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About trachea
1....starts at C6 , at inferior border of cricoid
2....bifercates at T4
3... is about 15 cm
4....has 16 to 20 incomplete cartlilage c shaped ring
5... tracheostomy opening at cartilage ring 2,3,4
Bronchi..
1... Right bronchus is
Shorter, wider and more vertical left bronchus.. therefore inhaled foreign bodies comes
into right bronchus..
2... Left bronchus is
Longer, narrower and less vertical rigjt bronchus...
Small airways...
1.... No of divisions of lower air way is 23
2.... Right lung has...
10 segments
Left lung has...
9 segments
3...Bronchopulmonary segment
i..is anatomical, functional and surgical unit of lungs..
ii..Areated by tertiary bronchioles
About diaphragm
1...Motor supply of diaphragm is through
phrenic nerve
2... sensory supply is..
central part by phrenic and Uperipheral ny intercostal nerve
3... openings of diaphragm..
Formula...
...CEA...
...8,10,12...
i...Cavel opening in diaphragm is at level of T 8.... structures passing are..
Vena cava, phrenic nerve, sympathetic nerves
ii...Esophageal opening is at level of T 10... structures passing are..
Esophagus, right and left vagas nerve and lymphatics..
iii... Avortic opening at the level of T 12...
Structure passing are
Avorta, thoracic duct and azygus vein
RIB CAGE
1... Weakest point of rib is..angle
2... True ribs are 1 to 7...
False ribs are 8, 9, 10
Floating ribs are 11,12
3... Supernumary cervical Rib
i... compression of lower trunk of brachial plexus
ii...Compression of subclavian vessels
iii.. it originates from C 8
INTERCOSTAL SPACES
1... The neuromuscular bundle present between.. Internal intercostal muscle and
innermost intercostal muscle
2... Ther order of neuromuscular bundle from above down in the coastal groove of rib
lower border is... VAN
vein, artery, nerve
3... Site for needle piercing / pleurocentesis is at MID AXILLARY LINE... near the
UPPER BORDER of ribs... 1 or 2 rib space below maximum dullness.
And also read this***
☆If ask .... neurovascular bundle located at ---》inferior border of rib
☆If ask in neuromuscular lies in between ---》Internal and innermost layers
☆if ask where Thoracocentasis advised ---》upper border of lower rib
☆If asked space---》 lower space
☆if asked best site of aspiration--》 4rth and 5th intercoastal space in "Mid axillary line "
kindly focus on mid axillary
☆If asked vessels are present in ---》 subcoastal groove
☆If Ask drain inserted which structure damaged most likely ---》 it will be intercoastal
nerve ... cox as u knw sequence is VAN so nerve is below and it is least protected by
subcostal groove while artery is in between and vein is superior and strongly protected
by subcostal groove
☆Superior to inferior (Top to bottom) ---》VAN
☆Inferior to superior ---》NAV
Sternal angle (angle of louis)----》important surface landmark
☆2nd costal cartilage
☆intervertebral disc bw T4 -T5
☆junction of ascending aorta and arch of aorta
☆junction of decending aorta and arch of aorta
☆bifurcation of trachea
☆junction of superiir mediastinum and inferior mediastinum
♡Body of sternum is common site for bone marrow biopsy
==》 Atypical rib 1st rib --》 close relation with nerves of brachial plexus and subclavian
artery and vein
Cervical rib --》 0.5%---》arises from transverse process of C7 --》connected to 1st
rib---》pressure on lower trunk --》subclavian artery ---》Thoracic outlet syndrome
innermost intercoastal muscle--》Endothoracic fascia and parietal pleura
intercostal nerves and blood vessels run bw internal and innermost intercostal muscle
Arranged above downward VAN
inferior to superior NAV
neuromuscular bundle lies between lower border in subcostal groove
Always prick in upper border of lower rib
Diaphargm --》muscle of inspiration
Right crus--》1st three lumber vertebra and intervertebral disc --》encloses
oesophagus
Left crus ---》1st two vertebra and intercostal disc
Medial arcuate ligament--》L2 to transverse process of L1
Lateral arcuate ligament--》transverse process of L1 to rib 12
Openings
1.Aortic ---》T12 --》Aorta ,thoracic duct,Azygous vein
2.Esophageal ---》T10---》esophagus, ryt and left vagus nerves ,oesophageal
branches of left gastric vessels,lymphatic vessels
