d105s2 [Kr]4d105s25p1 [Kr]4d105s25p2 [Kr]4d105s25p3 [Kr]4d105s25p4 [Kr]4d105s25p5 [Kr]4d105s25p6
55 132,9054 56 137,33 57-71 72 178,49 73 180,94 74 183,85 75 186,20 76 190,2 77 192,22 78 195,08 79 196,96 80 200,59 81 204,38 82 207,2 83 208,98 84 [209] 85 [210] 86 [222]
6 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Cesiu Bariu Hafniu Tantal Wolfram Reniu Osmiu Iridiu Platinã Aur Mercur Taliu Plumb Bismut Poloniu Astatin Radon
0,7 90 0,9 120 1,3 127 1,5 138 1,7 184 1,9 182 2,2 201 2,2 212 2,2 207 2,4 213 1,9 241 1,8 141 1,8 171 1,9 185 2,0 - 2,2 - - 248
[Xe]6s1 [Xe]6s2
La-Lu [Xe]4f145d26s2 [Xe]4f145d36s2 [Xe]4f145d46s2 [Xe]4f145d56s2 [Xe]4f145d66s2 [Xe]4f145d76s2 [Xe]4f145d96s1 [Xe]4f145d106s1 [Xe]4f145d106s2 [Xe]4f145d106s26p1 [Xe]4f145d106s26p2 [Xe]4f145d106s26p3 [Xe]4f145d106s26p4 [Xe]4f145d106s26p5 [Xe]4f145d106s26p6
87 [223] 88 226,0254 89-103 104 [261] 105 [262] 106 [263] 107 [262] 108 [265] 109 [266]
7 Fr Ra Ac-Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
Franciu Radiu Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnérium
0,7 - 0,9 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
[Rn]7s1 [Rn]7s2 [Rn]5f146d27s2 [Rn]5f146d37s2 [Rn]5f146d47s2 [Rn]5f146d57s2 [Rn]5f146d67s2 [Rn]5f146d77s2
Blocul f
57 138,9055 58 140,12 59 140,90 60 144,24 61 [145] 62 150,36 63 151,96 64 157,25 65 158,92 66 6,941 67 164,93 68 167,26 69 168,93 70 173,04 71 174,96
Lantanide La
Lantan
Ce
Ceriu
Pr
Praseodim
Nd Pm Sm Eu
Neodim Promețiu Samariu Europiu
Gd
Gadoliniu
Tb
Terbiu
Dy
Disprosiu
Ho
Holmiu
Er
Erbiu
Tm Yb
Tuliu Yterbiu
Lu
Lutețiu
1,1 129 1,1 159 1,1 133 1,2 145 - 133 1,2 129 - 131 1,1 142 1,2 155 - 157 1,2 - 1,2 - 1,2 - 1,1 143 1,2
[Xe]5d16s2 [Xe]4f25d06s2 [Xe]4f35d06s2 [Xe]4f45d06s2 [Xe]4f55d06s2 [Xe]4f65d06s2 [Xe]4f75d06s2 [Xe]4f75d16s2 [Xe]4f95d06s2 [Xe]4f105d06s2 [Xe]4f115d06s2 [Xe]4f125d06s2 [Xe]4f135d06s2 [Xe]4f145d06s2 [Xe]4f145d16s2
89 [227] 90 232,03 91 231,03 92 238,02 93 237,04 94 [244] 95 [243] 96 [247] 97 [247] 98 [251] 99 [252] 100 [257] 101 [258] 102 [259] 103 [260]
Actinide Ac
Actiniu
Th
Toriu
Pa
Protactiniu
U
Uraniu
Np
Neptuniu
Pu Am Cm Bk
Plutoniu Americiu Curiu Berkeliu
Cf
Californiu
Es
Einsteiniu
Fm Md No
Fermiu Mendeleeviu Nobeliu
Lr
Lawrenciu
1,1 - 1,3 - 1,5 - 1,7 - 1,3 - 1,3 - 1,3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
[Rn]6d17s2 [Rn]5f06d27s2 [Rn]5f26d17s2 [Rn]5f36d17s2 [Rn]5f46d17s2 [Rn]5f66d07s2 [Rn]5f76d07s2 [Rn]5f76d17s2 [Rn]5f96d07s2 [Rn]5f106d07s2 [Rn]5f116d07s2 [Rn]5f126d07s2 [Rn]5f136d07s2 [Rn]5f146d07s2 [Rn]5f146d17s2
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–
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–
&D VVSVSV H &DVVSVS
–
H Al+VVS
Al: V V S V S
–
6F VVSVSGV H 6F+VVSVS
–
Fe: VVSVSGV H FeVVSVSG
–
Fe: VVSVSGV H Fe+VVSVSG
H–
*D+VVSVSG
*D V V S V S G V S
–
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,RQLLSR]LWLYLVHREĠLQGLQDWRPLSULQFHGDUHGHHOHFWURQL
ÌQWUXQLRQSR]LWLYQXPăUXOGHHOHFWURQLGLQvQYHOLúXOGHHOHFWURQLHVWHPDLPLFGHFkWQXPăUXO
de protoni din nucleu.
