UM Digos College

Department of Teacher Education

Roxas Extension, Digos City
Telefax: (082)553-2914

BASIC ELECTRICITY
Week 3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to
d. Explain the sources and kinds of electricity.
e. Identify the parts of a complete electrical circuit.
f. Apply the Ohms Law in house hold electrical connections.
g. Apply the correct procedure in electrical house wiring

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Explain the source and kinds of electricity
Metalanguage

Metalanguage

In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the competencies in teaching
competencies in industrial arts and to demonstrate ULO will be operationally defined
to establish a common frame of refence as to how the texts work. You will encounter
these terms as we go through this course. Please refer to these definitions in case you
will encounter difficulty in the in understanding educational concepts.

Electric charge - a property of some subatomic particles, which determines

their electromagnetic interactions. Electrically charged matter is influenced by,
and produces, electromagnetic fields.

Electric current - a movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically

measured in amperes. Describes a flow of electric charge. Electric current is
either Direct Current (DC) a single-direction flow, or Alternating Current (AC)
which describes a current that repeatedly changes direction.

Electric field - an influence produced by an electric charge on other charges

in its vicinity.

Electrical energy - is a form of energy present in an electric field or magnetic

field, electrical energy is measured in joules. It can be converted to work
through the use of an electrical device or machine such as electric motor.

Electric potential - The capacity of an electric field to do work, typically

measured in volts.

Electromagnetism - a fundamental interaction between the magnetic field

and the presence and motion of an electric charge.

Electric power -is the name given to electrical energy production and
distribution.

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Department of Teacher Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City
Telefax: (082)553-2914

Essential Knowledge

ELECTRICITY

Electricity is come from the Greek word

New Latin word of , meaning amber. Electricity is a widely used form of
energy that encompasses a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and
flow of electric charge. The electric charge is the flow or movement of lost electron
from an atom. In atom theory, the center of an atom is a nucleus. The nucleus contains
positively charged particles called proton or positron, the negatively charged called
electrons and the uncharged particles called neutrons. The negative charge is equal
to the number of positive charged in an atom. When the balancing force between
protons and electron is upset caused by friction, induction, or chemical charge, an
atom may gain or lose an electron. The effect is the free movement of these electrons
from an atom now called electric current.

Sources of Electricity

There are different sources of electricity that can harness in different way. The
mechanical way, this kind of electricity source convert the primary energy like wind,
geothermal, hydropower, ocean power and solar power and secondary energy like
coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power by using electric generator to produce electricity.
The chemical way, this kind of electricity source used electric cells or battery to
produce electricity.

A. Types of Mechanical Source of Energy

3. Geothermal Energy
Geo means earth and thermal means heat. Meaning geothermal energy
is the heat energy of the earth. Geothermal Energy can be harnessed
from the Earth's natural heat associated with active volcanoes or
geologically young inactive volcanoes still giving off heat at depth. Steam
from high-temperature geothermal fluids can be used to drive turbines
and generate electrical power, while lower temperature fluids provide hot
water for space heating purpose, heat for greenhouses and industrial
uses, and hot or warm springs at resort spas.

4. Hydropower Energy
The term hydro comes from an ancient Greek word for water. This is a
force of moving water from rivers or storage reservoirs. The process
starts with the annual hydrologic, or water cycle, providing seasonal rain

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Department of Teacher Education
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Telefax: (082)553-2914

and runoff from snow pack. The runoff from rain and snow collects in
lakes, streams and rivers and flows to dams downstream. The water
funnels through a dam, into a powerhouse and turns a large wheel called
a turbine. The turbine turns a shaft that rotates a series of magnets past
copper coils in a generator to create electricity. The water then returns
to the river. From the powerhouse, transmission lines carry electricity to
communities.
Advantages of Hydropower
- Very high return on energy investment
- Very low greenhouse gas emissions
- Very low air pollution emissions
- Inexpensive once dam is built
- Can produce energy on-demand
- Provide water storage and flood-control
Disadvantages of Hydropower
- Very high land requirements
- Extremely high impacts to land and water habitat
- Best sites are already developed or off-limits
- Disastrous impacts in case of dam failure

5. Ocean Power
Oceans have tremendous energy in the movement of their currents and
waves.
There are two kinds of marine currents: two-way (tidal) currents, and
one-way currents.
1. Two-way currents are the ocean tides, caused by gravitational pull of
the moon and sun. Each heavenly body pulls on the part of the ocean
nearest to it, causing bulges in water height. As the earth rotates,

onto and away from the shore. So, the turning of the earth causes a
moving pattern in the ocean: at every coast in turn, the level rises and
falls, resulting in two high tides and two low tides daily.
2. One-way currents
within the ocean for hundreds sometimes thousands of miles.

