Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 36-45 Available online at http://banglajol.info/index.

php/CERB

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF MHD NANOFLUID OVER A STRETCHING

SURFACE WITH CHEMICAL REACTION AND VISCOUS DISSIPATION
G. Narender1*, Santoshi Misra2 and K. Govardhan3

1
Department of H&S(Mathematics), CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad, T.S., India
2
Departmet of Mathematics, St. Ann's College for Women, Hyderabad, T.S., India
3
Departmetof Mathematics, GITAM University, Hyderabad Campus, T.S., India

Received: 28 March 2019 received in revised form17 September 2019

Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to focus on a numerical study of chemical reaction and viscous dissipation
effects on the steady state boundary layer flow of MHD nanofluid past the horizontally stretching sheet with the
existence of nanoparticles. A proper similarity transformation is utilized to convert the boundary layer equations into the
nonlinear and coupled ordinary differential equations. These ODEs are sorted out numerically by applying the shooting
mechanism. Graphical representations are also included to explain the effect of evolving parameters against the above-
mentioned distributions. Significance of different physical parameters on dimensionless velocity, temperature and
concentration are elaborated through graphs and tables. For increasing values of Eckert number, the temperature profile
increases whereas the chemical reaction parameter increases, the boundary layer thickness decreases.

Keywords: MHD Nanofluid, Chemical reaction parameter; Stretching sheet; Eckert number; Velocity slip Parameter.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/cerb.v21i1.47370

Introduction layer flow of nanofluid past a stretched sheet. In

The study of flow and heat transfer generated by
means of stretching medium has plenty of
significance in numerous industrialized
developments, (e.g., in the process of rubber and
plastic sheets manufacturing, upgrading the solid
materials like crystal, turning fibers etc.). The most
widely used coolant liquid among them is water. In
above cases, flow and heat transfer investigation is
of major importance because final product quality
be determined to bulk level based on coefficient of
skin friction and heat transfer surface rate.
Numerous investigators talked over different traits
of stretching flow problem. Some of them are
Crane [1], Chaim [2], Liao and Pop [3], Khan and
Sanjayanand [4] and T. Fang et al. [5].
Currently, in the fields of engineering and fluid
science, heat transfer and boundary layer flow of
nanofluid are the thrust areas of research. Many
researchers examined the convective boundary
future, advancement in nano-technology is
expected for making unbelievable changes in our
lives. A very big number of researchers are
working in this area due to its great use in the
engineering and its linked areas. In the process of
air cleaning, development of microelectronics,
safety of nuclear reactors etc., heat and mass
transfer of thermophoretic magnetohydrodynamic
flow consumes prospective uses. Choi [6] was the
first who introduced the idea of “nanofluids" and
presented the report on the heat transfer properties
of nano-fluids. The thorough exposure on
thermophoretic flow was examined by Derjaguin
and Yalamov [7]. Heat and mass transfer of MHD
thermophoretic stream above plane surface was
also studied by Issac and Chamkha [8].
Thermophoresis effect on aerosol particles was
investigated by Tsai [9].
In fluid temperature, no doubt, viscous dissipation
produces a considerable ascend. This would happen