–
([HPSOH 0JVVSV H
Mg+VVS
DWRPGH0JS+H– LRQGH0JS+H–
8úXULQĠDFXFDUHXQDWRPSRDWHVăFHGH]HHOHFWURQLHVWHPăVXUDWăSULQHQHUJLDGHLRQL]DUH
(QHUJLDGHLRQL]DUHUHSUH]LQWăFDQWLWDWHDGHHQHUJLHDEVRUELWăvQSURFHVXOGHvQGHSăUWDUHD
XQXLHOHFWURQGLQWUXQDWRPvQID]ăJD]RDVă
(QHUJLDGHLRQL]DUHSULPDUă,HVWHHQHUJLDQHFHVDUăvQGHSăUWăULLHOHFWURQXOXLFHOPDLVODE
OHJDWGLQDWRPXOQHXWUX
E(g) + Iĺ(+(g) + e–
(QHUJLD GH LRQL]DUH VHFXQGDUă , HVWH HQHUJLD QHFHVDUă vQGHSăUWăULL XQXL HOHFWURQ GLQ
cationul E+úLDúDPDLGHSDUWH
E+(g) + Iĺ((g) + e–
E(g) + Iĺ((g) + e–
(QHUJLLOHGHLRQL]DUHFUHFvQRUGLQHD,<I<IHWFSHQWUXFăDOGRLOHDHOHFWURQúLXUPăWRULL
YRU ¿ vQGHSăUWDĠL GLQWUXQ LRQ SR]LWLY vQ FDUH DWUDFĠLD HOHFWURVWDWLFă D QXFOHXOXL DVXSUD ¿HFăUXL
HOHFWURQHVWHPDLPDUH
35
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([HPSOXAl(g) + Iĺ$O+(g) + e– I .MPRO
+ –
Al (g) + Iĺ$O (g) + e I .MPRO
Al(g) + Iĺ$O(g) + e– I .MPRO
(QHUJLDGHLRQL]DUHVHPăVRDUăvQNMPROvQNFDOPROVDXvQH9HOHFWURQYROW NMPRO
(QHUJLDGHLRQL]DUHFUHúWHFXFUHúWHUHDVDUFLQLLQXFOHDUHHIHFWLYHúLHVWHRSURSULHWDWHFDUH
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*UD¿FXO
9DULDĠLDHQHUJLHLGH
LRQL]DUHSULPDUHFX
QXPăUXODWRPLF
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QXPăUXOXLGHSURWRQLGLQQXFOHXúLFXFUHúWHUHDDWUDFĠLHLQXFOHXOXL
(OHPHQWHOH FDUH DX vQ VWUDWXO H[WHULRU FRQ¿JXUDĠLL HOHFWURQLFH PDL VWDELOH DX HQHUJLL GH
LRQL]DUHPDLPDULFDGHH[HPSOXHOHPHQWHOHGLQJUXSDFDUHFHGHD]ăXQHOHFWURQGLQWUXQRUELWDOV
dielectronic (nsHOHPHQWHOHGLQJUXSDFDUHFHGHD]ăXQHOHFWURQGLQWUXQVXEVWUDWSVHPLRFXSDW
(nsnpHOHPHQWHOHGLQJUXSDFDUHDXRFRQ¿JXUDĠLHH[WHULRDUăFRPSOHWăQGns&HOH
PDLPDULHQHUJLLGHLRQL]DUHSULPDUăOHDXJD]HOHQRELOHFDUHDUWUHEXLVăSLDUGăXQHOHFWURQGLQWUR
FRQ¿JXUDĠLHVWDELOă
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VWUDWXULRFXSDWHFXHOHFWURQLúLFXPLFúRUDUHDDWUDFĠLHLQXFOHXOXLDVXSUDHOHFWURQLORUGHSHXOWLPXO
strat.
