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Bioenergetics

and
biologic oxidation
Presented By
Gerome C. Abenilla, RRT, MSRT
Biochemical thermodynamics

Abranch of physical chemistry that is


concerned with the study of the
transformation of energy.
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first law of thermodynamics

The conservation of Energy


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2nd law of thermodynamics

Entropy of Universe is
increasing
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Biochemical thermodynamics

Enthalpy
Heat content of a reaction
Number and nature of bonds in reactants
and products
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Biochemical thermodynamics

Free Energy
Energy available to do useful work

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bioenergetics /
biologic oxidation

Study of energy changes in living cell

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metabolism

Sumof all chemical reactions in living


cell or body
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Metabolism
Purpose
To get energy
Trap solar energy (photosynthesis)
Polymerization of monomers
Get molecules for cellular functions
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Metabolism
Types
Catabolism

Anabolism

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Metabolism (catabolism)

Process of breaking molecules


Exergonic reaction

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Metabolism (anabolism)

Process of making larger molecules


Endergonic Reaction

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Metabolic pathways

Aseries of consecutive biochemical


reactions used to convert a starting material
into an end product.

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Metabolic pathways
Linear:
A B C D

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Metabolic pathways
Cyclic:
A B

D C
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Intermediate compounds
Adenosine Phosphates(ATP, ADP, AMP)
-Containsaphosphoryl group
-ATP and ADP molecules readily undergo hydrolysis
reactionsinwhichphosphategroupsarereleased:
ATP+H2O ADP+Pi +energy
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Intermediate compounds
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide(FAD, FADH2)
-A coenzyme required in numerous metabolic redox
reactions
-Activeportionistheflavin

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Intermediate compounds
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
(NAD, NADH)
+

-Activeunit isthenicotinamide
-Nicotinamide is reduced, converting the NAD to
+

NADH, amoleculewithoneadditional hydrogenatom


andtwoadditional electrons
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Intermediate compounds
Coenzyme A(CoA-SH)
-Aderivativeof B-vitaminpanthothenicacid
-Theactiveportionisthesulfhydryl group

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Intermediate compounds
CLASSIFICATION

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High energy phosphate compound
-A compound that has greater free energy of
hydrolysisthanthat of atypical compound
-They containoneor morevery reactivebondscalled
strainedbonds.

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Summary of 4 stages of
biochemical energy production

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Citric acid cycle
-Aseriesof biochemical reactionsinwhichtheacetyl
portion of acetyl CoAis oxidized to CO2 and reduced
coenzymesFADH2 andNADHareproduced

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Citric
acid
cycle

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Citric acid cycle reactions
Step1: Formationof Citrate
Citrate synthase

Oxaloacetate +Actyl CoA Citryl CoA

Citratesynthase

Citryl CoA Citrate +CoA—SH+H+


H20

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Citric acid cycle reactions
Step2: Formationof Isocitrate
Aconitase

Citrate  cis-Aconitate
(releaseof H2O, dehydration)

Aconitase

cis-Aconitate  Isocitrate
(input of H2O, hydration)

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Citric acid cycle reactions
Step3: Oxidationof Isocitrate
Isocitratedehydrogenase

Isocitrate Oxalosuccinate
(input NAD+, releaseNADH+H+)

Oxalosuccinate Ketoglutarate
(input of H+, releaseCO2)

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Citric acid cycle reactions
Step4: Oxidationof a-Ketoglutarate

a-Ketoglutarate +NAD+ +H+ +CoA—SH


a-Ketoglutaratedehydrogenasecomplex

 Succinyl CoA+NADH+CO2 +H+

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Citric acid cycle reactions
Step 5: Thioester bond cleavage in Succinyl CoAand
Phosphorylationof GDP

Succinyl CoAsynthase

Succinyl CoA+GDP+Pi  Succinate +GTP+CoA--Sl

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Citric acid cycle reactions
Step6: Oxidationof Succinate

Succinatedehydrogenase

Succinate +FAD Fumarate +FADH2

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Citric acid cycle reactions
Step7: Hydrationof Fumarate

Fumarase

Fumarate +H2O L-Malate

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Citric acid cycle reactions
Step 8: Oxidation of L-Malate to regenerate
Oxaloacetate

Fumarase

L-Malate +NAD 
+ Oxaloacetate +NADH+H+

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Citric acid cycle reactions
Important featuresof thecycleincludes:
1. The“fuel” forthecycleisacetyl CoA
2. Four of the cycle reactions involve oxidation and
reduction(NAD threetimes, FADonce)
+

3. The three NADH and one FADH2 that are formed


during the cycle carry electrons and H+ to the
electrontransport chain.
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Citric acid cycle reactions
SUMMARY

Acetyl CoA+3NAD +FAD+GDP+Pi +2H2O


+

 2CO2 +CoA+3NADH+FADH2 +GTP

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Electron transport chain
-A series of electron transporters embedded in the
innermitochondrial membrane
-The components of the chain include FMN, Fe-S
centers, coenzymeQ, aseriesof cytochromes
-An aggregation of four complexes(labeled I through
IV), togetherwithassociatedmobileelectroncarriers.
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Electron transport chain

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Electron transport chain
COMPLEXI (NADH:ubiquinoneReductase)
ContainsFMN, which accepts 2 electrons and H+ from2 NADH
tobecomethereducedformof FMNH2
Also contains iron atoms, which assist in the transfer of the
electronandH+ tocoenzymeQ.

