ISSN 0015-4628, Fluid Dynamics, 2018, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 774–785. c Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2018.

Original Russian Text 

c V.A. Aleksin, 2018, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, 2018, No. 6, pp. 55–66.

Modelling of the Interaction of Unsteady High-Intensity Turbulence

Flow with Heat- and Mass-Transfer in the Boundary Layer
on the Surface
V. A. Aleksin*
Ishlinskii Institute for Problems in Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
Received March 30, 2018

Abstract—The dynamic and thermal characteristics of unsteady near-wall flows are investigated
numerically on the basis of two-parameter turbulence models under conditions of high-turbulence
free stream and impact of perturbing heat- and mass-transfer factors in the boundary layer. The
effect of mass-transfer parameters considered on the permeable section on the development of
dynamic and thermal processes in the steady-state turbulent boundary layer is studied and the
boundary layer structure along the surface is investigated. The mutual action of time harmonic
oscillations of the velocity of outer inviscid free stream and the heat-transfer parameters on wall on
the development of time-dependent heat-transfer characteristics in turbulent flow is analyzed. The
numerical results are compared with experimental and theoretical data.
Key words: near-wall flow, boundary layer, heat transfer, turbulence, transition, unsteadiness,
turbulence models.
DOI: 10.1134/S0015462818060137

In the case of high-intensity turbulence free-stream gas flow past a curvilinear surface the maximum
heat transfer in the near-wall zone is implemented in the end of the region of transient regime and in the
beginning of the developed turbulent regime. One of the efficient ways of protection of the surface from
the intensive thermal heating in these regions and downstream can be fluid or gas blowing through a
porous section located here [1–3].
Numerical calculations of similar turbulent steady-state near-wall flows in the boundary layer based
on semi-empirical turbulence models of various complexity [4, 5] and comparison of calculated results
with experimental data [1–3, 6] have confirmed their satisfactory correspondence, i.e., the efficiency
of such an approach. Further turbulence model upgrading and development of numerical calculation
methods are necessary to increase the effectiveness of similar methods of investigation.
In the present numerical investigation the main attention is concentrated on simulation of the region
of developed turbulent flow in the boundary layer under conditions of direct perturbing action of moderate
blowing (or suction) through a porous surface section (or several sections) or their mutual successive
action. Moreover, variations in the dynamic and thermal characteristics on the permeable section and in
the region of residual effects downstream are analyzed.
In the flow under consideration the streamwise pressure gradient is assumed to be almost zero in
accordance with the basic experimental data [7–9]. Similar flows relate to the class of flows with high-
intensity turbulence which leads to early transition to the turbulent regime.
Under conditions of low-intensity free-stream turbulence, the carried out numerical investigations of
the effect of heat- and mass-transfer on stability of the laminar regime of the compressible gas boundary
layer [10] made it possible to establish a series of regularities of turbulent transition. At the same time,
as shown by analysis of the calculated results and experimental data obtained under conditions of high-
intensity free-stream turbulence, even slight differences of parameters of the pressure gradient and the
surface permeability from almost zero values can lead to appreciable changes in both location and length
of the transition region, as well as in the region of developed turbulent regime. This can directly have an
effect on the calculated flow and heat-transfer characteristics obtained over the entire flow region [7–9].
*
E-mail: aleksin@ipmnet.ru.

774
 MODELLING OF THE INTERACTION 775

In the present study an approach to determining the mutual effect of the parameters of free-stream
turbulence and heat- and mass-transfer in the unsteady boundary layer on the surface is developed on
the basis of available modified two-parameter turbulence models. The numerical method of investigation
approved for steady-state near-wall flows by comparing the numerical and experimental data [7–9] is
extended to unsteady boundary layers subjected to an external periodic time perturbation at a given os-
cillation frequency [11, 12]. The modified variant of the turbulence model makes it possible continuously
to calculated the entire flow region from the laminar to turbulent regimes in the unsteady boundary layer
in the case of the harmonic time distribution of the external streamwise velocity component and the heat-
and mass-transfer parameters on the surface.

1. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

In the developed turbulent flow regime the averaged equations of unsteady boundary layer are closed
using the differential turbulence models based on introduction of turbulent viscosity and Kolmogorov–
Prandtl hypotheses [13]. At low local Reynolds numbers near the wall, the effect of viscosity on turbulent
fluctuations of the developed turbulent boundary layer and in laminar-turbulent transition is taken into
account in the low-Reynolds-number models by introducing damping functions in the coefficients of
the model equations. Within the framework of the boundary layer model, the possibility of using such
approaches to calculate flows on permeable surface sections for both small and considerable streamwise
pressure gradients is bounded by moderate values of the permeability parameter and the necessity to
take into account change in the turbulent boundary layer structure in the neighborhood of the separation
regions. In view of this fact, the necessity of justification of the applicability of models for calculating the
considered class of the flows investigated is conserved [14].
The introduction of the turbulent viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients μt and λt with the
use of the Boussinesq hypothesis on the gradient transfer mechanism for the turbulent stress (−ρu v  )
and the Fourier law for the turbulent heat flux (−ρh v  )
∂u λt ∂h
τt = −ρu v   = μt , qt = −ρh v   =
∂ζ cp ∂ζ
makes it possible to represent the total friction stresses and heat flux τ and q as in [13]:
∂u ∂u λ ∂h λΣ ∂h
τ =μ − ρu v   = μΣ , q = − ρh v   = ,
∂ζ ∂ζ cp ∂ζ cp ∂ζ
μΣ = μ + μt , λΣ = λ + λt . (1.1)
Here, μΣ and λΣ are the total (effective) coefficients. The introduction in (1.1) of the laminar and
turbulent Prandtl numbers Pr = μcp /λ and Prt = μt cp /λt makes it possible to express λ/cp and λt /cp
in terms of the ratios μ/Pr and μt /Prt .
In the coordinate system ξ, ζ associated with the surface of the body we can represent the system
of equations for the averaged characteristics of a time-dependent two-dimensional boundary layer in a
compressible perfect homogeneous gas flow in the form [13]:
∂ρ ∂ ∂
+ (ρu) + (ρv) = 0,
∂t ∂ξ ∂ζ
 
∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p 1 ∂ ∂u
+u +v =− + μΣ ,
∂t ∂ξ ∂ζ ρ ∂ξ ρ ∂ζ ∂ζ
   
∂h ∂h ∂h 1 ∂ λΣ ∂h 1 ∂p u ∂p μΣ ∂u 2
+u +v = + + + ,
∂t ∂ξ ∂ζ ρ ∂ζ cp ∂ζ ρ ∂t ρ ∂ξ ρ ∂ζ
∂p
= 0, p = ρRT,
∂ζ
μ = μe (h/he )ω , λ = λe (h/he )ω , ω = 0.75. (1.2)
System (1.2) is written with regard to the ordinary assumptions of boundary layer theory and
neglecting the terms with normal Reynolds stresses; u and v are the streamwise and normal velocity

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776 ALEKSIN

components in the coordinate system ξ, ζ directed along the surface and the normal, respectively, p is
the static pressure, ρ is the density, T is the temperature, h is the enthalpy, μ and λ are the viscosity
and thermal conductivity coefficients, cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, R is the gas constant,
the subscripts e, w, and t refer to the quantities at the outer boundary layer edge, at the wall and in the
turbulent regime, respectively, and a prime denotes a fluctuating quantity.
In Eqs. (1.2) we have assumed that the terms containing the density, viscosity, and thermal
conductivity fluctuations are small as compared with the terms containing their average values. The
static pressure p is a function of t and ξ.
The boundary conditions are specified on the surface and at the outer boundary layer edge
ζ=0: u = 0, ρv = (ρv)w = F (t, ξ), hw H0−1 = iw (t, ξ) ◦
or qw = qw (t, ξ), (1.3)
ζ → ∞, u → ue , h → he . (1.4)
On the surface we also specify the dimensionless permeability parameter for the normal velocity
component Fw (t, ξ) = F/(ρe ue ) ≡ (ρv)w /(ρe ue ) and the heat flux qw = qw ◦ (t, ξ) (or the temperature

factor).
The distributions of the streamwise velocity component ue (t, ξ) and the enthalpy he (t, ξ) are assumed
to be known from the solution of the gasdynamic equations or from experimental data. We will consider
a time-dependent boundary layer in which at the initial instant t = 0 the velocity and heat transfer
fields can be determined from the steady-state conditions; at t > 0 the external velocity ue (t, ξ) starts to
fluctuate about the steady-state velocity u0 (ξ) in accordance with the harmonic law
ue (t, ξ) = u0 (ξ)(1 + A0 cos ωt). (1.5)
0 (t, ξ) can be represented in the similar form:
The time-dependent heat flux qw = qw
0
qw (t, ξ) = qw0 (ξ)(1 + C0 cos(ωt + ϕ)). (1.6)
In the further calculations we will assume that in (1.5) and (1.6) the frequency ω is identical and the
phase shift is zero, ϕ = 0.
At the initial instant t = 0 the following solution of the steady-state problem is specified:
t = 0, u(0, ξ, ζ) = u0 (ξ, ζ), h(0, ξ, ζ) = h0 (ξ, ζ).
The initial conditions for the velocity u and enthalpy h profiles along the streamwise coordinate are
specified in a certain region, for example at ξ = ξ0
u(t, ξ0 , ζ) = u00 (t, ζ), h(t, ξ0 , ζ) = h00 (t, ζ).
In order to determine them in this plane ξ = ξ0 we must solve the time-dependent problem with
distributions (1.3) and (1.4).