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WUDQVIRUPDvQLRQLSR]LWLYL
(OHPHQWHOHFXFDUDFWHUHOHFWURSR]LWLYDXXQFRPSRUWDPHQWFKLPLFGHPHWDOYH]LSDUDJUDIXO
&DUDFWHUXOPHWDOLFDOXQXLHOHPHQWHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHXúXULQĠDFXFDUHDWRPLLVăLFHGHD]ă
36 FROHFĦLD
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FXVFăGHUHDHQHUJLHLGHLRQL]DUH
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VFDGHQXPăUXOGHHOHFWURQLFHGDĠLVFDGHHQHUJLDGHLRQL]DUH
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GHVWUDWXULRFXSDWHFXHOHFWURQLVFDGHDWUDFĠLDH[HUFLWDWăGHQXFOHXDVXSUDHOHFWURQLORUGHSHXOWLPXO
VWUDWVFDGHHQHUJLDGHLRQL]DUH
([HPSOX &DUDFWHUXO PHWDOLF DO HOHPHQWHORU %H 0J &D 6U %D GLQ JUXSD FUHúWH vQ RUGLQHD
%H0J&D6U%D
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FHGHD]ăXQQXPăUPDLPLFGHHOHFWURQLGHSHXQVWUDWPDLGHSăUWDWGHQXFOHX
([HPSOX Dintre potasiu (. VVSVSV úL PDJQH]LX 0J VVSV SRWDVLX
DUHFDUDFWHUXOHOHFWURSR]LWLYPDLDFFHQWXDWSHQWUXFăDWRPXOVăXFHGHD]ăXQHOHFWURQGHSH
VWUDWXOSHFkQGDWRPXOGHPDJQH]LXFHGHD]ăHOHFWURQLGHSHVWUDWXO
(OHPHQWHOH FX FDUDFWHU PHWDOLF DFFHQWXDW VXQW VLWXDWH vQ FROĠXO GLQ VWkQJD MRV DO WDEHOXOXL
SHULRGLF&HVLXOHVWHHOHPHQWXOFXFDUDFWHUXOHOHFWURSR]LWLYFHOPDLDFFHQWXDW
0HWDOHOH VXQW RUGRQDWH vQ VHQVXO GHVFUHVFăWRU DO FDUDFWHUXOXL PHWDOLF vQ VHULD UHDFWLYLWăĠLL
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FRQ¿JXUDĠLLVWDELOHGHJD]QRELO
–
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VS H– 2±VVS
2V
–
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HOHFWURQLGLQvQYHOLúXOGHHOHFWURQLHVWHPDLPDUHGHFkWQXPăUXOGHSURWRQLGLQQXFOHX
–
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$FFHSWDUHDXQXLHOHFWURQSRDWH¿XQSURFHVH[RWHUPVDXHQGRWHUP
$¿QLWDWHDSHQWUXHOHFWURQ$HUHSUH]LQWăFDQWLWDWHDGHHQHUJLHGHJDMDWăVDXDEVRUELWăvQ
SURFHVXOGHDFFHSWDUHDXQXLHOHFWURQGHFăWUHXQDWRPvQVWDUHJD]RDVă&DúLHQHUJLDGHLRQL]DUH
D¿QLWDWHDSHQWUXHOHFWURQVHPăVRDUăvQNMPRONFDOPROVDXH9YH]LDQH[D
/DQHPHWDOHDFFHSWDUHDSULPXOXLHOHFWURQHVWHXQSURFHVH[RWHUPLDUD¿QLWDWHDSHQWUXSULPXO
electron (Ae¿LQGRHQHUJLHSLHUGXWăGHVLVWHPDUHVHPQXOı´$FFHSWDUHDFHOXLGHDOGRLOHD
HOHFWURQHVWHXQSURFHVHQGRWHUPGHRDUHFHHVWHQHFHVDUXQFRQVXPGHHQHUJLHSHQWUXvQYLQJHUHD
UHSXOVLLORUHOHFWURVWDWLFHH[HUFLWDWHGHSULPXOHOHFWURQDFFHSWDWGHDWRP$¿QLWDWHDSHQWUXDOGRLOHD
electron (AeDUHVHPQXOÄ´
([HPSOH 2JH–ĺ2–(g) Ae NMPRO
2–(g) + e–ĺ2±(g) Ae NMPRO
37