*Corresponding author email: gnriimc@gmail.com ©Bangladesh Uni. of Engg. & Tech

37
because of change in kinetic motion of fluid into
thermal energy. Viscous dissipation is unavoidable
in case of flow field in high gravitational field.
Viscous flow past a nonlinearly stretching sheet
was deliberated by Vajravelu [10]. For external
natural convention flow over a stretching medium,
the effect of viscous dissipation was also studied by
Mollendroff and Gebhart [11], whereas the impact
of Joule heating and viscous dissipation on the
forced convection flow with thermal radiation was
presented by Duwairi [12].
The chemical reaction with the diffusion of species
for the boundary layer fluid have numerous
applications in atmosphere pollution, water, fluids
relevant to atmosphere and many other problems
of chemical engineering. For boundary layer
laminar flow of reactive chemically species with
the diffusion which are used by a body over the
surface considered by Chamber and Young [13].
For non-Newtonian fluids and their solution for
the species of diffusion with chemical reactive in a
flow over a stretching sheet with porous medium
reported by Akyildiz et al. [14]. Cortell [15] also
discuss the two types of viscoelastic fluid over a
porous stretching sheet with the chemically
reactive species. Hiemenz flow through porous
media considered by Chamka and Khaled [16]
with the presence of magnetic field. Heat transfer
with steady condition considered by Sriramalu et
al. [17] for incompressible viscous fluid with
porous type species over a stretching surface.
Khan et al. [18] discussed MHD viscoelastic fluid,
transfer of mass and heat over a permeable
stretching surface with stress work and energy
dissipation. The fluid on stretching surface close
with stagnation-point discussed by Tripathy et al.
[19]. Seddeek and Salem [20] observed that the
mass and heat transfer distribution on stretching
type surface with thermal diffusivity and variable
viscosity. M. Ali et al. [21] studied the effects of
magnetohydrodynamic on heat transfer and
convective mass flow. They concluded that mass
flux of particle is as small as the stream velocity
and temperature profile are not influenced by
thermophysical phenomenon experienced by
relatively small number of particles. Some further
Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 36-45
studies related to magnetohydrodynamic have
been discussed in Refs. [22,23,24].
In this article, the findings of M. G. Reddy [25]
have been reproduced and extended by considering
the viscous dissipation and chemical reaction. The
acquired arrangement of partial differential
equations is transformed into non-linear and
coupled ordinary differential equations by using a
similarity transformation. With the help of
shooting technique, numerical solution of the
system of ordinary differential equations is
achieved.
2. Problem Formulation
Consider the numerical investigation of MHD
boundary layer flow of anin compressible
nanofluid. The flow is two-dimensional, steady,
laminar, viscous flow of an electrically conducting
electrically conducting fluid towards a stretching
surface with chemically reactive species
undergoing chemical reaction is considered. The
schematic diagram of the system under
investigation is shown in the Figure 1.
The plate has been stretched with velocity𝑢𝑢𝑤𝑤 (𝑥𝑥) =
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, (𝑎𝑎 > 0) along 𝑥𝑥 − direction. In addition, fluid
is flowing in the presence of magnetic field.The
magnetic field is supposed to be applied along the
𝑦𝑦 −direction.The temperature at surface is 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 ,
𝑢𝑢𝑤𝑤 , 𝐶𝐶𝑤𝑤 represent fluid velocity, nanoparticle
concentration at surface respectively.
The following systems of equations are
incorporated for mathematical model [25]. shows
that in the presence of magnetic field over the
surface, the governing equations of conservation
of momentum, energy, mass and nanoparticle
fraction, under the boundary layer approximation,
are as follows:
Continuity equation:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
+ =0 (1)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Momentum equation:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵02 (𝑥𝑥)
𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 =− − (𝑢𝑢)
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜌𝜌 𝑓𝑓 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜌𝜌 𝑓𝑓
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢
+𝜈𝜈 � + � (2)
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 2
 Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 36-45 38

Figure 1: Geometry of the flow under consideration.

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵02 (𝑥𝑥) 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 =− − (𝑣𝑣) + 𝜈𝜈 �
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2
+
𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 2
� 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢𝑤𝑤 + 𝐿𝐿 , 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣𝑤𝑤 , ⎫
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜌𝜌 𝑓𝑓 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜌𝜌 𝑓𝑓 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ⎪
−𝑘𝑘 = ℎ�𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 − 𝑇𝑇�,
(3) 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
⎬
𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝑤𝑤 at 𝑦𝑦 = 0 ⎪
Energy equation: 𝑢𝑢 = 0, 𝑣𝑣 = 0, 𝑇𝑇 → 𝑇𝑇∞ , 𝐶𝐶 → 𝐶𝐶∞ as 𝑦𝑦 → ∞⎭
(6)
𝑢𝑢
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
+ 𝑣𝑣
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
=
𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2
�� � + � � � + 𝛼𝛼 �
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑇𝑇
+
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑇𝑇
�+ The radiative heat flux 𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 , by using the Rosseland
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 2
2
approximation for radiation, can be written as
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝛼𝛼 𝜕𝜕𝑞𝑞 𝑟𝑟 −4𝜎𝜎 ∗ 𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇 4
τ �𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵 � + �+ �� � + � � �� − � � 𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 = (7)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑇𝑇∞ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜌𝜌 𝑓𝑓 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
3𝑘𝑘 ∗ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
where 𝜎𝜎 and 𝑘𝑘 ∗ stand for the Stefan-Boltzmann
∗
(4) constant and coefficient of mean absorption.
Concentration equation: Expansion of 𝑇𝑇 4 about 𝑇𝑇∞ by making use of
Taylor's series is:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 2 𝐶𝐶 𝜕𝜕 2 𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕 2 𝐶𝐶 𝜕𝜕 2 𝐶𝐶 4𝑇𝑇∞3 12𝑇𝑇∞2
𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 = 𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵 � + �+ � + �− 𝑇𝑇 4 = 𝑇𝑇∞4 + (𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇∞ )1 + (𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇∞ )2 +
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 2 𝑇𝑇∞ 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 2 1! 2!
𝑘𝑘0 (𝐶𝐶 − 𝐶𝐶∞ ) (5) 24𝑇𝑇∞
(𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇∞ )3 +
24
(𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇∞ )4
(8)
3! 4!
4
where 𝑢𝑢 and 𝑣𝑣 are the components of velocity Disregarding the higher order terms, 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇∞4 +
respectively in the 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 directions, 𝑝𝑝 is the fluid 4𝑇𝑇∞3 (𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇∞ )
𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇 4 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
pressure, 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 is the density of base fluid, 𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝 is the ⇒ = 4𝑇𝑇 3 (9)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
density of the particles, 𝜈𝜈 is the kinematic viscosity Using (9) in (7) and the differentiate w.r.t.𝑦𝑦, we get
of the base fluid, 𝜎𝜎 is electrical conductivity, 𝜌𝜌 is 𝜕𝜕𝑞𝑞 𝑟𝑟 16𝜎𝜎 ∗ 𝑇𝑇∞3 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑇𝑇
density, 𝑇𝑇 is temperature, 𝛼𝛼 is thermal diffusivity, =− (10)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3𝜅𝜅 ∗ 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 2
(𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 )𝑝𝑝
𝜏𝜏 = (𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 ) is the ratio of nanoparticle heat capacity We use similarity transformation to solve Eqs. (1 –
𝑓𝑓 5)
and the base fluid heat capacity, 𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵 is Brownian 𝜓𝜓 = √𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥(𝜂𝜂), 𝜃𝜃(𝜂𝜂) =
𝑇𝑇−𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚
,
𝑇𝑇∞ −𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚
diffusion coefficient, 𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇 is thermophoretic
𝐶𝐶−𝐶𝐶∞ 𝑎𝑎
diffusion coefficient, 𝜇𝜇 is dynamic viscosity, 𝑐𝑐 is 𝛽𝛽(𝜂𝜂) =
𝐶𝐶𝑤𝑤 −𝐶𝐶∞
, 𝜂𝜂 = 𝑦𝑦� ,
𝜈𝜈
(11)
specific heat at constant pressure. The boundary the velocity component of stream function which is
conditions for Eqs. (1 – 5) are defined as
39 Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 36-45