6. Solar Power
Solar Energy, provided by the sun is the most inexhaustible and cleanest
source of energy known. Its heat and light arrive week in and week out -
free. But not in uniform amounts each day, or in concentrated form, and
not at all at night. Consequently, the barriers to greater use of solar
energy by a world faced with dwindling energy resources are significant:

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Department of Teacher Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City
Telefax: (082)553-2914

mainly, diffusion and the inability economically to store solar energy, use
it directly, or convert it to electricity.
Advantages of Solar Energy
- Renewable energy source
- Very low greenhouse gas emissions
- Very low air pollution emissions
- Very low water requirements
- Modular, low-profile, low-maintenance
- Very safe for workers and public
Disadvantages of Solar Energy
- Intermittent energy source
- High land requirements
- Expensive

7. Wind Power
Wind power is a renewable resource. Wind is a form of solar energy. The
basic machinery that converts wind power to electricity is called a wind
turbine. The force of the wind spins blades attached to a hub that turns
as the blades turn. Together, the blades and hub are called the rotor.
The turning rotor spins a generator, producing electricity. Mankind has
been making use of wind power for centuries. One of the first known
uses was to propel sailing ships. This was followed, centuries later, by
the development of windmills.
Advantages of Wind Power
- Renewable energy source
- Very low greenhouse gas
emissions
- Very low air pollution emissions
- Very low water requirements
- Very safe for workers and public
Disadvantage of Wind Power
- Intermittent energy source
- Limited to windy areas
- Potentially high hazard to birds
- Moderate land requirements

B. SECONDARY SOURCE OF ENERGY

1. Coal Energy
The Coal energy used coal rock that burns to release the energy. It is mostly
made of the chemical element carbon. Some coal is brown and crumbly,
and some coal is hard, black, and glossy. The greater the percentage of the

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Department of Teacher Education
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Telefax: (082)553-2914

coal burned that is carbon, the higher its rank or potential energy. Coal is
among the fossil fuels along with oil (petroleum), and natural gas. The fossil
fuels are considered non-renewable energy resources.
Advantages of Coal Energy

- Inexpensive
- Abundant
- Low land requirements
- Can produce energy on-demand

Disadvantages of Coal Energy

- Non-renewable energy source

- Very high greenhouse gas emissions
- Very high air pollution emissions
- High land/water impacts from acid rain, mine drainage
- Highly hazardous occupation

2. Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is the energy trapped inside atoms, those tiny particles from
which all matter is made. The principle of producing electricity by heat is the
same in nuclear power production as in coal or oil based energy production.
By heat, the water is boiled to high pressure steam. The steam rotates the
turbine. The generator attached to the turbine generates electricity. In a
nuclear power plant the heat needed for producing electricity is generated
in a nuclear reactor by the fission of atomic nuclei. In the energy production,
nuclear energy replaces fossil fuels, mainly coal, which poses significant
environmental hazards. Of the new energy forms, nuclear power is so far
the only one ready for large-scale energy production. Nuclear power is
economical and the annual fuel reserve of a nuclear power plant can be
transported in just a few truck loads.
Advantages of Nuclear Energy

- Low greenhouse gas emissions

- Low air pollution emissions
- Low land requirements for power plants (though not for waste
storage)
- Can produce energy on-demand

Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

- Non-renewable energy source

- High water requirements
- Relatively expensive
- Waste remains dangerous for thousands of years

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Department of Teacher Education
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Telefax: (082)553-2914

Serious accident would be disastrous

-
3. Natural Gas
Natural Gas is made up mostly of methane. Methane, a combination of
hydrogen and carbon, is formed when plants and animals (organic matter)
are trapped beneath the sedimentary layers of the earth.