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–
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SURSULHWăĠLDOHFRPSXúLORUFHDUWUHEXLVăFRQĠLQăDFHúWLLRQLQXSRW¿H[SOLFDWHSULQWUXQPRGHOSXU
ionic.
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DVHPHQHDQXOXăPvQFRQVLGHUDUHSRVLELOLWDWHDH[LVWHQĠHLXQRUFDWLRQLFXVDUFLQLHOHFWULFHUHODWLYH
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VHWUDQVIRUPDvQLRQLQHJDWLYL
(OHPHQWHOHFXFDUDFWHUHOHFWURQHJDWLYDXXQFRPSRUWDPHQWFKLPLFGHQHPHWDO&DUDFWHUXO
QHPHWDOLF DO XQXL HOHPHQW HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GH XúXULQĠD FX FDUH DWRPLL VăL DFFHSWă HOHFWURQL úL VH
WUDQVIRUPăvQLRQLQHJDWLYL
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ÌQDFHVWVHQVFUHúWHVDUFLQDQXFOHDUăFUHúWHDWUDFĠLDQXFOHXOXLDVXSUDHOHFWURQLORUGHSHXOWLPXO
VWUDWVFDGHQXPăUXOGHHOHFWURQLDFFHSWDĠL
([HPSOX &DUDFWHUXO QHPHWDOLF DO HOHPHQWHORU & 1 2 ) GLQ SHULRDGD FUHúWH vQ RUGLQHD
&12)
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([HPSOX&DUDFWHUXOQHPHWDOLFDOHOHPHQWHORU)&O%U,GLQJUXSDFUHúWHvQRUGLQHD,%U&O)
&DUDFWHUHOHHOHFWURQHJDWLYúLQHPHWDOLFDOHXQXLHOHPHQWVXQWPDLDFFHQWXDWHGDFăDWRPXO
VăXDFFHSWăXQQXPăUPDLPLFGHHOHFWURQLSHXQVWUDWPDLDSURSLDWGHQXFOHX
([HPSOX Dintre oxigen (2 VVS úL IRVIRU 3 VVSVS R[LJHQXO DUH
FDUDFWHUXOHOHFWURQHJDWLYPDLDFFHQWXDWSHQWUXFăDWRPXOVăXDFFHSWăHOHFWURQLSHVWUDWXO
SHFkQGDWRPXOGHIRVIRUDFFHSWăHOHFWURQLSHVWUDWXO
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(OHFWURQHJDWLYLWDWH
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¿DSUHFLDWSULQYDORDUHDHOHFWURQHJDWLYLWăĠLLOXL
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'DFă XQ DWRP DO XQXL HOHPHQW FKLPLF DUH R WHQGLQĠă DFFHQWXDWă GH D DWUDJH HOHFWURQL
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38 FROHFĦLD
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7DEHOXOSHULRGLF3URSULHWăĠLOHSHULRGLFHúLQHSHULRGLFHDOHHOHPHQWHORUFKLPLFH
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FKLPLFH
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FDUDFWHUXOXLQHPHWDOLF
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(OHPHQWXO 1D Mg Al 6L 3 6 &O
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&DUDFWHUXODFLGR 1D2 0J2 Al2 6L2 32 62 &O2
ED]LFDOR[L]LORU R[LGED]LF R[LGED]LF R[LGDPIRWHU oxid acid oxid acid oxid acid oxid acid
1D2+ 0J2+ $O2+
7ăULDED]HORU caracter - - - -