2. TURBULENCE MODELING
In order to close the system of equations (1.2) we will use two-parameter K − ε−models for
which the free-stream turbulence parameters are determined by the turbulence intensity (Tu∞ = 104 ×
2K∞ /(3V∞ 2 )) (in %) and the scale L (or the energy dissipation rate ε ), where the kinetic turbulence
∞ ∞
energy K∞ (K = 0.5ui ui ) is divided by V∞2 , L by the length scale L , and ε by L /V 3 .
∞ D ∞ D ∞
For the time-dependent two-dimensional boundary layer the equations for the kinetic turbulence
energy K and the isotropic part of the turbulence dissipation rate ε = εk − D in the coordinate system
ξ, ζ take the form [15]:
 
∂K ∂K ∂K 1 ∂ ∂K Pk
+u +v = μΣ,k + − εk , (2.1)
∂t ∂ξ ∂ζ ρ ∂ζ ∂ζ ρ
 
∂ε ∂ε ∂ε 1 ∂ ∂ε Pε
+u +v = μΣ,ε + − (Dε + E), (2.2)
∂t ∂ξ ∂ζ ρ ∂ζ ∂ζ ρ
μt μt
μΣ,k = μ + , μΣ,ε = μ + . (2.3)
σk σε

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 MODELLING OF THE INTERACTION 777

Here, μΣ, k and μΣ, ε are the total (effective) viscosity coefficients; σk and σε are the Prandtl numbers
for K and ε; the terms P and Pε explicitly describe the generation processes in the equations for K and
the dissipation rate ε; Dε is the dissipative term in the equation for ε; and the terms D and E express
the viscosity effect on the dissipation in the near-wall and low-local-Reynolds-number regions in the
equations for K and ε.
The turbulent viscosity coefficient νt is determined from the second Prandtl–Kolmogorov formula
with the damping function fμ
νt = cμ fμ K 2 /ε. (2.4)

In the version of the model [16] fμ is a function of the coordinate ζ + and c∗3 (η∗ ) [11, 12], where

fμ = 1 − exp(−c∗3 ζ + ), ζ + = u∗ ζ/ν, u∗ = τw /ρ. (2.5)

A modification of the K–ε-model (2.1)–(2.4) assumes the change of the constant c3 in (2.5) by the
function
c∗3 = C0 /η∗α , C0 = c3 η∗α (A0 ), α = 0.25.

The function c∗3 is related with the viscous sublayer thickness η∗ specified in the form of a dependence
on the local Reθ number and the two parameters A0 and B0 determined in the general case by the
parameters of the free-stream and its turbulence [11, 12]. Here, the empirical dependence of A0 on Tu∞
obtained from the experimental data [17] and transformed for high-intensity turbulence is introduced.
On the surface we impose the boundary conditions: ζ = 0 : K = 0 and ε = 0.
At the outer boundary layer edge the functions Ke (t, ξ) and εe (t, ξ) can be determined for a given
profile ue (t, ξ) outside the neighborhood of the leading stagnation point from the equations
∂Ke ∂Ke ∂εe ∂εe ε2
+ ue = −εe , + ue = −c2 e . (2.6)
∂t ∂ξ ∂t ∂ξ Ke

For Eqs. (2.6) the initial conditions in t and ξ for the functions Ke and εe are given by the relations
t = 0, Ke (0, ξ) = Ke0 (ξ), εe (0, ξ) = εe0 (ξ),
ξ = ξ0 , Ke (t, ξ0 ) = Ke00 (t), εe (t, ξ0 ) = εe00 (t),
where Ke0 and εe0 , and Ke00 and εe00 are the solutions of Eqs. (2.6) with ∂/∂t = 0 and ∂/∂ξ = 0,
respectively.
Then the following conditions must be satisfied at the outer edge:
ζ → ∞, K → Ke (t, ξ), ε → εe (t, ξ).

In the general case we impose the following initial conditions in t for the functions K and ε:
t = 0, K(0, ξ, ζ) = K0 (ξ, ζ), ε(0, ξ, ζ) = ε0 (ξ, ζ).

Here, K0 and ε0 are given initial distributions of the kinetic energy and its dissipation rate at t = 0.
They can be obtained from the solution of Eqs. (2.1) and (2.2) at t = 0 when ∂/∂t = 0.
For determining the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the time-dependent boundary layer we
developed a numerical calculation method based on an implicit finite-difference scheme which ensures
fourth-order accuracy in the coordinate normal to the surface. The method was extended to the solutions
of a series of two-dimensional time-dependent boundary layer problems with time-periodic distributions
of the free-stream parameters over a wide oscillation amplitude range [18–20]. The method makes it
possible to obtain numerical solutions of the initial system of nonlinear equations and on their basis to
study the properties of the flow and the thermal state of the surface.
For example, in [20] the problem was solved numerically for the time-dependent laminar boundary
layer with backflow zones with regard to periodic suction on the surface over a wide range of the external
velocity oscillation amplitude.

