Sir Osborne Smith was the first Governor of the Reserve Bank of India from 1 April

1935 to 30 June 1937. Since his outlook on policy issues like the exchange rates and
interest rates differed with that of the Government, he resigned before the
completion of his term of office. Sir Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh better
known as C. D. Deshmukh, was the first Indian to be appointed as the Governor of
the Reserve Bank of India in 1943 by the Britishers. Sir Benegal Rama Rau was the
fourth Governor of RBI from 1 July 1949 to 14 January 1957 . He holds the record for
the first Governor of RBI after it was nationalized by the Govt of India in 1949.

A widening current account deficit when foreign currency reserves are

exceptionally high and the rising current account deficit is telling us that the
economy is bang in the middle of an investment recovery and domestic savings are
insufficient to fund it.

A debt market is a part of the capital market. As the name suggests, a capital market is where
trading in financial instruments is conducted to raise capital. Contrary to an equity market, debt
instruments like debentures and bonds are traded in debt markets. A debt market is also known
as a ‘fixed income market’ as debt instruments pay fixed returns. Also, the risk factor is
considerably lower, especially for government securities. The advantage of holding debt
instruments is that the investor enjoys high liquidity.

The Asian financial crisis in the 1990s stressed the importance of a fully active debt market; the
lack of which aggravated the crisis. As in the 1980s, the bond market of the United States of
America countered the drawback of banking system in relation to the real estate cycle. In most of
the Asian countries, though both equity and debt market exist, the equity markets have expanded
at a much faster speed than the debt market. Debt markets are now considered an alternative
route for financing to banking channels.

The most active part of the money market is the call money market (i.e. market for overnight and
term money between banks and institutions) and the market for repo transactions. The former is
in the form of loans and the latter are sale and buyback agreements - both are obviously not
traded. The main traded instruments are Commercial Papers (CPs), Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
and Treasury Bills (T-Bills).

The Gateway of India was built to commemorate the visit of King George V and Queen Mary to
Bombay, prior to the Delhi Durbar, in December 1911. The foundation stone was laid on 31
March 1911, by the Governor of Bombay Sir George Sydenham Clarke, with the final design of
George Wittet sanctioned in August 1914. Between 1915 and 1919 work proceeded on
reclamations at Apollo Bundar (Port)for the land on which the gateway and the new sea wall
would be built. The foundations were completed in 1920, and construction was finished in 1924.
The Gateway was opened on 4 December 1924, by the Viceroy, the Earl of Reading.[1]
Gammon India claims that it did India's first pre-cast reinforced concrete job for the foundation
of the Gateway of India.[2]
The last British troops to leave India, the First Battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry, passed
through the Gateway in a ceremony on 28 February 1948.[1]
From here people can visit Elephanta Caves by ferry boats. There are luxury boats which takes
visitors around the harbour for couple of hours. In front of Gateway of India, there is a statue of
Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj the independent Hindu kingdom of.

The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of political and social upheaval and radical
change in the history of France, during which the French governmental structure, previously an
absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent
radical change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.
These changes were accompanied by violent turmoil which included the trial and execution of
the king, vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror, and warfare involving every
other major European power. Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the
Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions as
modern France took shape.
In the following century, France would be governed at one point or another as a republic,
constitutional monarchy, and two different empires.

Communism is a social structure and political ideology in which property is commonly

controlled.[1] Communism (written with a capital C) is a modern political movement that aims to
overthrow capitalism via revolution to create a classless society where all goods are publicly
owned. [1] Karl Marx posited that communism would be the final stage in human society, which
would be achieved through a proletarian revolution and only becoming possible only after a
socialist stage develops the productive forces, leading to a superabundance of goods and
services.[2][3]
"Pure communism" in the Marxian sense refers to a classless, stateless and oppression-free
society where decisions on what to produce and what policies to pursue are made democratically,
allowing every member of society to participate in the decision-making process in both the
political and economic spheres of life.
Socialism refers to various theories of economic organization advocating public or
direct worker ownership and administration of the means of production and
allocation of resources, and a society characterized by equal access to resources for
all individuals with a method of compensation based on the amount of labor
expended.

