Unit-Iv Columns & Struts: Content

12/10/2020
Content
Royal University of Bhutan
College of Science and Technology
UNIT-IV: COLUMN & STRUTS
• Short and long columns • Slenderness ratio
UNIT-IV • Concept of Elastic stability • Limitations of Euler’s theory

• Euler’s theory
COLUMNS & STRUTS • Assumptions and Load carrying
• Rankine’s formula
• Eccentric loading
capacity of Columns with different end
conditions • Core of a column section
Monika Thapa (Lecturer)
Civil Engineering and Architecture Department • Concept of Effective length • Application to simple problems.
Autumn Semester: 2020 (BE2Arch)
Monika Thapa, CEAD, CST AS2020 2

By: Monika Thapa, CEAD, CST (AS2020) In pursuit of preparing tomorrow's technologists
Introduction
• Columns and struts: Structural members subjected to compression and which
are relatively long compared to their lateral dimensions are called columns or
Struts. Generally, the term column is used to denote vertical members and the
INTRODUCTION
term strut denotes inclined members
LECTURE-1
MONIKA THAPA
BE2Arch.
Monika Thapa, CEAD, CST AS2020 4
Columns Struts
• A vertical structural member subjected to axial • A structural member subjected to axial
compressive force is called a column. compressive force is called strut.
• Columns are vertical members. • Strut may be vertical, horizontal or inclined.
• The cross-sectional dimensions of columns are • The cross-sectional dimensions of strut are small.
larger than that of strut.
• Normally, struts carry smaller compressive loads.
• Normally, columns carry heavy compressive loads.
• Struts are used in roof truss and in truss bridges.
• Columns are used in concrete and steel buildings
and in framed structures.
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By: Monika Thapa, CEAD, CST (AS2020) In pursuit of preparing tomorrow's technologists By: Monika Thapa, CEAD, CST (AS2020) In pursuit of preparing tomorrow's technologists
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Failure of Column Cont….
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Important Terms Cont…
9 10
Cont… Classification of Columns
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Cont… Cont…
13 14
Cont… Cont…
2. Based on Loading Position:
• Axially Loaded column
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Cont…. Cont….
• Eccentrically Loaded column: Eccentricity w.r.t one axis
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Cont…. Cont….
• Eccentrically Loaded column: Eccentricity w.r.t both axis
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Cont….
• Kern for circular section
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Failure Loads Cont…

• Crushing Load: The load at which, short column fails by crushing is called a
crushing load.
• Crippling Load and Buckling Load: The load at which, long column starts
buckling (bending) is called a buckling load or crippling load.
➢ Failure and its loads depends upon following factors:

1. Amount of load
2. Length of the column
3. End condition of the column
4. Cross-section of the column
5. Material of the column
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Cont… Cont…
25 26
Cont… Cont…
27 28
Cont… Cont…
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Cont… Cont…
31 32
Cont… Cont…
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Cont… Cont…
Case End condition Equivalent length(Le) Euler’s Buckling load
1 Both ends hinged Le=L PE= (π 2E I) / Le2
2 One end fixed, other end Le=2L PE= (π 2EI) / 4L2

free
3 One end fixed, other end Le=L / √2 PE= 2(π 2EI) / L2

pin jointed
4 Both ends fixed Le=L/2 PE= 4(π 2 EI) / L2
Note: L is the actual length of respective column and Le is to be considered in

calculating Euler's buckling load
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Cont… Limitation of Euler’s Theory

• The validity of Euler’s theory is subjected to condition that
failure is due to buckling. The Euler’s formula for crippling
is:
Pcr= (π 2 EI) / Le 2
But I =Ar2
∴ Pcr/A= π 2E/(Le/r)2
σcr = π2E/(Le/r)2
Where σcr is crippling stress or critical stress or stress at failure
• The term Le/r is called slenderness ratio. As slenderness ratio increases critical load/stress
reduces. The variation of critical stress with respect to slenderness ratio is shown in figure
above.
• As Le/r approaches to zero the critical stress tends to infinity. But this cannot happen.
Before this stage the material will get crushed.
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Cont… Cont…
• Hence, the limiting value of crippling stress is the crushing stress. The
corresponding slenderness ratio may be found by the relation
σcr = σc
∴ σc = π 2E/(Le/r)2
Le/r= √ (π2E / σc)

• For steel σc = 320N/mm2 and E =2 x 105 N/mm2
• Limiting value (Le/r) is given by
(Le/r)lim =√ (π2E / σc) = √ π2 × 2 × 105/320) = 78.54
Hence if Le /k < (Le /r)lim Euler's formula will not be valid.
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Cont… Cont…
𝐼
Refer: k = r = 𝐴
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Cont…
NUMERICALS
LECTURE-2
MONIKA THAPA
BE2Arch.
43 Monika Thapa, CEAD, CST AS2020
Example-1 Example-2
Example-2
A solid round bar 60mm in diameter and 2.5m long is used as a strut. One end of
the strut is fixed, while its other end is hinged. Find the safe compressive load, for
this strut, using Euler’s formula. Assume E=200GN/m2 and factor of safety =3.
Solution:
End condition: one end hinged, other end fixed
Effective length Le = L /(√2)= 2.5/ (√2)= 1.768m
Euler’s crippling load =PE= (π2EI) / Le 2
= [π 2 × 200 × 109 × π × (0.06)4 /64] / (1.7682)
= 401.7 ×103 N =401.4 kN
Safe compressive load = PE /3 =133.9kN
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12/10/2020

UNIT-IV • Concept of Elastic stability • Limitations of Euler’s theory

Monika Thapa, CEAD, CST AS2020 2

• Columns are vertical members. • Strut may be vertical, horizontal or inclined.

Failure of Column Cont….

Important Terms Cont…

Cont… Classification of Columns

Failure Loads Cont…

➢ Failure and its loads depends upon following factors:

1 Both ends hinged Le=L PE= (π 2E I) / Le2

2 One end fixed, other end Le=2L PE= (π 2EI) / 4L2

3 One end fixed, other end Le=L / √2 PE= 2(π 2EI) / L2

4 Both ends fixed Le=L/2 PE= 4(π 2 EI) / L2

Note: L is the actual length of respective column and Le is to be considered in

Cont… Limitation of Euler’s Theory

Le/r= √ (π2E / σc)

Hence if Le /k < (Le /r)lim Euler's formula will not be valid.

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