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3. CALCULATION OF THE STEADY-STATE BOUNDARY LAYER

We will first numerically solve the steady-state problem of the flow and heat transfer in the laminar,
transition, and turbulent regions of a boundary layer on a surface with zero pressure gradient in
accordance with the experimental data [7, 8].
After nondimensionalization the problem is determined by the free-stream parameters M∞ , Re∞ ,
Tu∞ , and L∞ . In the numerical calculations for Re∞ = 0.2835 × 106 (Re∞ = V∞ LD /ν∞ , LD is the
length of the flat plate), the values of Tu∞ were varied within the range 1—9%, and the dimensionless
dissipation rate ε∞ = ε∞ LD /V∞ 3 within the range 0.184 × 10−4 − 0.184.

For a subsonic low-velocity weakly-compressible flow with moderate velocity u∞ = 5.6 m/s (M∞ =
0.0164) and high-intensity turbulence we used the boundary condition on the wall for the heat transfer
equation qw = const. The temperature factor iw = Tw /T0 (Tw and T0 are the wall and stagnation
temperatures, respectively) was varied within the limits from 0.7 to 1.3. This corresponds to the
conditions on the cold and weakly heated wall. At the outer boundary layer edge the values of the
enthalpy he correspond to the data of [8].
In our calculations the effect of the free-stream turbulence intensity Tu∞ on the location of the
transition (endpoint) determined in terms of the critical Reynolds number Reθ,∗ was preassigned in
accordance with the experimental data [17].
For comparing the numerical results for the boundary layer in the downstream region with the data
of a version of the experiments carried out in [8] for Tu∞ = 4.86% and various values of ε∞ , we specified
the initial profiles of the longitudinal velocity component u0 and the kinetic turbulence energy K0 in the
initial cross-section ξ = ξ0 .
For the parameters corresponding to the high-intensity free-stream turbulence Tu∞ ≥ 1 (in our cal-
culations we took the following values of the turbulence parameters: Tu∞ = 4.86% and the turbulence
energy dissipation rate ε∞ = 0.184 × 10−2 ) the calculated values of the friction coefficient Cf 0 (Reξ0 )/2,
the Stanton number St0 (Reξ0 ), and the temperature factor iw (Reξ0 ) were obtained under conditions of
constant heat flux qw = qw0 = const on wall and a given time-dependent distribution qw 0 (t). Here, the

values of the coefficients are determined as Cf 0 /2 = τw /(ρe ue0 ) and St = qw /[ρe ue0 (hw − H0 )] and the
2

temperature factor iw = Tw /T0 .

The variability of St0 (Reξ0 ) along the surface at qw = qw0 with increase in Reξ0 is reached owing to
variation in the temperature factor iw . On the surface the boundary condition for the normal velocity
component vw is specified via the parameter Fw = (ρv)w /(ρe ue ): on the permeable section Fw is
nonzero, as distinct from the remaining part of the surface on which Fw = 0.
In [5] the steady-state turbulent boundary layer with a single or several permeable sections was
investigated numerically. A particular attention was concentrated on analysis of the behavior of
distributions of dynamic characteristics in the beginning of both the porous section and the residual
effect section. Despite the use of a simpler algebraic turbulence model, the satisfactory correspondence
of the calculation results with the experimental data [1–3] was established after modifying the model.
The results obtained using the differential two-parameter turbulence model demonstrate the similar
behavior of dynamic characteristics of the boundary layer.
For example, in the beginning of the permeable section, where the boundary conditions change
sharply, the numerical results demonstrate a considerable decrease in the friction coefficient Cf 0 (Reξ0 )/2
even on the rough grid. With increase in the blowing parameter Fw , this trend only strengthens. On the
contrary, in the beginning of the residual effect section, where Fw = 0, the distribution of Cf 0 (Reξ0 )/2
abruptly increases with further decrease in the rate, and with increase in Reξ0 the blowing curve is
asymptotically tending to the curve on which Fw = 0. We also note an increase in the maximum of
the profile of the dimensionless friction τ /τw in the boundary layer with increase in the permeability
parameter Fw > 0. This is in agreement with the experimental data. Thus, blowing intensifies the
turbulence characteristics in the near-wall region of the boundary layer, but the values of τw decreasing.
Consequently, under blowing the maximum friction is shifted from the wall to the near-wall region.
The opposite trend to blowing in the behavior of dynamic characteristics can be traced for suction
(Fw < 0). In the beginning of the permeable section the distribution of Cf 0 (Reξ0 )/2 increases with

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 MODELLING OF THE INTERACTION 779

gradual decrease in the rate and then reaches the maximum. On the residual effect section the friction
coefficient decreases and approaches the turbulent distribution with Fw = 0 with decelerating rate.
For the thermal characteristics, namely, the Stanton number St0 (Reξ0 ) and the temperature factor
iw (Reξ0 ), we can note the qualitatively opposite properties in their behavior in both the permeable section
and downstream on the residual effect section.
For example, the distributions of the Stanton number St0 (Reξ0 ) have, as a whole, qualitatively similar
properties as the distributions of Cf 0 (Reξ0 )/2 for blowing and suction. The calculations established the
opposite trend for the temperature factor iw (Reξ0 ).