Asian Games
 Asian Games logo

Motto Ever Onward

First
1951 Asian Games in New Delhi, India
Event

Occur
every four years
every

Last
2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar
Event

Multi sport event for nations on the

Purpose
Asian continent

Website Olympic Council of Asia

The Asian Games, also called the Asiad, is a multi-sport event held every four years among
athletes from all over Asia. The games are regulated by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)
under the supervision of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Medals are awarded in
each event, with gold for first place, silver for second and bronze for third, a tradition which
started in 1951.
Competitors are entered by a National Olympic Committee (NOC) to represent their country of
citizenship. National anthems and flags accompany the medal ceremonies, and tables showing
the number of medals won by each country are widely used. In general only recognised nations
are represented, but a few non-sovereign countries are allowed to take part. The special case of
Republic of China (Taiwan) was handled by having it compete as Chinese Taipei, due to the
political status of Taiwan.
The first Asian games were held at New Delhi in 1951, which again hosted it in 1982.
The 15th Asian Games were held in Doha, Qatar from December 1 to December 15, 2006. The
16th Asian Games will be held in Guangzhou, China from November 12, 2010 to November 27,
2010.
The 2010 Asian Para Games will debut shortly after the conclusion of the 16th Asian Games,
using the same facilities and venue made disability-accessible. The inaugural Asian Para Games,
the parallel event for athletes with physical disabilities, is a multi-sport event held every four
years after every Asian Games.

Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games

Commonwealth Games Federation seal, adopted

in 2001

HUMANITY - EQUALITY -
Motto
DESTINY

Headquarters London, England

Commonwealth Hon. Michael Fennell OJ,

Secretariat CD

Commonwealth Games
Website
Federation

The Commonwealth Games is a multinational, multi-sport event. Held every four years, it
involves the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations. Attendance at the Commonwealth
Games is typically around 5,000 athletes. The Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) is the
organisation that is responsible for the direction and control of the Commonwealth Games.
The first such event, then known as the British Empire Games, was held in 1930 in Hamilton,
Ontario, Canada. The name changed to British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1954, to
British Commonwealth Games in 1970 and assumed the current name of the Commonwealth
Games in 1978.[1]
As well as many Olympic sports, the Games also include some sports that are played mainly in
Commonwealth countries, such as lawn bowls, rugby sevens and netball.
There are currently 54 members of the Commonwealth of Nations, and 71 teams participate in
the Games. The four constituent countries of the United Kingdom - England, Scotland, Wales
and Northern Ireland - send separate teams to the Commonwealth Games (unlike at the Olympic
Games, where the United Kingdom sends a single team), and individual teams are also sent from
the British Crown dependencies - Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man - and many of the British
overseas territories. The Australian external territory of Norfolk Island also sends its own team,
as do the Cook Islands and Niue, two states in free association with New Zealand.
Only six teams have attended every Commonwealth Games: Australia, Canada, England, New
Zealand, Scotland and Wales. Australia has been the highest scoring team for ten games,
England for seven and Canada for one.
At the 1930 games, women competed in the Swimming events only.[2] From 1934, women also
competed in some Athletics events[citation needed].
The next edition will be held in 2010 in Delhi, India. In 2014 the Games will be held in Glasgow,
Scotland.

The Nobel Prize is the most respected award the world over and here is a list of those Indians
who have won this award and made the country proud.

Rabindranath Tagore (1861 - 1941)

Nobel Prize for Literature (1913)
Tagore was born and lived in Calcutta for most of his life. He was one of modern India's greatest
poets and the composer of independent India's national anthem. In 1901 he founded his school,
the Santiniketan, at Bolpur as a protest against the existing bad system of education. The school
was a great success and gave birth to Viswabharati. He was awarded the 1913 Nobel Prize in
Literature for his work "Gitanjali"; for the English version, published in 1912. The noble citation
stated that it was "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with
consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of
the literature of the West." In 1915, he was knighted by the British King George V. Tagore
renounced his knighthood in 1919 following the Amritsar massacre or nearly 400 Indian
demonstrators.

Sir C.V. Raman (Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman)(1888 - 1970)

Nobel Prize for Physics (1930)
C V Raman was born on 7th Nov. 1888 in Thiruvanaikkaval, in the Trichy district of Tamil
Nadu. He finished school by the age of eleven and by then he had already read the popular
lectures of Tyndall, Faraday and Helmoltz.

He acquired his BA degree from the Presidency College, Madras, where he carried out original
research in the college laboratory, publishing the results in the philosophical magazine. Then
went to Calcutta and while he was there, he made enormous contributions to vibration, sound,
musical instruments, ultrasonics, diffraction, photo electricity, colloidal particles, X-ray
diffraction, magnetron, dielectrics, and the celebrated "RAMAN" effect which fetched him the
Noble Prize in 1930. He was the first Asian scientist to win the Nobel Prize. The Raman effect
occurs when a ray of incident light excites a molecule in the sample, which subsequently scatters
the light. While most of this scattered light is of the same wavelength as the incident light, state
(i.e. getting the molecule to vibrate). The Raman effect is useful in the study of molecular energy
levels, structure development, and multi component qualitative analysis.

