Dynamic Collapse Analysis of

the Six-Story Full-Scale Wall-Frame Tested at E-Defense

Yousok Kim
Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan.

Toshimi Kabeyasawa
Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan.

Taizo Matsumori
Hyogo Earthquake Engineering Research Center, NIED, Japan

Toshikazu Kabeyasawa
Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan.

ABSTRACT:

A full-scale six-story wall-frame structure was tested at E-Defense in January 2006. With
the aim of reproducing the collapse behaviour of the full-scale specimen, non-linear
dynamic analysis using strength degradation model was carried out. Brief description
about experiment and analytical models applied to shear critical members (e.g. short
column and shear wall) are given in this paper. It is shown that post-peak response
characterized by strength deterioration and displacement concentration on the 1st story
can be simulated from the analytical model, although analytical results underestimate
both base shear force and displacement obtained from experiment.

1 INTRODUCTION

The shake table test on a full-scale 6-story reinforced concrete wall-frame structure was performed at
E-Defense of NIED (National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention) in January
2006. One of the major objectives of this research project (Kabeyasawa et al 2005) is to confirm that
the collapse process of a reinforced concrete structure subjected to severe earthquake loading can be
simulated appropriately by the state of the art in non-linear analysis.
To understand and predict the collapse behaviour of the full-scale specimen, preliminary analyses
were conducted prior to test, which is documented in Kim et al (2006). Three results can be obtained
from this analytical study: (i) strength degradation model is needed for simulating the post-peak
behaviour, (ii) not only the seismic behaviour of short column but also that of shear wall is quietly
dependent on effective depth of spandrel beam confining short column, and (iii) the torsional response
of a specimen induced from the uni-axial eccentricity in longitudinal direction is affected by wing
walls in transverse direction and alter shear force distribution between spandrel beam frame and shear
wall frame in longitudinal direction.
Based on both preliminary analytical results described above and experimental results, non-linear
dynamic analysis was carried out for the purpose of reproducing the collapse behaviour of the
specimen showing diagonal shear failure in short column and sliding shear failure in shear wall.
Strength degradation models are applied to shear critical members such as short column and shear wall
and lumped plasticity model is adopted for flexural members such as beam and column in open frame.
In addition to brief description of the analytical models, general modelling approach for specimen are
also described. Finally, correlation between the calculated and the observed results are given and
major cause leading to the disagreement between them are discussed.

Paper Number 281

2 FULL-SCALE SHAKING TABLE TEST AT E-DEFENSE

The shake table test on a full-scale 6-story reinforced concrete structure (Fig. 1a, b) designed in
accordance with the Japanese code of design and practice for buildings in 1970’ was performed at E-
Defense, a 3-Dimensional earthquake simulator, in January 2006.
Figure 1 shows the plan and elevation (Fig.1a) and the overall view of the full-scale specimen
(Fig.1b). It is six-story high and 2x3 bay in plan. The height of each story is 2.5m and the dimension
of each span is 5m, which result in 15m in total height and 10x15m in plan, respectively. The
structural weight of the specimen above top of foundation girder is 750 metric tones and the total
weight of test structure mounted on the shake table is about 1000 metric tones, which almost reach the
maximum payload of E-Defense (1200 metric tones).
Longitudinal direction in plan (Y-direction) comprises three different kinds of frames such as a
spandrel beam frame with short columns (X1 frame), a shear wall frame (X2 frame) and an open
frame (X3 frame). As a result, different stiffness and strength between X1 and X3 frame generate
moderate uni-axial (Y-axis) stiffness and strength eccentricity. And the transverse direction (X-
direction) with symmetric plan consists of two open frames and two wing walls providing X direction
with relatively high strength and stiffness which resist against the torsional response. Table 1 shows
the typical cross section details of each member. Further information about specimen and experimental
setup are available in Matsumori et al (2006).
㪚
㪌 㪞 㪪㪮㪉 㪚
㪊 㪞 㪚
㪈
㪏 㪎
㪰㪋
Y4
㪪
㪈
㪪
㪈
㪙 㪙
㪇