4. RESULTS OF THE CALCULATIONS FOR THE UNSTEADY BOUNDARY LAYER

The effect of the free-stream parameters and the initial conditions on the development of the mean
characteristics of the motion and heat transfer on the surface considered in an unsteady boundary
layer with a fluctuating external velocity distribution (1.4) is investigated numerically on the interval of
transition from the laminar to turbulent regime with zero streamwise pressure gradient in the presence
of the permeable section.
In the turbulent flow regime the numerical results [11] were obtained in accordance with the exper-
imental data [21–23] for oscillation parameters and the Reynolds number Re∞ = 1.25 × 106 (Re∞ =
V∞ D/ν∞ , D = V∞ /f ). The free-stream turbulence parameters were varied over wide parameter ranges
Tu∞ = 3 − 6% and ε∞ = 0.184 × 10−2 − 0.184 × 10−1 .
In the general case, for calculating heat transfer in the unsteady boundary layer the enthalpy
distribution is variable along the outer edge and as a function of time. Since the flow is assumed to
be low-velocity with small M∞ , variation in enthalpy as a function of τ can be neglected and in what
follows we will assume that he ≈ h∞ .
In the presence of harmonic time oscillations of the free-stream velocity the turbulence intensity
level in the free stream has the predominant effect on the development of heat transfer in the unsteady
boundary layer [12].
The effect of the free-stream turbulence parameters on their temporal distributions at the outer
boundary layer edge is maximum in the initial flow region and weakens downstream [12].
Figures 1 and 2 demonstrate the effect of the amplitude A0 on the friction coefficient Cf 0 /2, the
Stanton number St0 , and the temperature factor iw for the variable boundary condition qw = qw 0 (t)

during two periods for A0 = 0.147 and 0.352 in combination with the experimental data (1). Here and in

logCf0/2
−2.2
−2.4 4
2
−2.6
3 1
−2.8
−3.0
−3.2
15 4.0
10 4.5
τ 5.0
5 5.5 eξ 0
6.0 lo R
g
0 6.5

Fig. 1. Effect of the oscillation amplitude A0 on the friction coefficient Cf 0 /2 for the time-dependent boundary condition
0
qw = qw (t): 1 correspond to the experimental data at qw = qw0 ; curve 2 corresponds to the dependence for the
turbulent regime; and distributions 3 and 4 correspond to A0 = 0.147 and 0.352, respectively.

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780 ALEKSIN
(a) (b)
logSt0
−1.6 iw
−1.8 1.25

−2.0 1.20 3

−2.2 2 1.15
2
−2.4 4 1.10
1
−2.6 3
1.05 1
−2.8 4
−3.0 1.00 5
15 4.0 15 10 6 Reξ 0
10 5.0 4.5 5
τ
5 0 6.5 6.0 5.5 τ 07 log
log eξ 0
R

Fig. 2. Effect of the oscillation amplitude A0 on the Stanton number St0 (a) and the temperature factor iw (b) for the
0
variable boundary condition qw = qw (t). In Fig. 2a the notation is the same as ξ0 in Fig. 1; distributions 2 and 3 in
Fig. 2b correspond to A0 = 0.147 and 0.352, respectively.

what follows, we will give the logarithmic distributions of Cf 0 /2 and St0 as functions ξ0 of log10 (Reξ0 ).
In the calculations for the condition qw = qw0 (t), dependent on t, we have taken the values of q
w0 = 2
and C0 = 0.5 in the distribution (1.6).
A growth in the oscillation amplitude A0 of ue from 0.147 to 0.352 leads to appreciable increase
in the oscillation amplitude of the surface 4 with respect to 3 (coefficient Cf 0 /2) (Fig. 1), where (2)
corresponds to the dependence (1/2) × 0.0592/(Re ξ0 )0.2 in the turbulent regime. Under conditions of
high-intensity turbulence, for such moderate external velocity oscillation amplitudes the distributions
Cf 0 /2(τ, Reξ0 ) (Reξ0 = const)/2 are restructured in time τ = ωt from the initial data Cf 0 /2(0, Re ξ0 ) to
distributions similar to harmonic ones in all the flow regions, in particular, in the transition region. In the
transition and turbulent regions there is a certain increase in the oscillation amplitudes with respect to
the amplitudes in the regions of the laminar regime with the total decrease in the amplitudes downstream
0 (t) the oscillation amplitudes of C /2 (at
with growth in the local Reξ0 . For the variable condition for qw f0
A0 = 0.352 (4)) are of the same order on a given interval [qw0 , 3qw0 ] of the harmonic oscillations qw 0 (t)

with respect to the surface with qw = 2qw0 .