Dr. Hargobind Khorana

Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology (1968)
Dr. Hargobind Khorana was born on 9th January 1922 at Raipur, Punjab (now in Pakistan). Dr.
Khorana was responsible for producing the first man-made gene in his laboratory in the early
seventies. This historic invention won him the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1968 sharing it with
Marshall Nuremberg and Robert Holley for interpreting the genetic code and analyzing its
function in protein synthesis. They all independently made contributions to the understanding of
the genetic code and how it works in the cell. They established that this mother of all codes, the
biological language common to all living organisms, is spelled out in three-letter words: each set
of three nucleotides codes for a specific amino acid.

Dr. Subramaniam Chandrasekar

Nobel Prize for physics (1983)
Subramaniam Chandrashekhar was born on October 19, 1910 in Lahore, India (later part of
Pakistan). He attended Presidency College from 1925 to 1930, following in the footsteps of his
famous uncle, Sir C. V. Raman.

His work spanned over the understanding of the rotation of planets, stars, white dwarfs, neutron
stars, black holes, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. He won the Nobel Prize in 1983 for his
theoretical work on stars and their evolution.

Mother Teresa (1910 - 1997)

Nobel Prize for peace (1979)
Born in 1910, Skoplje, Yugoslavia (then Turkey) and originally named Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu,
Mother Teresa dedicated her life to helping the poor, the sick, and the dying around the world,
particularly those in India, working through the Missionaries Of Charity in Calcutta. The Society
of Missionaries has spread all over the world, including the former Soviet Union and Eastern
European countries. They provide effective help to the poorest of the poor in a number of
countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and they undertake relief work in the wake of
natural catastrophes such as floods, epidemics, and famine, and for refugees. The order also has
houses in North America, Europe and Australia, where they take care of the shut-ins, alcoholics,
homeless, and AIDS sufferers. Mother Teresa died on September 5, 1997.

Dr. Amartya Sen

Nobel Prize for Economics (1998)
Born in 1933, Bolpur, in West Bengal, Amartya Sen is the latest in our list of Nobel Laureates.
He was honored with the Nobel Prize for his work in Welfare economics. When Thailand's Baht
plummeted, markets from Bombay to New York were in turmoil and there was talk of worldwide
depression, Sen's argument that growth should be accompanied by democratic decision-making
seemed only too correct. Amidst the human suffering caused by mass unemployment and
exacerbated -- as many felt -- by the stringent economic policies of the International Monetary
Fund and ideas of free-market capitalism, Sen's call for social support in development appeared
humane and wise. A new brand of softer, gentler economics seemed in order. Although Sen is
probably best known for his research on famines, his work on women -- the attention he has
drawn to their unequal status in the developing world, and his calls for gender-specific aid
programs -- is just as important.

Other Nobel Prize Laureates related to India

Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)
British writer, Rudyard Kipling wrote novels, poems and short stories -- mostly set in India and
Burma (now known as Myanmar). He was the 1907 Nobel Prize Laureate in Literature "in
consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and
remarkable talent for narration, which characterize the creations of this world-famous author."

V.S. Naipaul (1932- )

British writer of Indian origin, Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul was awarded the Nobel Prize
for Literature 2001 "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works
that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories."

Bharat Ratna
The award was established by the first President of India, Rajendra Prasad, on 2
January 1954.[4] Along with other major national honours, such as the Padma
Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri, the awarding of the Bharat Ratna was
suspended from 13 July 1977 to 26 January 1980.

Living recipients
Indian recipients
• A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1997)
• Ravi Shankar (1999)
• Amartya Sen (1999)
• Lata Mangeshkar (2001)
• Bhimsen Joshi (2008)
Foreign recipients
• Nelson Mandela (1990)

Complete list of awardees

Birth / Indian state
S.No Awarded
death or country of
Name Notes
origin

Second President, First

Sarvepalli 1888–
1. 1954 Vice President, Tamil Nadu
Radhakrishnan 1975
Philosopher.
 C.
1878– Last Governor-General,
2. Rajagopalachar 1954 Tamil Nadu
1972 independence activist.
i

1888– Nobel-prize winning

3. C. V. Raman 1954 Tamil Nadu
1970 Physicist

1869– Literature, independence

4. Bhagwan Das 1955 Uttar Pradesh
1958 activist

Mokshagunda Civil Engineer, Dam

1861–
5. m 1955 Architect, Diwan of Karnataka
1962
Visvesvarayya Princely state of Mysore

First Prime Minister,

Jawaharlal 1889–
6. 1955 independence activist, Uttar Pradesh
Nehru 1964
Author.