Remember ryt vagus runs behind esophagus
left vagus inftont of esophagus
3.Caval ---》T8 ---》inferior vena cava,right pherenic nerve
Diaphragm --》C3 C4 C5--》pherenic nerve
Diaphrgm attached to
L1
xiphesternum
10th rib
7th costal cartilage
Not directly to T10
Muscle of queit respiration---》Diaphragm
Contraction of diaphrgm causes--》increase thoracic volume
Major inspiratory muscle--》diaphragm
Diaphrgmatic hernia occurs thru
Esophageal opening
costovertebral opening
costal and sternal attachment of diaphrgm
Aortic opening
Most common site of Morgagni hernia ---》Right anterior
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia--》incomplete pleuriperitoneal membrane
pt cannt survive without ventilation if lession above C5
pt can survive without ventilation if lession below C 5
Medial arcuate ligament---》arches over psoas muscle as it passes thru it
A stab at 6th costal cartilage just ryt will damage----》Ryt atrium
best site of Aspiration of pleural fluid ---》4rth intercoastal space midaxillary line
pleural tapping ---》midaxillary line --》muscles pierce --》internal intercostal ...external
and innermost intercostal
intercostal space --》1 large posterior and 2 small anterior intercostal artries
IMP ABOUT NEUROANATOMY
• Thyroid hormone binds with its receptors in nucleus via ZINC FINGERS
• Thyroid hormone increase the metabolism in all metabolically active tissues except
UBLAST(uterus, brain(in adults), lymph nodes, anterior pituitary, spleen, testes)
• Thyroid hormone donot increase the metabolism in uterus but is required for the
normal menstrual cycle and fertility
• Thyroid hormone increase the glucose absorption from the GIT and increased the
plasma glucose level rapidly after carbohydrate rich meal however it falls rapidly after
sometime
• Thyroid hormone increases the LDL receptors in liver lowering the plasma cholesterol
levl
Cell CYCLE
Consists of two phases interphase and mitosis
INTERPHASE ....Chromosomes REPLICATE
INTERPHASE ....DNA REPLICATE
INTERPHASE....Barr Bodies are studied
INTERPHASE is divided into...
1.G1
2.S (SYNTHESIS Phase)
3.G2
4.Mitosis ( also called M phase & cytokinesis is a part of it )
G1...Primary Growth , Proteins , Organelles , mRNA Synthesis )
G1...Also Called growth phase
G1... Longest phase ( 8to 10 Hours)
G1 Check point...To check if DNA is damaged
S ....DNA Replicate
S....Cytotoxic & cancer drugs act here to destroy DNA
S.....5 to 6 hours
G2...Secondary growth ( between S phase & Mitosis)
G2...Short ( 3 to 4 hours)
G2 Check point... To check if DNA has replicated properly
MITOSIS / M Phase
M...Shortest (2 hours)
M... To see spindle assembly and alignment
M...nuclear content divide
M...genetic material is Chromosome (Genetic material is chromatid when NOT in M
phase)
M... Divided into Prophase, prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase , Telophase,
Cytokinesis
PROPHASE....Spindle fibers appear Chromosome Condensation
PROPHASE...Centriole start moving to the oposite end
PROMETAPHASE....Spindle fibers attach to chromosome & chromosome movement
PROMETAPHASE....Nuclear membrane dissolve marking the beginning of
prometaphase
METAPHASE...Chromosome Alignment
METAPHASE.....Chromosome thickest
METAPHASE......Chromosome begin to divide
METAPHASE...Karyotyping
ANAPHASE.... Division of chromatids & sister chromatids move to opposite side
ANAPHASE....NON Disjunction
TELOPHASE...Spindle fibers disappear & Decondensation of Chromosomes
TELOPHASE...Complete divison
TELOPHASE....chromosomal study
TELOPHASE....Nuclear membrane formation
CYTOKINESIS....Cytoplasm divide
Barr Bodies....Heterochromatin
Barr Bodies....have X chromosome
Barr Bodies....seen under light microscope
Barr Bodies....ABSENT in Turner
Barr Bodies....Scanty In Turner
Barr Bodies....Diagnostic for Turner
one Barr body in Klinfelter
NO. of Barr bodies in OX .....no Barr Bodies
NO. of Barr bodies in XX... 1 Barr Body
NO. of Barr bodies in XXX....2 Barr bodies
Best Test for chromosomal abnormalities is Karyotyping
Karyopiknosis index.... Index of karyopiknotic nuclei of epithelial cells which exfoliate
from vagina... Hormonal evaluation
Biochemistry points:::::
1)Highest cholesterol content=LDL.