The effect of the oscillation amplitude A0 on the heat transfer characteristics St0 and iw is not so
significant (Figs. 2a and 2b), as compared with the effect on the friction coefficient Cf 0 /2. At the
same time, we can observe a divergence of the surfaces for the thermal characteristics with increase
in the oscillation amplitude of ue from 0.147 to 0.352 but it is not so appreciable as for the surfaces
Cf 0 /2 in Fig. 1. In Fig. 2a the dependence (2) for the turbulent regime is specified by the relation
St0 (Reξ0 ) = 0.0367Re −0.2
ξ0 .

In the presence of the harmonic oscillations of the free-stream velocity ue (t, ξ) in time, the level of
the turbulence intensity Tu∞ has the predominant effect on the development of dynamic and thermal
transition in the unsteady boundary layer, as compared with the effect of ε∞ . For moderate values of
the amplitude A0 and the oscillation frequency ω the profiles of St0 (τ, Reξ0 ) and the temperature factor
iw (τ, Reξ0 ) (τ = ωt) (see Fig. 2) are rapidly restructured in τ in all the flow regions retaining the form
similar to the harmonic one.
Figures 3a and 3b demonstrate the effect of the boundary conditions on the temperature factor iw for
the constant and variable-in-time heat fluxes. The temperature factor distributions iw (τ, Reξ0 ) are given
for A0 = 0.352 and the following boundary conditions: qw = qw0 and qw = 2qw0 (Fig. 3a) and qw = 2qw0
and qw = qw 0 (t) (Fig. 3b). For the variable distribution q 0 (t) the oscillation amplitude of the surface i
w w
(3) is appreciably greater than the amplitude of the surface (2). Thus, in the case under consideration
the given boundary condition on the wall for the heat flux with variation from qw0 to 3qw0 is crucial, as
distinct from the oscillation amplitude ue (t, ξ) at the outer edge.

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 MODELLING OF THE INTERACTION 781

iw (a) (b)
iw
1.18
1.25
1.16
1.14 1.20 3
1.12 3
2 1.15
1.10 2
1.08 1.10
1.06 2 1.05
1.04
1 1
1.02 1.00
15
10 5.0 4.5 4.0 15 10 4.5 4.0
5
0 6.5 6.0 5.5 Reξ 0 τ 5 5.5 5.0
τ 0 6.5 6.0 logReξ 0
log

Fig. 3. Effect of the boundary conditions for the heat flux (a) and (b) on the temperature factor iw at A0 = 0.352: 1
correspond to the experimental data at qw = qw0 ; distributions 2 and 3 in Fig. 2a correspond to qw = qw0 and 2qw0 ,
0
respectively; and distributions 2 and 3 in Fig. 2b correspond to qw = 2qw0 and qw (t), respectively.

(a) (b)
logCf0/2
−2.2
logCf0/2
−2.4
2 −2.0
−2.6
4
−2.8 3 1 −2.5 3
−3.0 2 15
1
15 −3.0
10
10
τ 4.0 −3.5 5 τ
5
5.5 5.0 4.5 6.5 6.0
0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 0
logReξ 0 logReξ0 4.5 4.0

Fig. 4. Effect of the blowing parameter on the friction coefficient Cf 0 /2 for two values of Fw = 0.002 and 0.004 in the
permeable section (a and b, respectively); the amplitude A0 = 0.147 on both figures, the boundary conditions are only
0
variable qw = qw (t) (in a) or variable and additionally constant qw = 2qw0 (in b); the notation 1 and 2 is the same as in
0
Fig. 1; on a and b surfaces 3 and 4 correspond to qw = qw (t) and qw = 2qw0 , respectively.

The distributions of the friction coefficient Cf 0 (τ, Reξ0 )/2 presented in Fig. 4 are similar to harmonic
(for Reξ0 = const) but with a certain phase shift with respect to the external velocity ue and depend
mainly on the parameters A0 and ω of oscillations of ue and the permeability Fw . When τ = const the
properties of distributions of the friction coefficient Cf 0 (τ, Reξ0 )/2 are similar to those described in the
corresponding part of Section 3 for the steady-state boundary layer with permeable surface sections [5]
but with allowance for the time-dependent effects related to oscillations of the streamwise component
of the velocity ue at the outer edge and the boundary conditions for the thermal characteristics on the
surface. It should be noted that since on the permeable surface section the normal velocity component vw
is determined in terms of the parameter Fw = (ρv)w /(ρe ue ), then even for Fw = const the dependence of
ue on t can lead to unsteadiness of vw . In the case of considerable oscillation amplitudes of the external
perturbations, it is possible to use a time-dependent distribution of the parameter Fw0 (t) similar to (1.6)
to control unsteady processes in the near-wall region of turbulent boundary layers.
In Figs. 4a and 4b we have shown the impact of the blowing parameter on the distributions of the
friction coefficient Cf 0 (τ, Reξ0 )/2 for two values of Fw = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively, on the permeable
section for the amplitude A0 = 0.147 and the variable and constant boundary conditions qw = qw 0 (t) and
qw = 2qw0 .