㪈 㪈
㪇㪇

㪞 㪞 㪞
㪌

㪌 㪊 㪈

㪪
㪈
㪪
㪈
㪚
㪍 㪞 㪚
㪋 㪞 㪚
㪉
㪐 㪐
㪰㪊
Y3
㪪
㪈
㪪
㪈
㪪㪮㪈

㪙 㪙
㪇

㪇㪇

㪈 㪈
㪇㪇

Y1 and Y4
㪈㪌

㪞 㪞 㪞
㪌

㪍 㪋 㪉

㪪
㪈
㪪
㪈
㪚
㪍 㪞 㪚
㪋 㪞 㪚
㪉
㪐 㪐
㪰㪉
Y2
㪪
㪈
㪪
㪈
㪙
㪈
㪙
㪈
㪇
㪌㪇㪇

㪞
㪌
㪞
㪊
㪞
㪈

㪪
㪈
㪪
㪈
㪚
㪌 㪞 㪪㪮㪉 㪚
㪊 㪞 㪚
㪈
㪏 㪎
㪰㪈
㪇

Y1
(b) Overall view of specimen
㪇㪇

Y
㪈

㪉㪇㪇㪇
㪈㪇㪇㪇 㪊㪇㪇㪇 㪋㪇㪇㪇
Y
90
㪌㪇㪇㪇 㪌㪇㪇㪇 1000
㪈㪇㪇㪇㪇 Y2 and Y3 120 60
X 800

㪯㪈 㪯㪉 㪯㪊
X1 X2 X3 600
150 30
400

200

180 0
X

210 330

240 300

270

(a) Plan and elevation of specimen (c) Input direction of ground motion

Figure 1. Outline of experiment

As input ground motions, three components (EW, NS and UD) of Kobe earthquake record (JMA,
1995) were selected. North-south (NS) and east-west (EW) components were applied to the specimen
with an angle of 45 degree and 135 degree rotated from the X-axis, respectively (Fig.1c) and vertical
component (UD) was also applied. The dotted and the dashed arrows in Figure 2 indicate the direction
of acceleration resultants composed of NS and EW components when the maximum accelerations are
recorded in EW and NS components, respectively. And maximum acceleration resultant of two
components is shown by solid thick arrow. As can be seen from this figure, the earthquake input

2
resulted from two horizontal components is roughly directed along Y-axis. Six earthquake loadings of
which maximum acceleration were scaled by 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 0.6 were applied to the
specimen. These loading plans were devised to simulate the damage process of a specimen from
elastic behaviour, yield and collapse finally. The detailed experimental results are well documented in
Matsumori et al (2006) and Shirai et al (2006)

Table 1. Cross section details

Beam Column Shear wall Wing wall Slab

BxD (cm) 30x50 50x50 Thickness (cm) 15 12 15
Top: 3-19
8-D19
Bottom: 2-D19 2-D10@300 1-D10@200 2-D10@200
D10@200 D10@100

3 MODELING OF SPECIMEN

The current analytical study was designed to reproduce the collapse process of a full-scale specimen
undergoing not only yielding but also strength deterioration in post-peak region. Analytical modelling
approach adopted in this study is based on both the preliminary analytical results reported in Kim et al
(2006) and observed experimental results.
Figure 2 shows the nodal coordinates in plan and elevation of a full-scale specimen. Each node has
six-degree of freedom, which are 3-translational and 3-rotational components. Since the floor is
assumed as rigid diaphragm in this analytical study, the translational behaviours in X and Y direction
and rotational behaviour in Z–axis in the same floor are coupled with each other. 120 metric tones per
floor is divided by a tributary area and lumped to each node and gravity load calculated from these
nodal masses was taken into account as an initial axial load condition of vertical members.
It can be seen from this figure that spandrel beams and wing walls are linked with just two end nodes.
Therefore, the depth of a spandrel beam and the width of a wing wall are idealized by rigid zone of
side columns and boundary beams, respectively, as shown in Figure 3a, b.
㪞
㪌
㪞
㪍
㪞
㪌
㪞
㪎
㪞
㪏