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥𝑞𝑞 𝑚𝑚

𝑢𝑢 = , 𝑣𝑣 = − (12) 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑥𝑥 = (18)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵 ((𝐶𝐶𝑤𝑤 −𝐶𝐶∞ )

So, we have where, 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 is the shear stress,𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚 is the wall mass
𝑢𝑢 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝜂𝜂), 𝑢𝑢 = −√𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓(𝜂𝜂) (13) flux from the surface, and 𝑞𝑞𝑤𝑤 is the heat flux at the
wall surface, given by:
where prime shows differentiation with respect to
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜂𝜂. 𝑞𝑞𝑤𝑤 = −𝑘𝑘 � � , 𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚 = −𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵 � � (19)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑦𝑦 =0 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑦𝑦 =0
The equation continuity (1) is satisfied identically.
The governing Eqs. (2) – (5) are reduced into the Using the dimensionless variables, we get
following nonlinear ODEs.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑥𝑥
= −1 + 𝑅𝑅 𝜃𝜃 ′ (0), − 𝛽𝛽 ′ (0),
′′′
𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − ′′ (𝑓𝑓 ′ )2 ′
− 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 = 0 (14) �𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 �𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥

4
�1 + 𝑅𝑅� 𝜃𝜃 ′′ + Pr⁡
[𝑓𝑓𝜃𝜃 ′ + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝜃𝜃 ′ 𝛽𝛽′ + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝜃𝜃 ′ )2 + 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 �𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 = −𝑓𝑓 ′′ (0) (20)
3
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑓𝑓 ′′ )2
]=0 (15)
where 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 denotes the Reynolds number and is
𝛽𝛽′′ + 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝛽𝛽′ +
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝜃𝜃 ′′ − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝛾𝛾𝛽𝛽 = 0 (16) expressed as:
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑥𝑥𝑈𝑈𝑤𝑤 (𝑥𝑥)
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 = .
with the boundary conditions 𝑣𝑣