2)richest in triglycerides=chylomicron.
3)Highest protein content=HDL.
4)Fat soluble vitamins= ADEK.vit a,d,e,k.
5)Vit B2 deficiency=2cs(Cheilosis,Corneal vascularization..
6)Vit B3 deficeincy=3ds(dirrhea,dementia,dermatitis)..
7)Antioxidants ACE=vit a,c,e.
8)Vit k(antiKagulant)=gamma carboxylation of factors(27910).
9)essential fatty acids=linolic acid & linolinec acid.
10)Malnutritions::::::::
(a)kawashiorkor::protein malnutrition result from protein deficient
MEAL(M=malnutrition,E=edema,A=anemia,L=liver fatty).
(b)Marasmus:::M=muscle wasting.
11)amino acids necessary for PURINE synthesis GAG(glycine,aspartate,glutamine).
12)Bloting proceedures:::southern blot=DNA,NORTHERN blot=RNA,western
blot=protein.
12)protein energy=4.1Kcal.
13)fat energy=9.1kcal.
14)highest energy compund=ATP.
15)renal failure z most common cause of vit D deficiency.
16)isoniazide therapy z most common cause of pyridoxine(vit b6) deficiency.
17)vit c z cofactor in conversion of dopamin to norepinephrine.
18)the most common source of vit K z colonic bacteria.
19)vit b12 deficiency=homocysteinuria.
20)hypervitaminosis A=scaly dermatitis.
21)thiamine level z best monitered by=transketolase level in RBC.
22)increase carbohydrates=increase demand of thiamine.coz thiamine z important in
ATP senthesis.
23)biotin(vit b7) z used as coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis.
24)vit b6 inovle in transamination of ALT & AST.
25)vit C(ascorbic acid) is involved in collagen synthesis.vit c deficiency result in
defective collagen.
26)zinc deficiency leads to delayed wound healing.
FA CVS
1)...7, 9, 10
Cranial nerves carrying taste sensation to nucleus tractus soletarius
2)... 7,9, 10
Cranial nerves with SVE fibers supplying salivery glands
(CN 10 to parotid)
3)... 2, 7, 9, 10
vit K dependent coagulation factors...
4)...3, 7, 9, 10
cranial nerves having parasympathtic fibers..
5)... 5,7,9, 10
Cranial nerves having both motor and sensory fibers..
6)... 5, 7, 9, 10
cranial nerve supply of pharyngeal pouches derivatives..
Pouch.. 1,2,3, (4+6)
CN...........5,7,9, 10
(Note: pharyngeal pouche no 5 is degenerated, and hence no 5th pharyngeal pouche)
7)... T 7, 9, 10
Dermatome levels of upper abdominal wall
T 7... xipisternal joint
T 9... in between xipisternal joint and umbilicus ( also by T 8 )
T 10... at the level of umbilical
1...Giant cell...
50 % occurs around the knee, locally aggressive, soap bubble appearnce on xray (due
to Aneurysmal Bone Cyst ABC), multinucleated giant cells, 20 to 40 years
2...Osteochondroma...( exostosis )
Most common benign tumour , males less than 25 years
3...Osteosarcoma...
2nd most common primary malignant tumour, hematogenous spread to LLB (Lung, liver
and brain) codmann triangle or sun burst pattern on xray
4...Ewing sarcoma...
Blue cell malignant tumour , extremely aggressive with early metastasis, Onion skin
periosteal reaction in bone , Associated with t11;22 translocation
5...Multiple myeloma...
Most common primary malignant bone tumour originates from plasma cells..