㪚
㪌
㪚
㪍
㪚
㪍
㪚
㪌
㪚
㪈
㪚
㪊
㪪㪮㪈 㪚
㪌
㪪
㪈
㪪
㪈
㪙 㪙 㪞 㪮㪈 㪞 㪮㪈 㪞 㪮㪈
㪈 㪈 㪌 㪍 㪌
㪞
㪎
㪞
㪏

㪞 㪞 㪚 㪚 㪚 㪚
㪌 㪊 㪈
㪌 㪍 㪍 㪌
㪚
㪈
㪚
㪊
㪪㪮㪈 㪚
㪌
㪪
㪈
㪪
㪈
㪮㪈 㪮㪈 㪮㪈
㪚 㪞 㪚 㪞 㪚 㪞
㪌
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㪌 㪞
㪎
㪞
㪏
㪍 㪐 㪋 㪐

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㪚
㪍
㪚
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㪌
㪚
㪈
㪚
㪊
㪪㪮㪈 㪚
㪌

㪪
㪈
㪪
㪈 㪮㪈 㪮㪈 㪮㪈
㪞 㪞 㪞 㪞 㪞
㪪㪮㪈

㪙
㪈
㪙
㪈
㪌 㪍 㪌 㪎 㪏

㪞 㪞 㪚
㪌
㪚
㪍
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㪌 㪚 㪚 㪪㪮㪈 㪚
㪍 㪋 㪉 㪈 㪊 㪌

㪪 㪪 㪮㪈 㪮㪈 㪮㪈
㪈 㪈 㪞
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㪍
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㪌 㪞 㪞
㪚
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㪋 㪞 㪚 㪎 㪏
㪐 㪐
㪚
㪌
㪚
㪍
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㪌 㪚 㪚 㪪㪮㪈 㪚
㪈 㪊 㪌

㪪 㪪 㪞 㪮㪈 㪞 㪮㪈 㪞 㪮㪈
㪈 㪈 㪌 㪍 㪌 㪞
㪎
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㪏
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㪈
㪙
㪈
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㪌 㪚 㪚 㪪㪮㪈 㪚
㪌
㪞
㪊
㪞
㪈
㪈 㪊 㪌

㪮㪈 㪮㪈 㪮㪈
㪪
㪈
㪪
㪈
㪚
㪌 㪞 㪪㪮㪉 㪚
㪊 㪞 㪚
㪏 㪎

Figure 2. Nodal Coordinate

Rigid zone of exterior column

Rigid zone of beam Rigid zone of column
Rigid zone of interior column

DB/4 DC/4
G2 W1 G2 W1 G2 W1 G1 SW2 G1
DB=0.5 DB/4
1m DC=0.5m
W1 W1 W1 DB/4 SW2

(a) Spandrel beam frame (b) Wing wall frame

Figure 3. Rigid zone length

3
 Photo 1. Different failure mode between exterior and interior short column in X1-frame

In case of short columns in spandrel beam frame, different rigid zone lengths between exterior and
interior columns were given as shown in Figure 3. As a result, shear span to depth ratios of exterior
and interior column are 1.125 and 1, respectively. This modelling approach is based on the observed
experimental results showing different failure mode between exterior and interior columns confined by
spandrel beam in only one-side and both sides (Photo 1).
Beam-column joints are assumed to be rigid and clear lengths of beam and column are determined
following Figure 3b, which consider the effective initial stiffness of each member damaged prior to
experiment.