Advantages of Natural Gas

- Inexpensive
- Low land requirements
- Can produce energy on-demand
- Relatively safe for workers and public

Disadvantages of Natural Gas

- Non-renewable energy source

- High greenhouse gas emissions
- Relatively moderate air pollution emissions
- Danger of explosion if handled improperly

4. Biomass Energy
Biomass describes all solid material of animal or vegetable origin from which
energy may be extracted it also called solid biomass. Plant products (such
as corn husks, branches, or peanut shells), waste paper, and cow dung are
examples of biomass fuels. Biomass can be heated, burned, fermented, or
treated chemically to release energy. Biomass is produced by
photosynthesis; basic research in photosynthesis may provide systems that
directly convert sunlight into fuels. Biomass can also be used a fuel for
space heating and factory processing, and to produce liquid transportation
fuel such as ethanol.

Advantages of Biomass Energy

- Renewable energy source
- Very low greenhouse gas emissions
- Can produce energy on-demand
- Energy is easily stored
Disadvantages of Biomass Energy
- Low energy return on investment
- High air pollution emissions
- Very high water and land requirements
- High occupational hazards

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Department of Teacher Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City
Telefax: (082)553-2914

TYPES OF ELECTIC CURRENT

Alternating Current (AC)

This are the electric charge that move forward, then backward, then forward, then
backward, over and over again The voltage or current that changes polarity or
direction, respectively, over time. The back-and-forth motion occurs between 50
and 60 times per second, depending on the electrical system of the country. This
is called the frequency and is designated as either 50 Hertz (50Hz) or 60 Hertz
(60Hz).

Direct Current (DC)

This are the movement (or flow) of electric charge is only in one direction. The
voltage or current that maintains constant polarity or direction, respectively, over
time.

Source of Direct Current

- Chemical battery
- Electronic power supply
- Mechanical Generator

KINDS OF ELECTRICITY

Static electricity
- Electricity at rest.
- The attraction between positive and negative charge particles.
- It refers to the buildup of electric charge on the surface of objects.
- The static charges remain on an object until they either bleed off to ground or
are quickly neutralized by a discharge.
- It is notable as a physical phenomenon that can be demonstrated using simple
experiments that can convey genuine understanding of the physics involved.
- Electricity produced by friction
- An electrical charge that builds up due to friction between two dissimilar
materials. Friction removes some electrons from one object and deposits them
on the other.
- The buildup or imbalance of the same charges. Static electricity is at rest until
discharged.
- The electricity associated with electric charges, which tends to stay static rather
than flowing away
- Movement of charges from one object to another without further movement. An
electrical charge frequently found in paper which is too dry or which has been
affected by local atmospheric conditions.
- It refers to the net presence (or 'imbalance') of charge on a body, usually caused
when dissimilar materials are rubbed together, transferring charge from one to
the other.

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Department of Teacher Education
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Telefax: (082)553-2914

Dynamic Electricity
- A flow of electric charge
- Also known as electric current
- Electricity in motion
- The movement of positive and negative charge particles.
- A flow of electric charge constitutes an electric current. The direction of
current was described in terms of the motion of imaginary positive charges

ELECTRICAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Electrical task can be accomplished systematically to save time, effort, and

resources. Most of the work cannot be done using bare hands. To do the task,
electrical
tools or equipment are needed to perform the job.
The following are common electrical tools and equipment needed in the
installation of electrical wiring.

1. SCREW DRIVERS. These tools are made of steel

hardened and tempered at the tip used to loosen or
tighten screws with slotted heads. They come in various
sizes and shapes.

A. Standard/Flat Screw Driver.

The blade tip is wedge-shaped and resembles a
negative (-) sign. This is used to drive screws with
a single slot head.

B. Philips Screw Driver. This has a cross tip

resembling a positive (+) sign. This is used to drive
screws with cross slot
heads.

C. Stubby Screw Driver. It comes in either Standard

or Philips screw driver with short shank or blade and
a shorted handle used to turn screws in tight space
where standard screw driver cannot be used.

D. Allen Screw Driver/Wrench. This could be in the

shape of a screw driver or a wrench. Its function is
to drive screw with hexagonal slot head.

2. HAMMERS. These are tools used in driving or pounding and pulling out nails.
They are made of hard steel, wood, plastic or rubber. The following are types
of hammer:

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A. Claw hammer
B. Mallet (rubber head)
C. Ballpeen hammer a. b. c.