AIDS important points
elective c.section is recomended mde of delivery in
1. who are not takin HAART therapy
2. with co existing hepititis C infection
3. viral load above 50 copies/ ml
otherwise a planned vag delivery
TRANSMISSION
best option
blood trnsfusion
then vertical transmission(highest risk at delivery)
4)Parasternal heave
1..Troponin T/I
2..AST
3..LDH
4..CK-MB
:: Complications of MI ::
a) RV infarction
b) Arrythmias (VT, AF, VF) - may also be due to I.v. Xylocaine overdose
c) LHF
a) Pericarditis
b) Sudden death
c) VSD
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per unit of time and it
depends on 2 important variables like below;
Stroke volume (SV) = the amount of blood ejected per beat of the heart (Normally, 70
ml/beat).
Heart rate (HR) = heart beats per minute (normally, 70 beats/min).
Therefore, the cardiac output (CO) is dependent on the stroke volume (SV) and the
heart rate (HR): CO (L/min) = SV (ml/beat)Ⅹ HR (beats/min) = 4.9 L/min (normally).
Contents [hide]
1 Stroke volume
2 Heart Rate
Stroke volume
Stroke Volume is the difference between end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic
volume (ESV). ESV can be affected by 4 factors; preload, afterload, contractility, and
Heart rate, and EDV also depends on 3 factors; venous return, Heart rate, and
compliance.
Preload (ie, the EDV):The more cardiac muscle is stretched, the harder it contracts
(Frank & Starling's law).
Positive agents:
Slow heart rate,
exercise.
Negative agents:
blood loss,
rapid heart rate: when you exercise, heart rate can increase. See the graph.
Contractility: Heart muscle fibers can contract at different strengths.
Myocardial contractility is the intrinsic ability of the heart to contract independent of
preload and afterload.
Changes in the ability to produce force during contraction result from different degrees
of binding between myosin and actin filaments.
No relationship with the changes in the fiber length!
The degree of binding that occurs depends on concentration of calcium ions in the cell;.
In an intact heart, it is usually the action of the sympathetic nervous system (through
catecholamines) that determines the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol of
cardiac muscle cells.
All factors that cause an increase in contractility work by causing an increase in
intracellular Ca2+ during contraction.
Positive agents:
↑ Calcium of ICM by Hormones and sympathetic nervous system,
cardiac glycosides (e.g. digoxin),
drugs.
Negative agents:
↑ extracellular K+ (Hypercalemia).
Acidosis: H+ and K+ exchange across the membrane and if one H+ is heading in, a K+
is heading out and vice versa.
Ca2+ channel blocker.
Afterload (ie, the mean arterial pressure): Resistance to blood leaving the heart. In fact,
afterload cannot be controlled by the cardiac function, but affects the cardiac out. So,
these are the positive causes for afterload;
High hematocrit,
stenosis of vessels,
high blood pressure,
constricted blood vessels,
lipids in vessels (atherosclerosis).
Compliance: a measure of the tendency of a hollow organ to resist recoil toward its
original dimensions upon removal of a distending or compressing force. It is the
reciprocal of "elastance".
Venous return: the amount of blood that enters the heart from the venous circulation
and it can be controled by skeletal muscle contraction, venoconstriction, respiratory,
venous valves, and so on.
Heart Rate
Heart rate can be determined by autonomic nervous system. An average resting heart
rate in an adult is 70 beats per minute (bpm). The normal range for heart rate is highly
variable, however. Trained thletes may have resting heart rates of 50 bpm or less.
Someone who is excited or anxoius may have a rate of 125 bpm or higher. Children
have higher average heart rates than adults. Although heart rate is initiated by
autorythmic cells in the SA node, it is modulated by neural and hormonal input.
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic NS: Fight or Flight → ↑ HR (→ always, ↑contractility);
Parasympathetic NS: Rest and Digest → negative effect on HR.
Bainbridge reflex (↔ Preload) increases the HR when the cardiac muscle is over-
stretched.
The Bainbridge reflex, also called the atrial reflex, is an increase in heart rate due to an
increase in central venous pressure. Increased blood volume is detected by stretch
receptors located in both atria at the venoatrial junctions.
↑ Venous return → ↑ the pressure of vena cavae and then the right atrium → stimulation
of the stretch receptor at the venoatrial junctions → signaling the medullary control
centers to decrease parasympathetic tone via the vagus → ↑HR.
Drawing more blood out of the right atrium → a decrease in atrial pressure and the
great veins.
This continues until right atrial blood pressure returns to normal levels, upon which the
heart rate decreases to its original level.