4 ANALYTICAL MODELS

Two kinds of line element models and one plate element model adopted in this analytical study are
shown in Figure 4. Different models are applied to each member dependent on its characteristics. One-
component model (OC, Fig. 4a) is applied to all beams and columns except for short columns in
spandrel beam frame. Wing walls and spandrel beams are also idealized by line element model (OC).
Shear critical members such as short columns and shear wall are modelled by proposed column model
(PM, Fig. 4b) and Iso-parametric element model (IPE, Fig. 4c), respectively, which can simulate
strength deterioration. Material properties used in this analysis can be found in Matsumori et al (2006).
dz2
2
d x2 7’ 8'
T y2
2

L0
4 5’ 6’

3 3’ 4’

d x1
1 1 1’ 2’
T y1 : Gauss integration point
d z1

(a) OC (b) PM (c) IPE

Figure 4. Analytical Models

4.1 One-component model (OC)

Flexural bending behaviour is idealized by implementing rotational springs at the end of a member
and axial behaviour is represented by an axial spring (Fig. 4a). On the other hand, shear behaviour is
represented by assumed that shear flexibility coefficient is proportional to that of flexural bending
instead of incorporating shear spring itself. Takeda model and axial stiffness model are adopted as the
hysterical model for the rotational and the axial spring, respectively (Figure 5a, b), of which back bone
curves are determined by using empirical equations for strength and stiffness beyond yielding (AIJ
1997). As for beams, effective slab width was considered in calculation of its stiffness and strength,
but the depth of spandrel beam was counted only in strength of girders in spandrel beam frame (X1-

4
frame). From the rigid diaphragm assumption for slab, axial component of girder was not taken into
account.
4.2 Proposed column model: PM, (Kim 2004)

Main characteristics of the proposed column model are to represent strength deterioration by
incorporating the softening behaviour in concrete constitutive law (Figure 5c) and the axial-flexural
bending and shear force interaction formulated from the plane stress resultants. Confinement effect of
transverse reinforcement on core concrete is also taken into account from the Modified Kent-Park
model (Kent 1971). In addition, another characteristic of proposed model is that a column can be
modelled with just two end nodes, which can be utilized as a frame analytical model. This necessitates
two transforming processes as shown in Figure 4b and as a numerical solution, two iterative schemes
imposing internal force and transverse stress equilibrium conditions are introduced in each
transforming process.
ª § H · § H ·2 º
Vc c1 f c «2¨¨ c ¸¸  ¨¨ c ¸¸ »
Vc « © H c0 ¹ © H c0 ¹ »
¬ ¼
force

force
fc
(H c ,max , V c ,max )
c1 c2  1 ˜ c1 ˜ fc ˜ H  H 
Vc
c1 f c c3  1 H c0 c c0

displacement
displacement c1c 2 f c

H c0 c 3H c 0 Hc
c1 1.0 /(0.8  0.34H t / H c0 ), c2 0.2, c3 input data

(a) Takeda model (b) Axial stiffness model (c) Concrete compression model
Figure 5. Hysteretic models and constitutive law

4.3 Iso-Parametric Element model: IPE, (Chen 2000)

Shear panel consists of one isoparametric element, whose element formulation is based on the
smeared-rotating crack approach. The force-displacement relation of the shear panel is obtained from
the plane stress-plane strain relationship estimated at the gauss integration points, which enable this
model to consider axial-flexural-shear (N-M-V) interaction in a rational manner. Constitutive laws for
concrete and steel are identical to those used in PM model. Two side columns attached to panel is
idealized by axial spring and flexural and the axial behaviour of boundary beams are assumed to be
rigid.