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782 ALEKSIN
(a) (b)
logSt0
logSt0
−2.0 −2.0
−2.2 −2.2
2
1 −2.4
−2.4
4
−2.6
−2.6 3
−2.8 1
3
−2.8 −3.0
15
−3.0 10
15 τ 5 4.5 4.0
10 5 5.0 4.5 4.0 5.5 5.0
τ 0 6.5 6.0 5.5 Reξ0 0 6.5 6.0 lo g R eξ 0
log

Fig. 5. Effect of blowing on the Stanton number St0 : Fw = 0.002 and 0.004 on the permeable section (a and b,
0
respectively); the amplitude A0 = 0.147 on both figures, whereas the boundary conditions are only variable qw = qw (t)
(in a) or variable and additionally constant qw = 2qw0 (in b). The same notation as in Fig. 4.

As the gas blowing parameter Fw increases from zero to Fw = 0 on the left-hand boundary of the
permeable section, the values of Cf 0 /2 sharply decrease on it and then, in transition to the section of
residual effects, they also increase intensively with gradual decrease in the rate to values corresponding
to Fw = 0. Thus, as Reξ0 increases, the values of Cf 0 /2 restore gradually downstream to values
corresponding to Fw = 0. The distributions of Cf 0 /2 presented in Fig. 4b for Fw = 0.004 and the
variable and constant boundary conditions qw = qw 0 (t) and q = 2q
w w0 confirm the fact that the variability
0
in time of qw (t) is reflected only slightly on the distributions of the friction coefficient Cf 0 /2. The
parameters of oscillations of ue and Fw on the permeable section and downstream have the main effect on
the level of the coefficient. On the permeable section the distributions Cf 0 (τ, Reξ0 )/2 with Reξ0 = const
conserve the form similar to harmonic one, as for the upstream region.
As the parameter Fw increases from 0.002 to 0.004, the values of Cf 0 /2 decrease more intensively on
the permeable section (see Figs. 4a and 4b). Accordingly, further increase in these values occurs slower
on the section of residual effects downstream with increase in Reξ0 .
The value of constant in the boundary condition for qw0 affects directly the level of distribution of the
St0 number, namely, the level of the values of the initial distribution of St0 (0, Reξ0 ) increases accordingly
by several times with increase in the constant. In specifying the boundary condition in the form of a
harmonic distribution for qw 0 (t) at the same frequency ω and the phase as for u (t, ξ) but with increased
e
maximum amplitude (e.g., by three times), the time-oscillation amplitude of the unsteady distribution
St0 (τ, Reξ0 ) increases accordingly (Figs. 5a and 5b). In this case the curves St0 (τ, Reξ0 ) in the cross-
sections Reξ0 = const remain similar to harmonic distributions. In Fig. 5 we have shown the impact
of blowing parameter on the Stanton number St0 for the amplitude A0 = 0.147 and Fw = 0.002 and
0.004 on the permeable section (a and b, respectively); the boundary conditions are not only variable
0 (t) (in a) but additionally constant q = 2q
qw = qw w w0 (in b).
In the case of gas blowing (τ = const), we can note sharp decrease in the level of the Stanton number
St0 (τ, Reξ0 ) to the local minimum in the permeable section, as for Cf 0 , and then, in the section of
residual effects, initially St0 (τ, Reξ0 ) sharply increases and thereafter it increases slower with decreasing
rate to the level of values without blowing.
The temperature factor iw (0, Reξ0 ) increases downstream as a function Reξ0 , except for a small
transition region in which its variations are nonmonotonic along the streamwise coordinate, but in the
laminar regime the growth rate of iw is greater than its value in the developed turbulent flow (Figs.
6a and 6b). We can distinguish sharp increase in the temperature factor iw in the permeable section
with formation of a local maximum with its further slow decrease downstream in the section of residual
effects. In Fig. 6 we have reproduced the distributions of the temperature factor iw (τ, Reξ0 ) for the
blowing parameters Fw = 0.002 and 0.004 (a and b, respectively) in the permeable section when the

FLUID DYNAMICS Vol. 53 No. 6 2018

 MODELLING OF THE INTERACTION 783
(a) (b)

iw
1.20 iw
1.15 1.4
1.3
1.10
2 3
1 1.2
1.05 15
1.1 2
1.00 4 10
15 5 1.0
10 1 5 τ
5 6 gReξ 0 6.5 6.0
τ lo 5.5 5.0
57 logReξ 4.5 4.0 0
0