WAR Of PANCYTOPENIA Vs APLASTIC ANEMIA
Pancytopenia means that all of the
cell lines (white cells, red cells, and
platelets) are decreased in the
blood. It’s an important blood
finding, because it often indicates
that something serious is going on
in the marrow: either the marrow
isn’t making enough cells, or it’s so
full of other stuff (like the fibrosis
you see in the image above) that it
has no room to make normal cells).
Sometimes, too, you can see
pancytopenia with plain old
splenomegaly (because the spleen
is like a little home for the cells of
the blood, and if enough of the cells
stay at home in the spleen, you
won’t see them out and about in
the peripheral blood. So if you find
pancytopenia in a patient, you need
to work it up carefully to
determine the cause (in other
words, it’s not a diagnosis in and of
itself – it indicates the presence of
some underlying disease).
Aplastic anemia is a distinct,
definable disease. In aplastic
anemia, the bone marrow is
“empty” (all that’s there are
scattered lymphocytes and a rare
hematopoietic precursor) and the
blood shows a pancytopenia.
Sometimes the cause can be
determined (for example, the
patient has taken a drug that can
cause marrow aplasia), but often no
particular cause can be found. In
these cases, we use the fancy words
“idiopathic” or “primary” instead of
saying “we have no idea what’s
causing this.”
IMPORTANT POINT..>>>>>>>
Heat loss walay question me agr temperature mention ho tu ans conduction plus
radiation hoga..(ganong bcq)
tempertarture mention na ho tu acoording to guyton max heat loss is through radiation..
or agr statement me ETT mention ho tu ans evaporation hoga.
Very Very Important MCQ Repeated in January 2015 & 2016 Papers taken from
Pre-Test Physiology *
The answer is a. -During the early stages of an asthmatic attack, the increased airway
resistance makes it difficult to inhale and exhale rapidly, and therefore each breath is
slower and deeper.However, the accompanying dyspnea usually increases alveolar
ventilation, and, as a result, PaCO2 decreases. Arterial oxygen tension usually
decreases, despite normal alveolar oxygen levels, because of the increased V/Q
mismatch that accompanies asthma. This hypoxia may also cause alveolar ventilation
to increase. The equal pressure point moves toward the lung because of the increased
respiratory effort. Acute asthmatic attacks do not produce any direct change in lung
compliance. However, air trapping will cause functional residual capacity (FRC) to
increase, and the larger lung volumes will lead to a decrease in lung compliance.
1»»»».Papillary carcinoma..
......P.....
»»Popular( most common) , »» Previous irradiation, »» Psammoma bodies, »» orPhan
Annie eye (empty appearing nuclei with central clearing), »» Prognosis ( is excellent),
3»»»»Follicular carcinoma
.....F....
»»Follicles are uniform, »»Follow blood( hematogenous spread) , »»Faulty iodine
(commen in iodine deficient areas)
»»Finds way through( invades capsule)
5.»»»» Lymphoma
.......H......
»»(nonHodgkin) lymphoma, »»Hashimoto thyriditis
Pregnant lady with bile duct obstruction. Diagnostic investigation = GGT (FOR NON
PREG = CLICK ALP )
265. About Trichomonas vaginalis what is correct = Is sexually transmitted
266. Anion gap = Diff between measured cation and measured anion
267. Occulomotor nerve supplies = ciliary ganglion
268. Infective endocarditis diagnostic investigation = Blood culture (blood culture for
diagnosis & ASO titre FOR THE EVIDENCE OF INFECTION )
269. Essential fatty acid = Linoleic acid (Also Linolenic Acid is among essentials)
270. Patient was brought to the ER unconscious. The doctor gave Naloxone but it was
not working. What is the likely cause of toxicity = Phenobarbital
271. Patient lacerated the dorsal part of his wrist accidentally. He came in with difficulty
to adduct the fingers and difficulty abducting the thumb. Which nerve was paralyzed =
Ulnar Nerve
280. Pain from lower inferior segment of Diaphragm = Subcostal Nerves ( Phrenic
supplies central tendon of diaphragm)
281. Cingulate gyrus blood supply = Anterior cerebral Artery
transitional cell carcinoma bladder: most common non infectious cause of lower urinary
tract hematuria
Important point
REGARDING THIRST...!!
Thirst Is Is Increased By. .