𝑓𝑓(0) = 𝑆𝑆, 𝑓𝑓 ′ (0) = 1 + A𝑓𝑓 ′′ (0), 3. Numerical Treatment

′ (0)
⎫
𝜃𝜃 = −𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵�1 − 𝜃𝜃(0)�, = 0, 𝛽𝛽(0) = 1 ⎪
(17) In this section, the scheme for the numerical
at 𝜂𝜂 = 0,
′ (∞) ⎬ solution of the system of three coupled ODEs (14)
𝑓𝑓 → 0, 𝜃𝜃(∞) → 0, 𝛽𝛽(∞) → 0 ⎪
as 𝜂𝜂 → ∞ ⎭ – (16) with BCs (17) will be discussed. Because of
its efficiency, the shooting technique has been
The dimensionless constants 𝑀𝑀,𝑆𝑆, A, 𝑅𝑅, Pr, 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁, performed to apply. Firstly, it is noticed that
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁, 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸, 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿, 𝛾𝛾, 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵represent the magnetic parameter, heurist infinity for the independent variable chosen
a suction parameter,the velocity slip parameter, the as 𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 .
radiation parameter, the Prandtl number, the The comment on the choice on the 𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , for
Brownian motion parameter, the thermophoresis solving is presented at the end of the section.
parameter, the Eckert number, the Lewis number,
Equation (14) is solved with 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (0) = 𝑟𝑟, assumed
the chemical rate parameter, the Biot number
number using the initial conditions
respectively, which are defined as,
𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵02 𝑣𝑣𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(0) = 𝑆𝑆, 𝑓𝑓 ′ (0) = 1 + 𝜆𝜆 × 𝑟𝑟, 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (0) = 𝑟𝑟 (21)
𝑀𝑀 = , 𝑆𝑆 = − , 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐿𝐿 �� �,
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 √ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜈𝜈
𝑟𝑟 is iteratively found using Newton’s method using
−4𝑇𝑇∞3 𝜎𝜎 ∗ 𝜈𝜈 𝜕𝜕𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 )
𝑅𝑅 = , 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = , 𝐹𝐹 ′ (𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ) = which is obtain by solving,
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
3𝑘𝑘 ∗ 𝑘𝑘 𝛼𝛼
𝜏𝜏𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵 (𝐶𝐶𝑤𝑤 − 𝐶𝐶∞ ) 𝐹𝐹 ′′′ = 2𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝐹𝐹 ′ − 𝑓𝑓𝐹𝐹 ′′ − 𝑓𝑓 ′′ 𝐹𝐹 ′ + 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 ′ (22)
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = ,
𝜈𝜈
with 𝐹𝐹(0) = 0, 𝐹𝐹 ′ (0) = 𝜆𝜆 and 𝐹𝐹 ′′ (0) = 1 (23)
𝜏𝜏𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇 �𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 − 𝑇𝑇∞ � 𝑢𝑢𝑤𝑤2
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = , 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = ,
𝜈𝜈𝑇𝑇∞ 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 �𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 − 𝑇𝑇∞ � After finding 𝑓𝑓(𝜂𝜂) we solved the equations (15)
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 =
𝜈𝜈
, 𝛾𝛾 =
𝑘𝑘 0 𝑈𝑈(𝐶𝐶𝑤𝑤 −𝐶𝐶∞ )
, 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 =
ℎ(𝜈𝜈 ⁄𝑎𝑎 )1 ⁄2
. and (16) with the initial conditions.
𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵 𝜈𝜈 𝑘𝑘
y2
Nusselt number 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 , skin friction coefficient𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 , y1′ 2
−Pr �𝑓𝑓y 2 +Nb y 2 y 4 +Nt y 22 +Ec 𝑓𝑓 ′′ �
and Sherwood number 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑥𝑥 , are expressed as: ⎛y2′ ⎞ ⎛ 4R
⎞
⎜y ′ ⎟ = ⎜
�1+ �
3 ⎟ (24)
3
⎜ y4 ⎟
𝑥𝑥𝑞𝑞 𝑤𝑤 𝜏𝜏 𝑤𝑤
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = , 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 = , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ′ Nb
𝑘𝑘((𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤 −𝑇𝑇∞ ) 2
𝜌𝜌𝑈𝑈𝑤𝑤 ⎝y4 ⎠ ⎝ −Le𝑓𝑓y4 − y21 + Leγy3 ⎠
Nt
Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 36-45 40