3. PLIERS. These made from metal with insulators in the handle and are used
for cutting, twisting, bending, holding, and gripping wires and cables.

A. Pliers). This
is used for gripping, holding, and cutting
electrical wires and cables and even small
nails. They are usually used by linemen in
doing heavy tasks.

B. Side Cutting Pliers. This type of pliers is used

for cutting fine, medium and big wires and
cables.

C. Long Nose Pliers. This is used for cutting and

holding fine wires. This can reach tight space or
small opening where other pliers cannot reach and
also used in making terminal loops of copper wires.

4. WIRE STRIPPER. A tool used for removing insulation of

medium sized wires ranging from gauge #10 to gauge
#16.

5. This is used by linemen to

remove insulation of wire and cables in low and high
voltage transmission lines.

6. PORTABLE ELECTRIC DRILL. A small drilling machine

holes on metal sheets and concrete walls.

7. HACKSAW. This tool is used to cut metal conduit and

armored cable.

ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS

Electrical materials are developed and constructed for a special purpose such as
to:
1. control the flow of current in an electrical circuit;
2. carry electrical current from the source to the load or current consuming
apparatus;

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Telefax: (082)553-2914

3. hold and secure wires to its fixtures inside and outside houses and buildings;
and

destruction and damage.

The following are the most commonly used electrical materials.

MATERIALS AND DESCRIPTION PICTURES

Convenience outlet- a device that acts

as a convenient source of electrical
energy for current consuming
appliances. It is where the male plug of
an appliance is inserted and usually
fastened on the wall or connected in an Surface type (duplex)
extension cord. It maybe single, duplex,
triplex or multiplex and could be surface
type or flush type.

Flush type (duplex)

Male plug- a device inserted to a

convenience outlet to conduct electric
current. A flat cord is attached to it on
one end and the other end is connected
to a current consuming instrument or Male
appliance. plugs
Lamp holders- devices that hold and
protect the lamp and are also called as

come in many designs and sizes. They

are classified as flush, hanging (weather
proof/chain) and surface types.

Flush type Hanging (chain)

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Telefax: (082)553-2914

Surface type Hanging (weather)

Switch - a device that connects and
disconnects the flow of electric current in
a circuit. There are many shapes,
designs, and types and they are classified
as hanging, flush, and surface types.

Surface type

Flush type Hanging type

Fuse - a circuit protective device that

automatically blows and cut the current
when and over load or short circuit
happens.
Knife blade Cartridge Plug type

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Telefax: (082)553-2914

Circuit Breaker - a protective device

used to automatically blows and cuts the
current when trouble in the circuit such
as short circuit or overload occurs.
Circuit breaker

Junction Box - an octagonal shaped

electrical material where the connections
or joints of wires are being done. It is also
where the flush type lamp holder is
attached. This could be made of metal or
plastic (PVC) Polyvinylchloride.
Plastic Metal
Utility Box - a rectangular shaped
metallic or plastic (PVC) material in which
flush type convenience outlet and switch
are attached.

Plastic Metal

Flat Cord- Is a duplex stranded wire

used for temporary wiring installation
and commonly used in extension cord
assembly. It comes in a roll of 150
meters and with sizes of gauge # 18 and
gauge # 16 awg (American wire gauge).

Flat cord

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Telefax: (082)553-2914

Electrical Wire/Conductor- electrical

material that could be:

a. Stranded wire which is made of

multiple strands joined together to make
a single wire.
a. Stranded wire
Solid wire is made of a single strand of
copper or aluminum wire. These are used
in wiring installation inside and outside
the buildings.
Solid wire

Conduits/Pipes- electrical materials

used as the passage of wires for
protection and insulation. These could be
rigid metallic, flexible metallic conduit
(FMC), rigid nonmetallic (PVC), and Metallic conduit
flexible non-metallic or corrugated plastic
conduit (CPC)

Flexible Non-metallic conduit or

corrugated plastic conduit (CPC)

Rigid Non-metallic conduit (PVC)

Clamps- electrical materials used to
hold and anchor electrical conduits in its
proper position.

Metal clamp Plastic clamp

Connectors- used to attach metallic or
non-metallic conduit to the junction or
utility boxes.