Uttar Pradesh
Govind Ballabh 1887– independence activist,
7. 1957 (now
Pant 1961 Home Minister
Uttarakhand)

Educationist, Social
Dhondo Keshav 1858–
8. 1958 Reformer, Awarded in his Maharashtra
Karve 1962
birth centenary year.

Physician, Politician,
Bidhan 1882–
9. 1961 Former Chief Minister of West Bengal
Chandra Roy 1962
West Bengal

Purushottam 1882– independence activist,

10. 1961 Uttar Pradesh
Das Tandon 1962 Educationist

First President,
Rajendra 1884–
11. 1962 independence activist, Bihar
Prasad 1963
Jurist

1897– Former President, Andhra

12. Zakir Hussain 1963
1969 Scholar. Pradesh

Pandurang 1880– Indologist and Sanskrit

13. 1963 Maharashtra
Vaman Kane 1972 scholar

Posthumous, Second
Lal Bahadur 1904–
14. 1966 Prime Minister, Uttar Pradesh
Shastri 1966
independence activist

15. Indira Gandhi 1917– 1971 Former Prime Minister Uttar Pradesh
 1984

1894– Former President, Trade

16. V. V. Giri 1975 odisha
1980 Unionist.

Posthumous,
1903– independence activist,
17. K. Kamaraj 1976 Tamil Nadu
1975 Chief Minister-Tamil
Nadu.

1910– Nobel Laureate (Peace,

18. Mother Teresa 1980 West Bengal
1997 1979).

Posthumous, Social
1895–
19. Vinoba Bhave 1983 Reformer, independence Maharashtra
1982
activist.

Khan Abdul 1890– First non-citizen,

20. 1987 Pakistan
Ghaffar Khan 1988 independence activist.

Posthumous, Chief
M. G. 1917–
21. 1988 Minister-Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu
Ramachandran 1987
Actor.

Posthumous, Architect-
1891– Indian Constitution,Social
22. B. R. Ambedkar 1990 Maharashtra
1956 Reformer, Economist and
Scholar

Second non-citizen and

Nelson first non-Indian, Leader of
23. b. 1918 1990 South Africa
Mandela Anti-Apartheid
movement.

1944– Posthumous, Former

24. Rajiv Gandhi 1991 New Delhi
1991 Prime Minister

Posthumous,
Sardar
1875– independence activist,
25. Vallabhbhai 1991 Gujarat
1950 First Home Minister of
Patel
India.

1896– Former Prime Minister,

26. Morarji Desai 1991 Gujarat
1995 independence activist.

27. Abul Kalam 1888– 1992 Posthumous, West Bengal

Azad 1958 independence activist,
First Education Minister of
 India

1904– Industrialist and

28. J. R. D. Tata 1992 Maharashtra
1993 philanthropist

1922–
29. Satyajit Ray 1992 Film director West Bengal
1992

A. P. J. Abdul Former President,

30. b. 1931 1997 Tamil Nadu
Kalam scientist.

Gulzarilal 1898– independence activist,

31. 1997 Punjab
Nanda 1998 former Prime Minister.

1908– Posthumous,
32. Aruna Asaf Ali 1997 West Bengal
1996 independence activist.

M. S. 1916–
33. 1998 Carnatic music vocalist. Tamil Nadu
Subbulakshmi 2004

Chidambaram 1910– independence activist,

34. 1998 Tamil Nadu
Subramaniam 2000 Minister of Agriculture.

Posthumous,
Jayaprakash 1902–
35. 1999 independence activist, Bihar
Narayan 1979
Social Reformer.

36. Ravi Shankar b. 1920 1999 Sitar player West Bengal

Nobel-prize winning
37. Amartya Sen b. 1933 1999 West Bengal
Economist

Posthumous,
Gopinath 1890–
38. 1999 independence activist, Assam
Bordoloi 1950
Chief Minister

Lata
39. b. 1929 2001 Singer Maharashtra
Mangeshkar

1916– Classical musician,

40. Bismillah Khan 2001 Bihar
2006 shehnai maestro

Hindustani Classical
41. Bhimsen Joshi b. 1922 2008 Karnataka
vocalist

Pulitzer Prize
 Pulitzer Prize

Awarded Excellence in newspaper journalism, literary

for achievements, and musical composition

Presente
Columbia University
d by

Country United States

First
1917
awarded

Official
http://www.pulitzer.org/
Website

The Pulitzer Prize (pronounced /ˈpʊlɨtsər/)[1] is a U.S. award for achievements in newspaper
journalism, literature and musical composition. It was established by Hungarian-American
publisher Joseph Pulitzer and is administered by Columbia University in New York City.
Prizes are awarded semi-annually in five categories. In twenty of these, each winner receives a
certificate and a US$10,000 cash award.[2] The winner in the public service category of the
journalism competition is awarded a gold medal, which always goes to a newspaper, although an
individual may be named in the citation.