ED]ăWDUH ED]ăVODEă
DPIRWHU
H6 +&O
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SNa SNa ±
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R[L]LED]LFL
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0J2 0J2+
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39
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(OHPHQWXO QHJDWLYLWDWH
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H&2DFLGVODE
& &2 oxid acid -
SNa
6L 6L2 oxid acid - -
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6Q26Q2 6Q2+
6Q -
R[L]LDPIRWHUL FDUDFWHUDPIRWHU
3E23E2 3E2+
3E -
R[L]LDPIRWHUL FDUDFWHUDPIRWHU
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9DOHQĠD
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([HPSOH 6* DUHYDOHQĠD vQ1D6úL+6
1* DUHYDOHQĠD vQ&D1úL1+.
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([HPSOH &* DUHYDOHQĠHOHúL&2&2);
1* DUHYDOHQĠHOH1212121212);
3* DUHYDOHQĠHOH3232);
6* DUHYDOHQĠHOH6262);
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40 FROHFĦLD
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PHWDO
([HPSOX (OHFWURYDOHQĠDDOXPLQLXOXLHVWHXQDWRPGHDOXPLQLXFHGHD]ăHOHFWURQL
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DWRPGHQHPHWDO
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HOHFWURQLvQ62).
8QHRULYDOHQĠHOHHOHPHQWHORUVXQWH[SULPDWHúLvQFLIUHURPDQH
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(oxidare)
Fe(aq) (reducere) Fe(aq) + e–
$FHVWHOHFWURGVHUHSUH]LQWăDVWIHO3W(s)_)H(aq))H(aq).
(OHFWURGXO GH JD] DVHPăQăWRU FX HOHFWURGXO GH KLGURJHQ HVWH IRUPDW GLQWUR SODFă GH
PHWDOQRELOSODWLQăFDUHHVWHLQWURGXVăvQWURVROXĠLHFHFRQĠLQHLRQLLXQXLQHPHWDO+2– pentru
HOHFWURGXOGHR[LJHQ&O–SHQWUXHOHFWURGXOGHFORUHWFSULQFDUHVHEDUERWHD]ăQHPHWDOXOJD]RV
(FKLOLEUXOVHVWDELOHúWHvQWUHQHPHWDOXOJD]RVúLLRQLLGLQVROXĠLH
(oxidare)
&O– (reducere) &O + e–
$FHVWHOHFWURGVHUHSUH]LQWă3W(s)_&O–(aq)_&OJ.
(OHFWURGXOFRPSXVGLQWUXQPHWDORVDUHJUHXVROXELOăDDFHVWXLPHWDOúLXQHOHFWUROLW
VDUHVDXDFLGFDUHDXDQLRQXOFRPXQ8QDVWIHOGHHOHFWURGHVWHHOHFWURGXOGHFDORPHOIRUPDWGLQ
PHUFXUFORUXUăGHPHUFXU,+J&OVROLGăúLRVROXĠLHGHFORUXUăGHSRWDVLX.&OFDUHvQDFHVWH
FRQGLĠLLHVWHVDWXUDWăvQ+J&O&HOHGRXăVăUXULDXDQLRQXO&O–vQFRPXQ(FKLOLEUXOFRUHVSXQ]ăWRU
acestui electrod este:
(oxidare)
+J(s)&O–(aq) (reducere)
Hg&OVH–
208 FROHFĦLD
('8&$ĥ,21$/
Electrochimia
$FHVWHOHFWURGVHUHSUH]LQWăDVWIHO+J(l)_+J&OV_.&O(aq).