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Telefax: (082)553-2914

Metal connector Flexible non- metallic

connector

Electrical Components in Installing Electrical House Wiring

ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
Circuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams which show how a circuit is connected
together. The actual layout of the components is usually quite different from the
circuit diagram.

1. Wires and connections

Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
To pass current very easily from one part of
Wire
a circuit to another.
A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are
connected (joined), but it is sometimes
Wires joined omitted. Wires connected at 'crossroads'
should be staggered slightly to form two T-
junctions, as shown on the right.
In complex diagrams it is often necessary to
draw wires crossing even though they are
not connected. I prefer the 'hump' symbol
Wires not joined
shown on the right because the simple
crossing on the left may be misread as a
join where you have
forgotten to add a 'blob'!

2. Switches
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A push switch allows current to flow only
Push Switch
when the button is pressed. This is the
(push-to-make)
switch used to operate a doorbell.
Push-to-Break This type of push switch is normally closed
Switch (on), it is open (off) only when the button is
pressed.
SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw.
On-Off Switch
An on-off switch allows current to flow only
(SPST)
when it is in the closed (on) position.

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Department of Teacher Education
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Telefax: (082)553-2914

SPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw.

A 2-way changeover switch directs the flow
2-way Switch of current to one of two routes according to
(SPDT) its position. Some SPDT switches have a
central off position and are described as 'on-
off-on'.
DPST = Double Pole, Single Throw. A
Dual On-Off dual on-off switch which is often used to
Switch switch mains electricity because it can
(DPST) isolate both the live and neutral
connections.
DPDT = Double Pole, Double Throw. This
Reversing Switch switch can be wired up as a reversing
(DPDT) switch for a motor. Some DPDT switches
have a central off position.
An electrically operated switch, for example
a 9V battery circuit connected to the coil can
Relay switch a 230V AC mains circuit.
NO = Normally Open, COM = Common, NC
= Normally Closed.

3. Output Devices: Lamps, Heater, Motor, etc.

Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A transducer which converts electrical
energy to light. This symbol is used for a
Lamp (lighting)
lamp providing illumination, for example a
car headlamp or torch bulb.
A transducer which converts electrical
energy to light. This symbol is used for a
Lamp (indicator)
lamp which is an indicator, for example a
warning light on a car dashboard.
A transducer which converts electrical
Heater
energy to heat.
A transducer which converts electrical
Motor
energy to kinetic energy (motion).
A transducer which converts electrical
Bell
energy to sound.
A transducer which converts electrical
Buzzer
energy to sound.

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A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field

when current passes through it. It may have
Inductor (Coil,
an iron core inside the coil. It can be used as
Solenoid)
a transducer converting electrical energy to
mechanical energy by pulling on something.

4. Power Supplies
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Supplies electrical energy. A single cell is
Cell often wrongly called a battery, but strictly a
battery is two or more cells joined together.
Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more
Battery than one cell.
Supplies electrical energy.
DC supply DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one
direction.
Supplies electrical energy.
AC supply AC = Alternating Current, continually
changing direction.
A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the
Fuse current flowing through it exceeds a
specified value.
Two coils of wire linked by an iron core.
Transformers are used to step up (increase)
and step down (decrease) AC voltages.
Transformer Energy is transferred between the coils by
the magnetic
field in the core. There is no electrical
connection between the coils.
A connection to earth. For many electronic
circuits this is the 0V (zero volts) of the
Earth
power supply, but for mains electricity and
(Ground)
some radio circuits it really means the earth.
It is also known as ground.

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Telefax: (082)553-2914

Activity 1. Identify the following electrical symbols.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Activity 1. Identify and describe each item below.

1. 4.

2.

3. 5.

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In Nutshell
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Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Identify the parts of a complete electrical circuit

PARTS OF A SIMPLE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

A complete circuit consists of a device or board, a path for the current flow, a
method of control and a source of electrical energy.

Schematic Diagram

Load are electrical device like lighting fixture and appliances that consumes
electrical energy.
Path are wire use as conductor of electricity which provides passage for electric
current from the source and back.
Control is an electrical device that control or turns the circuit on and off
conveniently.
Source are electrical energy coming from either alternating current or direct
current that provides electrical power to the circuit.