Increase in Angi0tensin 2
decrease in blood v0lume
incerease in osmolarity
drynes of m0uth.
Increase in ADH.. .
THIRST is decreasd by. .
Gastric distensi0n.
Decrease in ADH,
Angi0tensin2,
Increase in BP.
Dec by barroreceptor effrnt
Increase in blood volume.
(Reference Guyton)
Some important 20 points.
First u should know the fact for blood group O u need two Same Allele means OO
And if A or B allele is either present it will express. Means for example OA will have
blood group type A.. And OB will have blood grouo B.
And if A and B both allele combines than blood group will be AB.
we proceed further
2nd baby she conceived was having blood group type AB..
that 2nd baby having AB type should have received B from father. So blood group of
father is B type.
.
But what do u think father has which type genotype OB or BB while first baby was
Having blood group O.
GENERAL ANATOMY>>>
• Flexion and extension takes place in sagittal section
• Adduction and abduction take place in coronal section
• Dermis is thinner on anterior surfaces of body as compared to posterior surfaces.
• Appendages of skin are nails, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands.
• Hair follicles are invaginations of epidermis into the dermis.
• Arrector pili are the bands of smooth muscles that that connect the undersurface of
hair follicle to the superficial part of dermis. Dimpling of skin called gooseflesh is due to
the the pull of the is arrector pili muscle. It causes contraction of sebaceous gland and
its secretion.
• Sebaceous glands lie within the dermis and pour their secretion, the sebem ONTO the
shaft of hairs.
• Sweat glands expand full thickness of dermis and their extremity may lie in superficial
fascia. They are the most deeply placed structure of all appandeges.
• Sebaceous glands are not present in lips, palms, sides of fingers, glans penis and
clitoris, labia minora and internal surfaces of labia majora, soles, sides of feet and sides
of toes.
• Sweat glands are not present on red margins of lips, nail buds, glans penis, clitoris,
• Boil is infection of hair follicle and sebaceous gland.
• Carbuncle is staphylococcal infection of superficial fascia. It usually occurs at nape of
neck and starts as infection of hair follicle or group of follicles.
• Sebaceous cyst most frequently occurs at scalp.
• Patient of shock exhibits gooseflesh as a result of overactivity of sympethetics.
• Partial thickness burn heals from the cells of hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat
glands and from the cells of edges of burn. A burn that extends deeper than sweat
gland heals slowly and only from edges.
• Superficial fascia is devoid of adipose tissue in eyelids, auricles, penis, scrotum and
clitoris
• Nerve to muscle is a mixed nerve, 60% is motor and 40% is sensory.
• Primary cartilageonus joints are those n which the bones are united by plate of
hayaline cartilage. Examples are union b/w epiphysis and diaphysis and b/w first rib and
manubrium.
• Secondry cartilagenou joint are those in which the bones are joined by fibrocartilage
and articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage. Example are joints b/w vertebral
bodies and the symphesis pubis.
• HILTON’s LAW. Sensory Nerve supplying the joint also supplies the muscles that
cause movement on that joint and the skin overlying the insertion of these muscles.
• In syringomylia the pain sensation is lost in joints.
• Tendons invaginate the synovial sheath from a side and are suspended by
mesotendons. Mesotendons transmit the blood vessels. In areas where wide range of
movement is there these mesotendons remain as vinulae.
• In certain areas of bodies especially the tips of fingers and toes the arteries and vein
connect directly without intervention of capillaries. These areas are called arteriovenous
anastomosis
• Lymphatic vessels are absent in CNS, eyeball, internal ear, epidermis of skin,
cartilage, bone.
• Preganglionic are myelinated adnd type B fibers.
• Postganglionic are nonmyelinated and type C fibers
• Two sympethetic chains end below by joining together to form a single ganglion the
GANGLION IMPAR.
• In bone the extracellular matrix is calcified.
• Flat bones are composed of outer and inner layer of compact bone called the TABLES
and middle layer of cancellous bone the DIPOLE. Scapula is irregular but is included in
flat bones.