Table 2. Analytical models

Y-Direction X-Direction
Member Short column Shear wall Column Wing wall Column
(Frame) (X1) (X2) (X3) (Y1, Y4) (Y2, Y3)
Model PM IPE OC
Constitutive law Concrete compression model㧦softening effect
Rotational spring㧦Takeda model
& Concrete tension model㧦stiffening effect
Axial spring㧦Axial Stiffness model
Hysteretic model Steel㧦bi-linear model

Besides the structural members described above, support condition of a specimen is modelled by
vertical and transverse springs, which represent three directional load cells installed to measure shear
force, axial force and flexural bending moment of shear wall and wing walls as shown in Figure 6.
Horizontal and vertical stiffness of one load cell unit comprised of 4 load cells are 50MN/mm and
70MN/mm, respectively. Each elastic support spring representing four load cell units (e.g. 16 load
cells) is located at the corresponding node beneath the foundation beam.

5
 (a) Basement plan (b) Plan of X2-Y3 foundation (c) Elevation of X2-Y3 foundation
Figure 6. Installation of load cells

5 ANALYTICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Among the six cases of earthquake loadings, 25%, 50% and 100% input were adopted in this dynamic
analysis. Three translational and three rotational accelerations were recorded from the shake table, but
only the translational ones in X, Y and Z direction were used in current analytical study. And for the
purpose of considering the stiffness degradation and the residual displacement generated from
previous loading, three earthquake loadings (25%, 50% and 100%) were consecutively applied to the
specimen.
The Newmark-Ǫ method (Ǫ=0.25) was used to integrate the equation of motion in the time-history
analyses and the integration time-step was equal to 0.01 second. The damping matrix is assumed to be
proportional to the instant stiffness matrix and 3% of damping ratio was used throughout analyses.

1st mode㧔0.317 sec.㧕 2nd mode (0.26 sec.) 3rd mode㧔0.246 sec.㧕
Figure 7. Mode shapes

6
2F displ.㧔mm㧕

4 X-dir.
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
2F displ.㧔mm㧕

2 Y-dir. test
1 analysis
0
-1
-2
-3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec.)
Figure 8. Displacement response in 2nd Floor (X1-Y1)

Figure 7 shows the mode shapes and the periods of the analytical model at the initial state. These
values show good agreement with those of test specimen that are 0.315 sec. (X-direction) and 0.250
sec. (Y-direction). Accordingly, Figure 8 comparing the 2nd floor displacement obtained from

6
experiment with those from analysis indicates a good correlation in both X and Y direction subjected
to 25% input, where the specimen exhibited elastic behaviour.
Figure 9 shows the relationship between 2nd floor displacement at X2-Y2 and base shear force
obtained from analysis and experiment. It can be seen from these figures that analytically calculated
displacement and base shear force are smaller than those of observed results throughout whole input
stage, although the shapes of hysteretic relationship are relatively well reproduced.
In case of 100% input where the diagonal shear failure of interior short columns and sliding shear
failure of shear wall occurred, the strength degrading behaviour could be reproduced from the
analytical model where the strength deterioration models are applied to both short columns and shear
wall. However, the quantitative estimation of both displacement and force was insufficient.
Since the observed displacement of the 2nd floor used in this study is the relative displacement
measured between the top of shake table and the bottom of the 2nd floor slab, the deformation of
foundation and load cells might be included in recorded data. For the purpose of considering these
deformations into an analytical model, support springs representing load cells were implemented in
analytical model. However, the deformations of springs with quietly high stiffness were very small
values that could be disregarded. Further investigations into a foundation deformation occurred in
experiment and an analytical modelling method related with support condition are required for
improving the correlation between observed and calculated displacements.
As for the maximum base shear force underestimated by current analytical model, strain effects of
steel (e.g. strain hardening and strain rate) might cause the strength of specimen to be increased, which
were not incorporated in current analytical model. Therefore, the realistic analytical model for strain
effects and appropriate evaluation of these effects is needed.
4 5
Base shear force㧔MN㧕