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

Series Circuit
- This types of circuit in which all load are
connected in a straight line, like a
chain.
- If one load is open (defective) other
loads will not function as well.
- In current, the amount in series
passing through one load is remained
the same amount that passes through
the other loads in the circuit.
- The formula in getting the current in series is: I Total = I 1 =I 2 =I 3 etc...
- In voltage, the individual voltage drop across each load in series may vary from
one another depending upon their resistances.
- The sum of all the individual voltage drops is equal to the voltage of the source.

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- There can be many different voltages in a series circuit, as a voltage drop

appears across every load.
- The total voltage in a series circuit is equal to the sum of all the individual voltage
drops within the circuit.
E Total = E 1 + E 2 + E 3 + etc...
- In resistance, the total resistance in a series circuit is equal to the sum of all
the individual resistances within the circuit.
- The formula for Resistance in Series is:
R Total = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + etc...

Parallel Circuit
- In voltage, the voltage drop
across each load is the same.
- When load is open (defective),
the other will not be affected.
- Are connected allowing multiple
paths for current flow.
- All voltage remains the same throughout the circuit.
E Total = E 1 =E 2 =E 3 etc...
- In current, the total current (It) is equal to the summation of the individual
currents.
- There can be many different currents in a parallel circuit, as each leg has the
same voltage, but can have a different resistance.
- The total current in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of all the individual
currents on each leg of the circuit.
- The formula for Current in Parallel is:
I RTotal = I R1 + I R2 + I R3 + etc...
- In resistance, it is found by reciprocating the sum of the reciprocals of the
resistance of the individual branches
- The formula for Resistance in Parallel is:

1
-----------------------------------
1 1 1 1 1
---- + ---- + ---- + ---- + ---- +
R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R X...

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Series and Parallel Circuit

- a special type of circuit that combination of series and parallel connection in one
circuit.

Activity 1. True of False. Write true if the statement id correct and false if the
statement is wrong and write the correct answer.
1. Load are wire use as conductor of electricity which provides passage for electric
current from the source and back.
2. Control are electrical energy coming from either alternating current or direct
current that provides electrical power to the circuit.
3. In resistance, it is found by reciprocating the sum across the load of the resistance
of the individual branches
4. Current, the total current (It) is equal to the summation of the individual currents.
5. Voltage, the individual voltage drop across each load in series may vary from one
another depending upon their resistances.

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*Property of UMDC* AS I-Introduction to Industrial Arts | 103

 UM Digos College
Department of Teacher Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City
Telefax: (082)553-2914

Big Picture in Focus: ULOc. Apply the Ohms Law in house hold electrical
connections.

Electrical House Wiring

- icist Georg Ohm, (1787 - 1854).

- It deals with the relationship between voltage and current in an ideal conductor.
- It states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the potential difference or voltage across the two points, and
inversely proportional to the resistance between them.
- Material that obeys Ohm's Law is called "ohmic" or "linear"because the potential
difference across it varies linearly with the current
- Ohm's Law defines the relationships between (P) power, (E) voltage, (I) current,
and (R) resistance. One ohm is the resistance value through which one volt will
maintain a current of one ampere.

- ( I ) Current is what flows on a wire or conductor like water flowing down a river.
Current flows from negative to positive on the surface of a conductor. Current is
measured in (A) amperes or amps.
- Current indicates the amount of electrons passing through the wire and is
measured in amperes or amps for short.
- To find Current: I=V÷R or I (am

- ( E or V) Voltage is the difference in electrical potential between two points in a

circuit. It's the push or pressure behind current flow through a circuit, and is
measured in (V) volts.
- Voltage is the electrical potential energy and is measured in volts.
- To find voltage: V=IxR

- ( R ) Resistance determines how much current will flow through a component.

Resistors are used to control voltage and current levels. A very high resistance
allows a small amount of current to flow. A very low resistance allows a large
amount of current to flow. Resistance is measured in ohms, and the unit symbol

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Telefax: (082)553-2914

- Electrical resistance can be thought of as the "friction" on the movement of

electrons in a wire.
- To find resistance: R = V ÷ I or

- ( P ) Power is the amount of current times the voltage level at a given point
measured in wattage or watts.
- Power is the rate of doing work.
- To find Power (P) P = V x I or P (watts) = V (volts) x I (amps)
Also, P = V2 ÷ R or P (watts) = V2

Also, P = I2 x R or P (watts) = I2

- Simple Ohms Law pie chart for use in DC circuits.