/DVXSUDIDĠDGHFRQWDFWGLQWUHFRQGXFWRUXOHOHFWURQLFúLVROXĠLDHOHFWUROLWXOXLGLQFDGUXOXQXL
HOHFWURGVHVWDELOHúWHRGLIHUHQĠăGHSRWHQĠLDOQXPLWăSRWHQĠLDOGHHOHFWURG.
$FHDVWă GLIHUHQĠă GH SRWHQĠLDO GLQWUH UHGXFăWRU úL R[LGDQW HVWH GDWRUDWă VFKLPEXOXL GH
HOHFWURQLGLQWUHDFHVWHVSHFLLFKLPLFH
9DORDUHDDEVROXWăDDFHVWXLSRWHQĠLDOQXVHSRDWHGHWHUPLQD3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDYDORULORU
UHODWLYHDOHSRWHQĠLDOHORUGHHOHFWURGVDDOHVFDSRWHQĠLDOGHUHIHULQĠăSRWHQĠLDOXOHOHFWURGXOXLQRUPDO
GHKLGURJHQDFăUXLYDORDUHHVWHFRQVLGHUDWă]HUR
'LIHUHQĠD GH SRWHQĠLDO GLQWUH SRWHQĠLDOXO XQXL HOHFWURG VWDQGDUG úL SRWHQĠLDOXO
HOHFWURGXOXL QRUPDO GH KLGURJHQ HVWH QXPLWă SRWHQĠLDO VWDQGDUG GH HOHFWURG úL SRDWH ¿
GHWHUPLQDWăH[SHULPHQWDO6HQRWHD]ăFX(
'DFăVHFRQVLGHUăUHDFĠLDGHR[LGDUHSRWHQĠLDOXOVWDQGDUGGHHOHFWURGHVWHXQSRWHQĠLDOGH
R[LGDUH$YkQGvQYHGHUHFăUHDFĠLDGHR[LGDUHGHFXUJHFRQIRUPVFKHPHL
(oxidare)
5HGXFăWRU 2[LGDQWQH–
SRWHQĠLDOXOVWDQGDUGGHR[LGDUH(oxVHQRWHD]ă(5HG_2[.
3RWHQĠLDOXOVWDQGDUGGHR[LGDUHDOHOHFWURGXOXLXQXLPHWDOvQFD]XOFăUXLDUHDFĠLDGHR[LGDUH
este:
Me(s)5HGXFăWRUĺ0Hn+(aq)2[LGDQWQH–
VHQRWHD]ă(0H_0Hn+.
&RQVLGHUkQG UHDFĠLD GH UHGXFHUH SRWHQĠLDOXO VWDQGDUG GH HOHFWURG HVWH XQ SRWHQĠLDO GH
UHGXFHUH$YkQGvQYHGHUHFăUHDFĠLDGHUHGXFHUHGHFXUJHFRQIRUPVFKHPHL
(reducere)
2[LGDQWQH– 5HGXFăWRU
SRWHQĠLDOXOVWDQGDUGGHUHGXFHUH(UHGVHQRWHD]ă(2[_5HG.
3RWHQĠLDOXO VWDQGDUG GH UHGXFHUH DO HOHFWURGXOXL XQXL PHWDO vQ FD]XO FăUXLD UHDFĠLD GH
reducere este:
Men+(aq)2[LGDQWQH–ĺ0H(s)5HGXFăWRU
VHQRWHD]ă(Men+_0H.
3HQWUX VSHFLLOH FKLPLFH DWRPL LRQL FDUH DX WHQGLQĠD GH D VH R[LGD GH D FHGD
HOHFWURQLPDLPDUHGHFkWDKLGURJHQXOXLSRWHQĠLDOXOGHR[LGDUHHVWHFRQVL