8
test 4 test test
3 6
analysis 3
analysis analysis
2 4
2
1 2
1
0 0 0
-1 -1 -2
-2
-2 -4
-3
-3 -6
-4
-4 -5
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 -50 0 50 100
2F displacement, X2Y1㧔mm㧕 2F displacement, X2Y1㧔mm㧕 2F displacement, X2Y1㧔mm㧕

(a) 25% input (b) 50% input (c) 100% input

Figure 9. Relation between displacement and base shear force

(a) Diagonal crack on wall panel (b) Observed results (c) Calculated results
nd
Figure 10. Maximum displacement at 2 floor

Figure 10a shows diagonal crack generated in shear wall panel when the maximum displacement was
recorded at 2nd floor (ٕ in Fig.9c) and the deformed shape of test specimen in that moment (Fig. 9b),
which was constructed from the observed horizontal displacements, is compared with that of structural

7
model of which maximum displacement was not yet reached (ٟin Fig.9c). It can be seen from this
figure that the concentration of displacement in the 1st story induced from the strength deterioration in
short columns and shear wall can be simulated from the analytical results.

6 CONCLUSIONS

From 3-dimensional non-linear dynamic analysis on a full-scale 6-story RC wall-frame tested at E-

Defense, following conclusions are drawn,
Appropriate assessment on the initial stiffness of specimen enable the analytical model to reproduce
the observed result during 25% input where the specimen showed elastic behaviour. From the
relationship between displacement and base shear force, it is shown that analytical results
underestimate both base shear force and displacement throughout whole input stage (25%, 50% and
100%), although hysteretic relations are relatively well simulated. As a further study for improving the
correlation between experiment and analysis, it is necessary to incorporate strain effect such as strain
hardening and strain rate in analytical model.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research is funded by ̌National research project on mitigation of major disaster in major city/
Theme II Improvement of seismic performance of structures using E-defense/Reinforced concrete
structures (DaiDaiToku/RC project)̍. This funding is gratefully acknowledged.

REFERENCES:

Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ). 1997. Design Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Reinforced Concrete
Buildings Based on Inelastic Displacement Concept (in Japanese).
Chen, S. & Kabeyasawa, T. 2000. Modelling of reinforced concrete shear wall for non-linear analysis.
Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand. Paper No. 1596.
Kabeyasawa, T. Matsumori, T. Katsumata, H. & Shirai, K. 2005. Design of the Full-Scale Six-Story Reinforced
Concrete Wall-Frame Building for Testing at E-DEFENSE. Proceedings of The First NEES/E-Defense
Workshop on Collapse Simulation of Reinforced Concrete building Structures, Berkeley, USJ. 23-46.
Kent, D. C. & Park, R. 1971. Flexural members with confined concrete, Journal of the structural Division,
ASCE, Vol. 97, ST7, 99-110
Kim, Y. & Kabeyasawa, T. 2004. Dynamic Test and Analysis of an Eccentric Reinforced Concrete Frame to
Collapse. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. August 1-6, Paper
No. 381.
Kim, Y. Kabeyasawa, T., & Kabeyasawa, T. 2006. Preliminary Response Analysis of a Full-Scale Structure for
3-D Shaking Table Test to Collapse, Proceeding of the 8th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering,
April 18-22, San Francisco, USA, Paper No. 479.
Matsumori, T. Shirai, K. & Kabeyasawa, T. 2006. Simulated Earthquake Test on a Full-Scale Six-Story
Reinforced Concrete Building at E-Defense,Part 1: Outline of Test Program, Proceedings of The second
NEES/E-Defense Workshop on Collapse Simulation of Reinforced Concrete building Structures, Miki, Japan.
5-15.
Shirai, K. Matsumori, T. & Kabeyasawa, T. 2006. Simulated Earthquake Test on a Full-Scale Six-Story
Reinforced Concrete Building at E-Defense, Part 2: Study on Distribution of Seismic Forces. Proceedings of
The second NEES/E-Defense Workshop on Collapse Simulation of Reinforced Concrete building Structures,
Miki,Japan. 17-28