Exampl
For the circuit shown below find the Voltage V, the Current I, the resistance R
and the Power P.

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 UM Digos College
Department of Teacher Education
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Telefax: (082)553-2914

Answer:
Voltage V=IxR Resistance R=V÷I
= 24 ÷ 2
= 24V

Current I=V÷R Power P=VxI

= 24 x 2
=2 = 48W

Activity 1. Choose the correct answer.

1. Dry cells when connected in series will add to the total voltage. The formula is:
a. V = I x R b. V = V1 + V2 + V3 c. V = I x P
2. What is the voltage of a circuit if the current 3A and the resistance 5 ?

a. 15A b. 15V c. 5V d. 1.2

3. Which equation shows individual resistor voltage drop?
a. V x R b. V x I c. I x R d. I2 x R
4. Voltage is express in
a. Watt b. Amperes c. Volt d. Joules
5. Electric power is measured in
a. Amperes b. Ohms c. Watts d. Volts

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Telefax: (082)553-2914

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*Property of UMDC* AS I-Introduction to Industrial Arts | 107

 UM Digos College
Department of Teacher Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City
Telefax: (082)553-2914

Big Picture in Focus: ULOe. Apply the correct procedure in electrical house
wiring

PROCEDURE IN ELECTRICAL HOUSE WIRING

Basic Principles of Good Wiring

a. Before beginning any electrical repair, shut off the power. Remove the fuse
or trip the breaker for the circuit you will be working on in your service panel.
Use a neon tester to be sure the power is off. If there is any doubt, you can
remove the main fuse or trip the main breaker. Remember: Removing the
main fuse or tripping the main breaker will usually shut off the power to the
entire house.
b. Electrical wires are color coded to prevent wiring errors.

Wire Color Purpose

Black wires are always used for hot wires. These wires may feed
Black Wires a switch or outlet and are often used as switch legs. Never used
a black wire for a neutral or ground connection.
White wires almost always connect to other white wires or to
White Wires
chrome terminal screws on switches and receptacles.
Red wires are also used for hot wires, switch legs (like to a
ceiling fan), and are the second hot wire in 220-volt installations.
Red Wires
Another useful application is the interconnect wire between two
hardwired smoke detectors.
Blue and yellow wires are used as hot wires. These wires are
usually pulled in conduit. The blue wires are generally used for
Blue and Yellow travelers in three-way and four-way switch applications. They
Wires also are used as switch legs to things like lights and fans.
Yellow wires are generally used for switch legs. These control
things like light, fans, and switched outlets.
Green wires and bare copper wires are used only for grounding.
Green and Bare
These wires will ground devices and shall be bonded to junction
Copper Wires
boxes and appliance connections for safety.

a. Some wiring devices such as receptacles are back-wired by pushing the

bare wire end into spring grip holes. These wiring devices are plainly labeled
to show which color goes into each spring grip hole.
b. Switches are nearly always connected into black wires in cables. The only
exception is where a cable is extended, making it necessary for the white
wire to play the role of the black wire. When this is necessary, the white
wires should be painted black to prevent future wiring errors.

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c. Study the wiring diagram. This will help you understand the basic principles
of good wiring. Also, find a good electrical how-to book. It's one book every
homeowner should keep on hand for ready reference.
d. Most home wiring is complete with either No. 14 gauge or No. 12 gauge
wiring. No. 14 is the smallest wiring permitted under most codes.

Wire Use Rated Wire

Ampacity Gauge
Low-voltage Lighting and Lamp Cords 10 Amps 18 Gauge
Extension Cords 13 Amps 16 Gauge
Light Fixtures, Lamps, Lighting Runs 15 Amps 14 Gauge
Receptacles, 110-volt Air Conditioners, Sump
20 Amps 12 Gauge
Pumps, Kitchen Appliances
Electric Clothes Dryers, 220-volt Window Air
30 Amps 10 Gauge
Conditioners, Built-in Ovens, Electric Water Heaters
Cook Tops 45 Amps 8 Gauge
Electric Furnaces, Large Electric Heaters 60 Amps 6 Gauge
Electric Furnaces, Large Electric Water Heaters, Sub
80 Amps 4 Gauge
Panels
Service Panels, Sub Panels 100 Amps 2 Gauge
Service Entrance 150 Amps 1/0 Gauge
Service Entrance 200 Amps 2/0 Gauge

e. Always use the same size cable for a continuation of extended wiring any
circuit.