Famous winners
Famous recipients of the Pulitzer Prize include President John F. Kennedy for Biography;
Margaret Mitchell, Saul Bellow, Ernest Hemingway, Eudora Welty, Harper Lee, William
Faulkner, and Toni Morrison for Fiction; Robert Frost for Poetry; Roger Ebert for Criticism; and
Tennessee Williams, Arthur Miller, Rodgers and Hammerstein, and Stephen Sondheim for
Drama. Upton Sinclair also won the Pulitizer Prize for his novel Dragon's Teeth.
Notable winners of more than one Pulitzer Prize include David McCullough (twice) for
Biography; Robert Frost (four times) for Poetry; Margaret Leech (twice) for History; Eugene
O'Neill (four times), Edward Albee (three times), and August Wilson (twice) for Drama; Norman
Mailer (twice) for Pulitizer Prize for Fiction and Pulitizer Prize for Non-Fiction and William
Faulkner (twice), John Updike (twice), and Booth Tarkington (twice) for Novel / Fiction. (This
category's name was changed in 1948 from Novel to Fiction.)
Both Eugene O'Neill and Booth Tarkington accomplished the feat of winning the prize twice in a
four-year period. Thornton Wilder is notable for winning prizes in more than one category, one
in the Novel category and two in the Drama categories. Robert Penn Warren won one for Fiction
and one for Poetry.

The Ramon Magsaysay Award is an award designed to perpetuate his example of integrity in
government, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic
society. The Ramon Magsaysay Award is often considered Asia's Nobel Prize.[1][2][3] The prize
was established in April 1957 by the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF) based in
New York City with the concurrence of the Philippine government. The prize was created to
commemorate Ramon Magsaysay, the late president of the Philippines.
Every year the Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation gives away prizes to Asian individuals and
organizations for achieving excellence in their respective fields. The awards are given in six
categories:
• Government Service
• Public Service
• Community Leadership
• Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts
• Peace and International Understanding
• Emergent Leadership
In the 2000 Magsaysay Awards Presentation Ceremonies, the Foundation announced the creation
of a sixth Award category, Emergent Leadership. This new Award category was established with
the support of a grant from the Ford Foundation. The Ramon Magsaysay Award for Emergent
Leadership honors "individuals, forty years of age and below, doing outstanding work on issues
of social change in their communities, but whose leadership is not yet broadly recognized outside
of these communities." An award in this category was given for the first time in 2001.
Out of 254 Awards given to Individuals till 2008, 47 were bagged by Indians, 39 were
bagged by Philippines, 23 were bagged by Japanese and the rest were shared by people from
other countries in Asia
The Indian River system is classified as Himalayan, peninsular, coastal, and
inland-drainage

The largest river basin of India is the Ganga basin, which receives water from
Himalayas in the north and the Vindhyas in the South. The Ganga, the Yamuna, the
Ghagra, Gandak and Kosi are the main constituents of this basin.

The Brahmaputra has the greatest volume of water of all the rivers in India. It is the
source of the Indus and the Satluj and flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
The Mahanadi is an important river in the state of Orissa. This river flows slowly for
900�kms and deposits more silt than any other river in the Indian subcontinent.

The Godavari River System has second longest course within India. The banks of
this river have many pilgrimage sites like Nasik, Triyambak and Bhadrachalam.

The Krishna is the third longest river in India with a length of about 1300 kms. It
rises in the Western Ghats and flows east into the Bay of Bengal.

The source of the Kaveri is located in the Western Ghats. It has many tributaries
including Shimsha, Hemavati River, Arkavathy, Kapila, Honnuhole,
Lakshmana Tirtha, Kabini, Lokapavani, Bhavani, Noyyal and famous
Amaravati. Kaveri is a major source of irrigation in Tamil Nadu.

The Narmada and the Tapti are the only major rivers that flow into the Arabian Sea.
The total length of Narmada through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
and Gujarat amounts to 1312 kms. The Tapti follows a parallel course to the south
of the Narmada, flowing through the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat on its way
into the Gulf of Khambhat.

The rivers of India provide irrigation, cheap transportation, electricity, and

livelihoods for a large number of people. The river system of India also holds
significance from religious point of view.