RCA:
• Arises from anterior aortic sinus. It goes almost vertically in right AV groove crosses
the inferior border of heart to continue posteriorly and anastomose with LCA
• It supplies RA, RV and parts of LA and LV and AV septum
BRANCHES are
- Right conus artery
- Anterior ventricular branches. The marginal branch is largest and reach upto apex
- Posterior ventricular branches
- Posterior inter ventricular artery: runs towards apex and gives branches to right and
left vemtricles. It supplies the posterior part of ingter ventricular septum but NOT TO
THE APEX. A large septal branch supplies AV node
- Atrial branches. Branch to SA node supplies SA node and right and left atria
LCA:
• Usually larger than RCA and supplies the major part of heart.
• Supplies greater part of LA, LV and interventricular septum
BRANCHES are
- Anterior interventricular artery( in most of the people it supplies the APEX of heart) left
diagonal artery is major branch
- Circumflex artery. Left marginal art is major branch
SUPPLY OF CONDUCTIVE SYSTEM
• SA node, AF node AV bundle are supplied by RCA
• RBB is supplied by LCA(right is wrongO
• LBB is supplied by both LCA and RCA(left doghla hota hai )
SUMMARY:
• RCA supplies all of RV(except for small area to the right of anterior nterventricular
groove), variable part of diaphragmatic surface of LV, posteroinferior 3rd of ventricular
septum, RA, part of LA, SA node and AV node. Small branches to LBB are also given
• LCA supplies most of LV, small area of RV to the right of Interventricular groove,
anterior 2/3rd of ventricular septum, most of LA, RBB, and LBBB
60)) Very Very high yield and high scoring topic 100 percent repeated in 2015 but
unfortunately Ignored by Students is...
59) Some repeated True or False regarding blood supply of Heart is...
these are Truths...
Known hypertensive patient with Chest Pain ECG ST segment elevation but Trop -T is
negative... most likely diagnosis is..
56) very much discussed mcq in November month.. which was also repeated in January
term...
Young Female with Diffuse Loss of Vibration Sense.... Most Likely investigation is...
Coffee>>>>>> Chocolate
Remember "Right" is Right for Our Tissue to be O2 unloaded and deliver to tissue.....
GH>>>>>>>>>>>>Cortisol....
Mast cell>>>>>>Basophils
1)) Natural Defense Mechanism against Neoplasia is Apoptosis...... Not Antibodies not
Macrophage...
Read it
https://m.facebook.com/groups/102979646495000?
view=permalink&id=820302118096079
3 Facts
42)) CPSP.......... Nightmares for u... becoz V have Agreed on one option No
confusion.... Try next time.... with another
41)) CPSP Now U can make True or False but we Will be Right... at this time...
Bile Salts Water soluble
Bile Acid Lipid Soluble..
Biceps Reflex Physician when strikes tendon..... Checks Muscle Spindle......... NOT
Golgi tendon Organ..........
39)) CPSP U have Sword Of Confusion But We Have Discussion Shied Guard Power...
38) CPSp U Have......... no power more than that of Discussion Power we Have
Premalignant Condition is
ERYTHROPLEKIA>>>>>>>LEUKOPLEKIA
37)) Much Discussed Repeated easy MCQ but Made Wrong 99 percent is
Tricky one
All of Us 2 January Morning Session Students Were Caught By CPSP Fish... Now U
catch it....
34) Midway Point Between Anterior Superior ilac Supine and Pubic Tubercle is
FEMORAL NERVE.....
Mid way Between Anterior Superior iliac Supine and Symphysis Pubis is FEMORAL
ARTERY..
31) GVE vagus nerve for preganglionic fiber arises from – Dorsal nucleus.
27)) About Cerebral Arteries is True.... once entered into Brain Substance Never
Anastomose....
26) nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis lesion caises asteriognosia.......... Catch it......
plzz read
22) patient with Palpitations with Free T3 High and TSH is LOW... CRH is Given and
TSH becomes High.... Problem is Within Thyroid Gland...... very confusing....
18) first Line of defense against foreign is TISSUE MACROPHAGE not NEUTROPHIL
13) Hallmark of HIV is Proliferation of Virus inside T-cell.... And Hallmark of AIDS is
progroessive immune system deficiency...... Tricky
1) S1 isovolumetric contraction and S2 isovolumetric Relaxation..
Mneomonic... Relaxation needs time so isovolmetric Relaxation S2...
2)lack of estrogen Causes breast atrophy....... Remember only Estrogen.. D'nt confuse
with Progestrone........
3) HPV virus After 2 years causes Cervical Dysplasia.. Not Carcinoma.....