Associated boundary conditions in Eq. (17) can be 3.1. Code Validation

written as
For the validity of our results, the skin friction
y1 (0) p1 factor, the local Nusselt number and Sherwood
y (0) 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(p1 − 1) number have been compared with those already
⎛ 2 ⎞=� � (25)
y3 (0) 1 published in literature as shown in Tables 3.1 and
⎝y4 (0)⎠ p2 3.2. From tables the results achieved by the present
code are found convincingly very closed to the
Here 𝑝𝑝1 = 𝜃𝜃(0)𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝2 (0) = 𝛽𝛽′ (0). published results [25].
𝑝𝑝1 , 𝑝𝑝2 are to be found satisfying end conditions Table 3.1. Comparison of results of −𝑓𝑓 " (0)for various
𝑦𝑦1 → 0, 𝑦𝑦3 → 0 as 𝜂𝜂 → ∞. Adams Moultan fourth values of 𝑀𝑀, 𝑆𝑆 and 𝐴𝐴
order method (with the corresponding predictor) is −𝒇𝒇" (𝟎𝟎)
𝑴𝑴 𝑺𝑺 𝑨𝑨
M. G. Reddy [25] Present value
used to solve the initial value problem. Assumed
0.5 0.2 0.1 1.13992 1.136756
values of 𝑝𝑝1 and 𝑝𝑝2 are corrected using Newton 1.0 0.2 0.1 1.28430 1.282955
method. Derivatives of 𝜃𝜃(∞, 𝑝𝑝1 , 𝑝𝑝2 ) and 0.5 0.5 0.1 1.26830 1.265184
𝜙𝜙(∞, 𝑝𝑝1 , 𝑝𝑝2 ) with respect to any 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.800331 0.8066351
parameter𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑝1 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝2 ) are found by solving the
Table 3.2. Comparison of results of −𝜃𝜃 ′ (0) and −𝛽𝛽′ (0)
equation which are obtained by differentiating
𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝑖𝑖
−𝜽𝜽′ (𝟎𝟎) −𝜷𝜷′ (𝟎𝟎)
system (21). 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 = for all 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2,3,4. These M. G. M. G.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 Present Present
Reddy Reddy
equations are value value
[25] [25]
0.08406 0.0822515
𝑌𝑌1′ = 𝑌𝑌(2), 0.1 0.1 2.96584 2.9588820
76 300
0.08139 0.0792839
𝑌𝑌2′ =
−𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
[𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝐼𝐼)𝑌𝑌(2) + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝑦𝑦(2)𝑌𝑌(4) − 0.5 0.1 3.00253 3.0008590
4𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 44 800
�1+ 3 �
0.08384 0.0819882
𝑌𝑌2𝑦𝑦4)+2𝑁𝑁𝑡𝑡𝑦𝑦2𝑌𝑌2, 0.1 0.5 2.79651 2.7606710
97 600
0.08110 0.0789362
0.5 0.5 2.97637 2.9675340
𝑌𝑌3′ = 𝑌𝑌(4), 44 500

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ′ 4. Graphical Results

𝑌𝑌4′ = −𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(𝐼𝐼)𝑦𝑦(4) − 𝑌𝑌 + 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(3)
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 2
The objective is to inspect governing parameters
This system is solved with three different sets of on the velocity, temperature and concentration
initial conditions 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 (0) = 0 for all 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2,3,4. distribution in this section. In every one of these
Newton’s method is estimations, we have considered 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 2, 𝑀𝑀 = 2, 𝑅𝑅 =
2, 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑆𝑆 = 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝛾𝛾 = 0.5, 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 0.1 and
𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦1 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦1 −1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 5.
𝑝𝑝1 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑝𝑝1 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝜕𝜕𝑝𝑝 𝜕𝜕𝑝𝑝 2 𝑦𝑦1
�𝑝𝑝 � = �𝑝𝑝 � − �𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦1 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦3
� �𝑦𝑦 � (26)
2 2 3 3
𝜕𝜕𝑝𝑝 1 𝜕𝜕𝑝𝑝 2 𝜂𝜂 =∞

It may be noticed that the choice of initial guess of

𝑝𝑝1 , 𝑝𝑝2 is very crucial. Once we obtain solution for a
set of physical parameters, a single parameter
changed slightly to achieve convergence of
Newton’s method. The choice of 𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 6 was
more than enough for end condition. The
convergence criteria are chosen to be successive
value agree up to 3 significant digits.

Figure 2. Dimensionless Velocity 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝐴𝐴

41
4.1 Impact of slip parameter (𝐴𝐴).
The effect of slip parameter 𝐴𝐴 on the
dimensionless velocity profile 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝜂𝜂) is presented in
Figure2. Increasing the values of the slip parameter
𝐴𝐴 reduces the velocity field and boundary
thickness as depicted in Figure 2.
4.2 Impact of Magnetic parameter (𝑀𝑀).
Figure 3 shows the behavior of 𝑀𝑀 on velocity
profile it is noticed the effects of magnetic field are
to reduce the velocity profile. Because of the
application of transverse magnetic field in an
electrically conducting fluid, a resistive force like a
drag force is produced, which is Lorentz force.
Figure 3. Dimensionless Velocity 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑀𝑀
The presence of Lorentz force retards the force on
the velocity field. Figure. 4 and Figure. 5 shows
the variations in energy profile 𝜃𝜃(𝜂𝜂) and
dimensionless concentration profile 𝛽𝛽(𝜂𝜂) for
different estimations of Magnetic Parameter 𝑀𝑀. It
is analyzed that the temperature profile 𝜃𝜃(𝜂𝜂),
concentration profile 𝛽𝛽(𝜂𝜂) and thermal boundary
layer thickens are increasing functions of Magnetic
Parameter.
Figure 4. Dimensionless Temperature 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑀𝑀
Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 36-45
The reason beyond this electrically conducting
fluid produces a resistive force known as Lorentz
force, which opposes the flow and tends to make
the fluid motion slowdown in the boundary layer
and therefore reduces the profile of temperature
𝜃𝜃(𝜂𝜂) increases with the increase in magnetic
parameter.
Figure 5. Dimensionless Concentration 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑀𝑀
4.3 Impact of suction parameter (𝑆𝑆).
The impact of the section parameter 𝑆𝑆 on the
dimensionless velocity profile 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝜂𝜂) ispresented in
Figure 6. Velocity profile diminishes and
accompanied with boundary layer width increases
for gradually growing values of the suction
parameter𝑆𝑆.Figure 7 displays the variation of
temperature with suction parameter. As the values
of suction parameter 𝑆𝑆 increase, the temperature
graph is decreasing. Moreover, the thermal
boundary layer thickness and surface temperature
is also decreasing. Figure 8 shows that by
increasing suction parameter 𝑆𝑆, concentration
profile decreases. By an increasing in the suction,
concentration profile as wellas boundary layer
thickness decrease.
Figure 6. Dimensionless Temperature 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑆𝑆
Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 36-45 42