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Electron transport chain
COMPLEXI (NADH:ubiquinoneReductase)
Oxidation

NADH+H+  NAD+ +2H+ +2e-


Reduction

2H+ +2e- +FMN FMNH2

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Electron transport chain
COMPLEXI (NADH:ubiquinoneReductase)
Oxidation

FMNH2  FMN+2H+ +2e-


Reduction

2e- +2Fe(III)SP 2Fe(II)SP


Oxidation

2Fe(II)SP 2Fe(III)SP+2e-
Reduction

2e- +2H+ +CoQ CoQH2


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Electron transport chain
COMPLEXII (Succinatedehydrogenase)
Oxidation

FADH2  FAD+2H+ +2e-


Reduction

2e- +2Fe(III)SP 2Fe(II)SP


Oxidation

2Fe(II)SP 2Fe(III)SP+2e-
Reduction

2e- +2H+ +CoQ CoQH2


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Electron transport chain
COMPLEXIII (Q-cytochromecoxidoreductase)
-Ubiquinol will beoxidizetoubiquinone+2e- +2H+
-Electronwill proceedtoFeSP, thentocytochromeb.
-Cytochromebwill passtheelectrontoanotherFeSP
-FeSPpassesit tocyt c1 andfinallyto
Cytochrome C

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Electron transport chain
COMPLEXIV(cytochromecoxidase)
-Fromthecyt c, e-will thenbetransferredtocyt athentocyt a3.
-Finally, the electron with lower energy (compared to its energy
fromNADH/FADH2)will beusedforreductionof O2 .
-Takenotethat ane- canonlyreduce1 Oof theO2
-Theproduct wouldbeH20

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Oxidative phosphorylation
-Abiochemical process by which ATP is synthesized
fromADP
-One concept in oxidative phosphorylation process is
that of coupledreactions.

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Oxidative phosphorylation
COUPLEDREACTIONS
-Pairs of biochemical reactions that occur concurrently in which
energyreleasedbyonereactionisusedintheotherreaction.
-CHEMIOSMOTICCOUPLINGistheexplanationfor thecouplingof ATP
synthesiswithelectrontransport chainreaction

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Oxidative phosphorylation
CHEMIOSMOTICCOUPLING
1. Protons(H+)arepumpfrommatrixtointermembranespace
2. Protonswill returntomatrixpassingtheATPSynthase
3. Protonswill activateF0 that collectsADPand Pi tocreateATP
intheF1 ATPSynthase

ADP+Pi  ATP+H2O

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ETC & Oxidative phosphorylation

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ATP Produced
1 Acetyl CoA=3NADH+FADH2 +GTP
1 NADH=2.5 ATP
1 FADH2 =1.5 ATP
Conclusion:
3 NADH=7.5 ATP
1 FADH2 =1.5 ATP
1 GTP=1 ATP
10 ATP
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Summary: biochemical energy production

Stage1: Digestion, beginsinmouthandiscompletedinthesmall


intestine
Stage2: Acetyl groupformation
Stage3: Citric Acid cycle, occurs in the mitochondria (acetyl
groupsareoxidizedtoproduceCO2 andenergycarriers)
Stage4: ETCandOxidativephosphorylation

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References:
Aryal, S. (2018, August 7). Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - Components and Steps. Retrieved from Microbe Notes Online
Microbiology and Bilogy Notes: https://microbenotes.com/electron-transport-chain-etc-components-and-steps/
Cronk, J. D. (2016, December 23). Biochemistry Topics Electron Transport Chain. Retrieved from CHEM 440 Biochemistry I:
http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/CHEM440pub/ETC.html
Electron Transport Chain. (n.d.). Retrieved from Bioninja: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-8-metabolism-
cell/untitled/electron-transport-chain.html
General Microbiology at Boundless. (2019, November 19). 7.4A: Electron Transport Chain. Retrieved from Biologt LibreTexts:
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/7%3A_Cel
lular_Respiration/7.4%3A_Oxidative_Phosphorylation/7.4A%3A_Electron_Transport_Chain
Medical globe By Dr. Hadi. (2019, August 21). Bioenergetics or biological oxidation, metabolism and its types in English
version part1 by dr Hadi. Retrieved from YouTube.com: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPvQU7ynKB0&t=9s
Molnar, C., & Gair, J. (n.d.). 4.3 Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation. Retrieved from BC Campus BC Open
Textbooks: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/4-3-citric-acid-cycle-and-oxidative-phosphorylation/
Ophardt, C. E. (2003). Electron Transport. Retrieved from Virtual Chembook El Mhurst College:
http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/596electransport.html
Stoker, H. (2010). Biochemical Energy Production. In H. S. Stoker, General, Organic, And Biological Chemistry 5th Edition
(pp. 777-810). Belmont. CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

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THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!!!

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