Fig. 6. Effect of blowing Fw on distributions of the temperature factor iw (τ, Reξ0 ): Fw = 0.002 and 0.004 (a and b,
respectively); the amplitude A0 = 0.147 on both figures, the boundary conditions are only variable q = qw0 (t) (in a) or
variable and additionally constant qw = 2qw0 (in b). The same notation as in Fig. 4.

amplitude A0 = 0.147. In Fig. 6a we have presented a single distribution of iw only for the variable
boundary condition q = qw 0 (t) and in Fig. 6b, for comparison, we have added the distribution of i for
w
the constant boundary condition q = 2qw0 . With increase in Fw from 0.002 to 0.004 the values of iw
increase more intensively in the permeable section (see Figs. 6a and 6b). Accordingly, further increase
in this quantity occurs with different rates in the downstream section of residual effects (τ = const).
Given the harmonic distribution for the condition qw 0 (t) on the wall, the calculated temperature factor

iw (τ, Reξ0 ) has similar dependences on τ in the planes Reξ0 = const but with increasing level of iw as
the number Reξ0 grows.
In Fig. 7 we have compared the effect of not only blowing (Fw = 0.004) but also suction (Fw =
−0.004) on the friction coefficient Cf 0 /2, the Stanton number St0 , and iw for the amplitude A0 = 0.147
and the constant boundary condition for the heat flux qw = 2qw0 .
As compared with gas blowing (Fw = 0.004) in the permeable section, suction with the parameter
Fw = −0.004 has the effect on the distribution of the friction coefficient Cf 0 (τ, Reξ )/2, which is similar
to opposite (Fig. 7a). In this case, the values of the distribution Cf 0 /2 at τ = const increase in the
permeable section with formation of a local maximum and then decrease downstream in the section of
residual effects.
Gas suction in the permeable section affects the Stanton number St0 (τ, Reξ0 ) in the same manner as
the friction coefficient Cf 0 /2 (Fig. 7b). For example, in the permeable section we can distinguish initially
a sharp increase in St0 (τ, Reξ0 ) at τ = const to the local maximum. In the section of residual effects we
can note initially a sharp decrease in the Stanton number St0 and then its tendency to the distribution
with Fw = 0 at the slower rate.
It should be noted that for the amplitude A0 = 0.147 and the constant boundary condition qw = 2qw0
in the case of suction in the permeable section with Fw = −0.004 (Fig. 7c) the basic regularities of
variation in the distribution of the temperature factor iw are qualitatively similar to the properties of the
distribution St0 (τ, Reξ0 ) in blowing with Fw = 0.004.
Since the effect of difference between the oscillation frequencies in expressions (1.5) and (1.6) for
the external velocity and the heat flux on the wall on the heat- and mass-transfer characteristics in the
boundary layer is neglected in our numerical investigation, an additional analysis of this effect is assumed
to be carried out in further studies, the influence of the phase shift being separately taken into account.

SUMMARY
The basic regularities found in the computations of the turbulent boundary layer with heat- and
mass-transfer in the permeable section and downstream in the steady-state regime of high-intensity
turbulence flow past a surface are confirmed in the experiments.

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784 ALEKSIN

(a)

logCf
logCfO/2
0/2 .
.
−2.0

−2.5 4
3 15
2 1
−3.0
10
τ
−3.5 5
6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0
logReξ0 4.5 4.0 0

(b) (c)

logCf0/2
logCfO iw
−2.0 1.20
−2.2 2
1.15
−2.4
1 1.10 3
−2.6 4
15 15
3 2 1.05
−2.8 10 1 10
−3.0 5 τ 1.00 5 τ
6.5 6.0 5.5 0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0
5.0
logReξ0
4.5 4.0 logReξ0 4.5 4.00

Fig. 7. Effect of blowing and suction (Fw = 0.004 and −0.004) on the friction coefficient Cf 0 /2 (a), the Stanton
number St0 (b), and iw (c) for the amplitude A0 = 0.147 and the constant boundary condition qw = 2qw0 . The same
notation as in Figs. 4–6.

A series of regularities in the distributions of dynamic and thermal characteristics are established
in investigating the mutual action of harmonic time oscillations of the external velocity and given
distributions of the surface heat flux on the flow and the heat-transfer characteristics in the unsteady
boundary layers. The calculations demonstrated the crucial effect of the oscillation amplitude of the
external velocity and the surface permeability parameter on the friction coefficient. In addition to the
oscillation amplitude of the velocity and the permeability parameter, the specified oscillation of the heat
flux on the wall affects appreciably the thermal conductivity and the temperature factor. The heat-
transfer in the boundary layer is intensified with increase in the amplitude of this oscillation.
The work was carried out on the theme of the State Program No. AAAA-A17-117021310376-4 and
with partial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 16-01-00172).

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