that temperature profile enhances as the Biot

number is increased gradually. Physically, the Biot
number defines the ratio between resistance rate of
heat transfer inside the body to the resistance at the
body surface. The reason behind is that convective
heat exchange at the surface will raise the
boundary layer thickness therefore the nanofluid
with convective boundary condition is more
effective model as compared to the constant
surface temperature state.
Figure 7. Dimensionless Temperature 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑆𝑆

Figure 9. Dimensionless Temperature 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

Figure 8. Dimensionless Temperature 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑆𝑆

4.4 Impact of Prandtl number (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃).

Figure 9 presents that an elevation in Prandtl

number 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 shows a reduction in the temperature
profile 𝜃𝜃(𝜂𝜂). Obviously, greater Prandtl number
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 has weaker thermal diffusivity due to which
low range temperature. This indicates resection in
energy exchange ability and finally it causes a
reduction in thermal boundary surface.

4.5 Impact of Radiation parameter (𝑅𝑅). Figure 10. Dimensionless Temperature 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑅𝑅

The influence of radiation parameter on profile of

temperature distribution is displayed in Figure 10.
From the figure it is observed that by increasing
the radiation parameter, temperature profile
decreases significantly. It is because the increasing
values of radiation parameter lead to decrease the
thickness of the boundary layer and enhance the
heat transfer rate with chemical effect on the
melting surface.

4.6 Impact of Convective Heating (𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵). Figure 11. Dimensionless Temperature 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵

Figures11is presented to visualize the effect of the

𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 on temperature distribution. This figure defines
43 Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 36-45

4.7 Impact of Brownian motion and the chemical dissipation and therefore results in
thermophoresis on unitless energy profile decrease in the profile of concentration. The most
significant influence is that chemical reaction tends
Figure 12 shows the impact of Brownian motion to increase the overshoot in the concentration
and the thermophoresis parameters on the profiles and their associated boundary layer.
temperature distributions 𝜃𝜃(𝜂𝜂) in the thermal
boundary layer. Thermophoresis is a component
that drives small materials away from hot layer to
the cooler end. It is noticed that as thermophoresis
parameter increases the thermal boundary layer
thickness increases and the temperature gradient at
the surface decrease (in absolute value) as both 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
and 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 increase.

4.8 Impact of Lewis number (𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳)

Lewis number 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 is decreasing function of 𝛽𝛽(𝜂𝜂).

Figure 13. Dimensionless Concentration 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
Increase Lewis number may decrease Brownian
diffusion coefficient because Lewis number is the
ratio of momentum diffusivity to Brownian
diffusion coefficient, shown in Figure 13.

4.9 Impact of Eckert number (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸).

Figure 14 displays the influence of𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 on the
energy profile. Energy profile increases when the
Eckert number is increased. Due to friction, the
heat energy is kept in owing to accelerating values
of 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸, which results in the enhancement of the
temperature profile. Figure14. Dimensionless Temperature 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

Figure12. Dimensionless Temperature𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 and 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