Common Electrical Wire Splices and Joints

Rat Tail or Pig Tail

This kind of joint is commonly used to join two or more conductors inside the
junction box. It is suitable for service where there is no mechanical stress when
wires are to be connected in an outlet box, switch, or conduit fitting

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Telefax: (082)553-2914

Y-Splice

This method of wrapping is generally

used on small cables because the strands
are flexible and all can be wrapped in one
operation.

Knotted tap

Joint all the splices discussed up to this

point are known as butted splices. Each was
made by joining the free ends of the
conductors together. Sometimes, however, it
is necessary to join a branch conductor to a
continuous wire called the main wire. Such a
junction is called a tap joint.

Plain tap joint

This is used where the tap wire is under

considerable tensile stress circuit.

Aerial Tap

This is used as a temporary tap usually

done in constructions sites. The easy twist
will facilitate tap wire movement.

Duplex cross joint

This is a two-tap wire turned

simultaneously and is used where the two-tap
wire is under heavy tensile stress.

Western Union Short-tie Splice

This is the most widely used splice or

joint in interior wiring installation to extend
the length of wire from one point to another.
Western Union Long-tie Splice

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 UM Digos College
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Telefax: (082)553-2914

This is used extensively for outside wiring to

extend the length of wire from one end to
another.

Cross Joint

The same application is done as in plain tap and the only difference is that this
tap is a combination of two plain taps place side by side with each other.

Wrapped tap or Tee joint

This is used on large solid conductors where it is difficult to wrap the heavy tap
wire around the main wire.

Single-pole switch
A single-pole switch is the most basic of all electrical switching. When the
switch is in the ON position, it completes the circuit and supplies power to the
device. When in the OFF position, the switch disconnects power from the device.

How to replace a single pole switch.

This is a fairly simple thing to do with only a few things to keep in mind.
1. Turn the power off to the circuit.
2. Double check that the power is off.
3. Remove cover plate.
4. Remove existing switch from the box while keeping the wires attached.
5. If it is a single pole switch you should have 3 wires connected to it, the feed,
the switch leg and the ground.
6. Remove wires from existing switch and connect them to the new switch.
7. Install the new switch back into the box.
8. Replace the cover plate.
9. Turn the power back on.
10. Test your work.

Installing a new light and switch.

1. Determine the current for the circuit that will
determine what size cable you will use.
2. Run your feed cable from the electrical
panel to your switch location.
3. Run your switch cable from the switch
location to the light fixture or fixtures.
4. Install an electrical box at the switch location
and at every light fixture location. Make sure

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the box is rated for the weight of the light fixture. If you are installing a ceiling
fan you will need a fan rated box.
5. Install your light fixtures.
6. Make your connections to the switch. Splice the white or neutral wires
together. Connect the black wires to the switch terminals. Connect your
ground to the switch ground terminal and the box if it is metal.
7. Install the switch into the box.
8. Install your cover plate.
9. Connect your feed cable in your main electrical panel to the proper size
circuit breaker, and ground/ neutral bar.
10. Test your work.

HOUSE WIRING

House wiring must conform to existing laws and regulations of the

National Electrical Code as well as the City or Local Ordinances enforced and
applied in the specific localities. House wiring methods approved by the National
Fire Protection Association include open conductors, concealed knob and tube
wiring, surface metal raceways, armored cable, under floor raceways, non-metallic
sheathed cable, electrical metallic tubing, cast-in-place raceways, wire ways and
house ways.

Wiring Connections (example from left to right)

Example 3 Example 4

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Department of Teacher Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City
Telefax: (082)553-2914

Activity 1. Getting acquainted with the essential terms and tools in electricity is not
enough. One of the important things is you should also be able to explain and analyze
the concepts of Basic Electricity. Now, I will require you to explain thoroughly your
answers.

1. What are the four electron theories?

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2. Why do electricity very important in our daily living? How about for industry? How
about for economy?
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3. How does static electricity differ from dynamic electricity?

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 UM Digos College
Department of Teacher Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City
Telefax: (082)553-2914

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