4.10. Impact of chemical reaction parameter
(𝜸𝜸)
Figure 15explains the influence of the chemical
reaction parameter on the profile of concentration.
It is noted that increasing values of chemical
reaction parameter concentration as well as the
thickness of concentration decrease. It is because
the chemical reaction in this system results in
Figure 15. Dimensionless Concentration 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝛾𝛾
5. Conclusion
From the above discussion, we can make the
following conclusions.
Higher values of 𝑀𝑀 yield an increment in the
energy profile and Concentration profile whereas
an opposite effect has noticed for the velocity
profile. Because of the presence of Lorentz force
Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 36-45 44

retards the force on the velocity field and his force 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 Reduced Nusselt number
has the tendency to slow down the fluid motion. 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 Prandtl number
By increasing in the suction parameter 𝑆𝑆, velocity 𝑝𝑝 pressure
profile increases whereas temperature profile 𝑐𝑐𝑓𝑓 heat capacity of the fluid (𝐽𝐽𝑚𝑚−3 𝐾𝐾 −1 )
effective heat capacity of the nanoparticle
decreases with an increase in suction while due to 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝
material (𝐽𝐽𝑚𝑚−3 𝐾𝐾 −1 )
increasing blowing, it increases. The thickness of
𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 radiative heat flux (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚−2 )
concentration boundary layers reduces due to wall mass flux
𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚
increasing in the suction parameter. Increase of 𝑞𝑞𝑤𝑤 wall heat flux
Prandtl number 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃and Radiation parameter 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 local Reynolds number
𝑅𝑅causes decrease in temperature profile. Due to 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑟 reduced Sherwood number
increase in thermal Radiation parameter more heat 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑥𝑥 local Sherwood number
to fluid produces that enhance the energy filed and 𝑇𝑇 fluid temperature (𝐾𝐾)
momentum boundary layer. Temperature increase 𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤 temperature at the stretching sheet (𝐾𝐾)
by enlarging thermophoresis parameter 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 and 𝑇𝑇∞ ambient temperature (𝐾𝐾)
𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 velocity components along 𝑥𝑥and 𝑦𝑦axis (𝑚𝑚. 𝑠𝑠 −1 )
Brownian motion parameter 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. Physically, heated
𝑢𝑢𝑤𝑤 velocity of the stretching sheet (𝑚𝑚. 𝑠𝑠 −1 )
particles come away from high temperature as
Cartesian coordinates (𝑥𝑥axis is aligned along the
compared to low-temperature so the temperature of 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦
stretching surface and 𝑦𝑦axis is normal to it) (𝐿𝐿)
fluid increases. It is reported that for enhancing thermal diffusivity (𝑚𝑚2 𝑠𝑠 −1 )
𝛼𝛼
values of the Biot number temperature profile 𝛽𝛽 dimensionless nanoparticle volume fraction
enhanced. Physically, the Biot number is basically 𝜂𝜂 similarity variable
the ratio between resistances of the heat transfer in 𝜓𝜓 stream function(𝑚𝑚2 𝑠𝑠 −1 )
the body to the resistance at body surface. This is 𝜃𝜃 dimensionless temperature
because convective heat exchange along the 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 fluid density (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘−3 )
surface will enhance the momentum boundary 𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝 nanoparticle mass density (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘−3 )
layer. For larger values of Lewis number 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 and 𝜎𝜎 electrical conductivity of the fluid
parameter defined by ratio between the effective
chemical reaction parameter, concentration field
𝜏𝜏 heat capacity of the nanoparticle material and
𝛽𝛽(𝜂𝜂) shows decreasing behavior. Temperature
heat capacity of the fluid.𝜏𝜏 = (𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌)𝑝𝑝 ⁄(𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌)𝑓𝑓 .
profile will increase due to increases in the Eckert
number.
References
Acknowledgment
[1] L. J. Crane. Flow past a stretching plate.
The suggestions of reviewer regarding an earlier Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und
Physik ZAMP, 21(4):645-647, 1970.
version are appreciated.
[2] T. C. Chaim. Hydromagnetic flow over a surface
Nomenclature stretching with a power-law velocity. Int. J.
Magnetic field strength (𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑚𝑚−2 ) Engineering Science, 33(3):429-435, 1995.
𝐵𝐵
𝑎𝑎 Constant (𝑠𝑠 −1 ) [3] S. J. Liao and I. Pop. Explicit analytic solution for
𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵 Brownian diffusion coefficient similarity boundary layer equations. Int. J. Heat
𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇 Thermophoretic diffusion coefficient and Mass Transfer, 47(1):75-85, 2004.
𝜅𝜅 Thermal conductivity (𝑊𝑊𝑚𝑚−1 𝐾𝐾 −1 )
[4] S. K. Khan and E. Sanjayanand. Viscoelastic
𝜎𝜎 ∗ Stefan-Boltzmann constant(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚−2 𝐾𝐾 −4 )
boundary layer flow and heat transfer over an
𝑘𝑘 ∗ Mean absorption
exponential stretching sheet. Int. J. Heat and Mass
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 Eckert number
Transfer, 48(8):1534-1542, 2005.
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 Lewis number
𝑀𝑀 Magnetic parameter [5] T. Fang, F. L. Chiafon, and J. Zhang. The
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 Brownian motion parameter boundary layers of an unsteady incompressible
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 Thermophoresis parameter stagnation-point flow with mass transfer. Int. J.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 Nusselt number Non-Linear Mechanics, 46(7):942-948, 2011.
45
[6] S. Choi. Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids
with nanoparticles in developments and
applications of non-Newtonian flows, Am. Soc.
Mech. Eng., 99-105 1995.
[7] B. V. Derjaguin and Y. Yalamov. Theory of
thermophoresis of large aerosol particles. J.
Colloid science, 20(6):555-570, 1965.
[8] J. Chamkha and C. Issac. Effects of heat
generation/absorption and thermophoresis on
hydromagnetic flow with heat and mass transfer
over a at surface. Int. J. Numerical Methods for
Heat & Fluid Flow, 10(4):432-449, 2000.
[9] R. Tsai. A simple approach for evaluating the
effect of wall suction and thermophoresis on
aerosol particle deposition from a laminar flow
over a at plate. Int. C. Heat and Mass Transfer,
26(2):249-257, 1999.
[10] K. Vajravelu. Viscous flow over a nonlinearly
stretching sheet. Applied mathematics and
computation, 124(3):281-288, 2001.
[11] B. Gebhart and J. Mollendorf. Viscous dissipation
in external natural convection flows. J. Fluid
mechanics, 38(01):97-107, 1969.
[12] H. M. Duwairi. Viscous and Joule heating effects
on forced convection flow from radiate isothermal
porous surfaces. Int. J. Numerical Methods for
Heat & Fluid Flow, 15(5):429-440, 2005.
[13] P. L. Chamber and J. D. Young. On diffusion of a
chemically reactive species in a laminar boundary
layer flow. Phys. Fluids, 1:48-54, 1958.
[14] F. T. Akyildiz, H. Bellout, and K. Vajravelu.
Diffusion of a chemically reactive species in a
porous medium over a stretching sheet. J. Math.
Anal. Appl, 320:322-339, 2006.
[15] R. Cortell. Flow and heat transfer of a fluid
through a porous medium over a stretching surface
with internal heat generation/absorption and
suction/blowing. Fluid Dyn. Res, 37:231-245,
2005.
[16] A. J. Chamka and A.R.A.Khaled. Similarity
solution for hydromagnetic mixed convection and
mass transfer heimntz flow through porous media.
In. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow, 10:94-
115, 2000.
[17] A. Sriramalu, N. Kishan, and A.J. Anand. Steady
flow and heat transfer of a viscous incompressible
fluid flow through porous medium over a
Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 36-45
stretching sheet. J. Energy, Heat Mass Transfer,
23:483-495,2001.
[18] S.K. Khan, A.M. Subhas, and R.M. Sonth.
Viscoelastic MHD flow, heat and mass transfer
over a porous stretching sheet with dissipation
energy and stress work. Heat Mass Transfer,
40:47-57, 2003.
[19] R. S. Tripathy, G.C. Dash, S.R. Mishra, and S.
Baag. Chemical reaction effect
onMHDfreeconvectivesurfaceoveramovingvertical
planethroughporousmedium. Alexandria
Engineering Journal, 54(3):673-679, 2015.
[20] M.A. Seddeek and A.M. Salem. Laminar mixed
convection adjacent to vertical continuously
stretching sheet and variable viscosity and variable
thermal diffusivity. Heat Mass Transf., 41:1048-
1055, 2005.
[21] M. Ali, M. A. Alim, R. Nasrin, M. S. Alam.
Numerical analysis of heat and mass transfer along
a stretching wedge surface. Journal of Naval
Architecture and Marine Engineering,1813-8235,
December 2017.
[22] M. Ali, M. A. Alim, R. Nasrin, M. S. Alam, M. J.
Haque Munshi. Similarity Solution of Unsteady
MHD Boundary Layer Flow and Heat Transfer
past a Moving Wedge in a Nanofluid using the
Buongiorno Model, Procedia Engineering, 194,
407 – 413, 2017.
[23] M. Ali, M. A. Alim, R. Nasrin, and M. S. Alam,
Study the effect of chemical reaction and variable
viscosity on free convection MHD radiating flow
over an inclined plate bounded by porous medium,
AIP Conference Proceedings, 1754, 040009, 2016.
[24] M. S. Alam, M. Ali, M. A. Alim, and M. J. Haque
Munshi. Unsteady boundary layer nanofluid flow
and heat transfer along a porous stretching surface
with magnetic field, AIP Conference
Proceedings, 1851, 020023, 2017.
[25] M. G. Reddy. Influence of Magneto hydrodynamic
and Thermal Radiation Boundary Layer Flow of a
Nanofluid Past a Stretching Sheet. J. Sci. Res. 6
(2): 257-272, 2014.