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9 Pancreatita Cronica
9 Pancreatita Cronica
Prof. Irinel Popescu
1
Ce este pancreatita cronică?
• Proces inflamator progresiv ce duce la “ciroză” pancreatică (stres oxidativ,
toxico‐metabolic, obstrucţie ductală, necroză‐fibroză)
• Etiologie: clasificarea TIGAR‐O
• Toxico–metabolică (ex: alcool şi fumat)
• Idiopatică (cu debut precoce/tardiv sau tropicală)
• Genetică (mutaţii ale genelor PRSS1, CFTR sau SPINK1)
• Autoimună
• Pancreatită acută severă şi recurentă
• Obstructivă (ex: pancreas divisum, neoplasm pancreatic)
*Etemad B, Whitcomb DC. Chronic pancreatitis: diagnosis, classification, and new genetic
developments. Gastroenterology 2001;120:682–707.
**Ammann RW. Diagnosis and management of chronic pancreatitis: current knowledge. Swiss Med
Wkly 2006;
** Stevens T, Conwell DL & Zuccaro G. Pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis: an evidence-based review
of past theories and recent developments. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99(11): 2256–2270.
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Fiziopatologia PC
• Incomplet elucidata;
• Sunt descrise 6 ipoteze majore:
• Ipoteza necroza‐fibroza (Comfort et al, 1946);
• Ipoteza Protein‐plug (litiaza/obstructie ductala; Multigner et al,
1985; Sarles 1986);
• Teoria stresului oxidativ (Braganza, 1983)
• Teoria toxico‐metabolica (Bordalo et al, 1977)
• Ipoteza ductului primar (Cavallini, 1993)
• SAPE – Sentinel Acute Pancreatitis Event Hypothesis (Whitecomb,
1999) ? UNIFICARE ?
Evolutia naturala PC
+
proces inflamator cronic
PIERDERE
PARENCHIM - insuficienta exocrina : maldigestie
PANCREATIC - insuficiena endocrina : DZ
(fibroza)
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7
Evolutia naturala PC
Ammann RW. Diagnosis and management of chronic pancreatitis: current knowledge. Swiss Med Wkly
2006; 136:166-174..
A.Mihaljevic, J. Kleeff, Helmut Friess, Markus W. Büchler, Hans G. Beger Surgical approaches to chronic
pancreatitis. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 2008, Pages 167-181 10
Management – abord multidisciplinar
Complicatii:
-
-
Neoplasm pancreatic
Pseudochist
Durerea in PC Alte
mecanisme
- Stenoza digestiva inalta - Multifactoriala-
- Gastropareza
- Stenoza de cale biliara
Neuropatia pancreatica:
- interactiuni neuro-imune;
- mecanism comun cu durerea
din neoplasmul pancreatic;
- frecvent intalnita la pacientii cu masa
inflamatorie la nivel cefalopancreatic
Neuropatia pancreatica
Modificari la nivelul morfologiei fribrelor nervoase
prin Cross-talk neuro-imun
intra si peripancreatice
- nervii intrapancreatici in pancreatita cronica difera de cei din pancreasul normal si din
punct de vedere al calitatii fibrelor si al statusului de activare gliala, suferind un proces de
‘remodelare’
Factori
identificati
Substanta P
CGRP
NGF
BDNF
TRPV1
PAR-2
Artemin, Pancreatic pain. Gu¨ralp O. Ceyhan MD Christoph W. Michalski MD Ihsan E. Demir Michael W. Mu¨ller MD Helmut Friess* MD. Best Practice &
Research Clinical Gastroenterology
Fraktalkine Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 31–44, 2008.
CX3CR1 Fate of nerves in chronic pancreatitis: Neural remodeling and pancreatic neuropathy GüralpO.Ceyhan,M.D., HeadofP ancreatic
Neuropathy Research Group 1, Ihsan EkinDemir,M.D.,ResidentinSurgery 1, MatthiasMaak,M.D.,Resident in Surgery, Research Fellow, 13
HelmutFriess,M.D., Professor, Headof Department of Surgery. Best Practice&ResearchClinicalGastroenterology24(2010)311e322
Tratament conservator
DIAGNOSTIC PC
Istoric
Imagistic (CT, MRI, EUS) urmarire
Teste functionale
DA
NU EFICIENT
COMPLICATII
NU
DA
Neoplasm
Reevaluare
Pseudochist
Stenoza digestiva
Gastropareza
Stenoza coledoc Tratament corespunzator
Big duct or small duct?
► diferenta inca nu cunoaste o standardizare;
► “big duct disease”: Wirsung > 5 mm;
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Pain management in chronic pancreatitis: A treatment algorithm . Shailendra Chauhan ,ChrisE.Forsmark, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and
Nutrition, University of Florida, United States Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 24(2010)323e335
Endoterapie vs
tratament chirurgical?
►Managementul endoscopic are un rol important ca terapie de prima intentie la pacientii ce
nu raspund la tratamentul conservator si sunt slabi candidati chirurgicali [1].
►Rezultatele pe termen lung sunt mai bune in cazul tratamentului chirurgical decat
endoterapia, la pacientii cu dilatatie de duct pancreatc, litiaza si/sau stricturi [2]
►Tratamentul chirurgical ofera un mai bun control al durerii. [3]
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18
2012
Tratamentul PC
Tratament endoscopic VS proceduri de drenaj
Jacques Devière, Richard H. Bell Jr, Hans G. Beger,L. William Traverso Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis
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with Endotherapy or Surgery: Critical Review of Randomized Control Trials J Gastrointest Surg (2008)
Endoterapie vs
tratament chirurgical?
Recomandari
[1] *Buscher HC Long term results of bilateral thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy in patients with chronic pancreatitis British J Surg
2002, vol 89
[2] Leksowski K Thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy for the relief of pain due to chronic pancreatitis Surg Endosc.2001,vol15
Pseudochistul pancreatic
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Când operăm PC?
• 1. Durere greu de controlat.
• 3. Stenoză de Wirsung.
• 4. Stenoză de cale biliară principală.
• 5. Stenoză digestivă înaltă.
• 6. Pseudo‐anevrisme sau eroziuni vasculare necontrolabile prin radiologie intervenţională.
• 7. Pseudochist pancreatic voluminos nerezolvabil endoscopic.
* “Will this patient benefit most from a decompression of the pancreatic ductal system or
from resection of pancreas?”
** “Is this patient harboring a pancreatic malignancy?”
*A.Mihaljevic, J. Kleeff, Helmut Friess, Markus W. Büchler, Hans G. Beger Surgical approaches to chronic pancreatitis.
Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 2008, Pages 167-181
.
**Knoeful WT, Eisenberger CF, Strate T, Izbicki JR. Optimizing surgical therapy for chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology
2002;2:379e85.
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Tratamentul PC‐chirurgical
Două tipuri de intervenţii chirurgicale
Drenaj:
A –> Puestow, Partington‐Rochelle
Rezecţie:
B ‐> Whipple, Traverso
C ‐> Beger
D ‐> Frey
E ‐> Berne procedure
F ‐> Izbicki operation
G ‐> Rezecţie distală cu sau fără
splenectomie
H ‐> Pancreatectomie totală şi
subtotală
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A. Procedeul Puestow‐Gillesby
-Splenectomie;
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A. Procedeul Partington‐Rochelle (1)
- Prezervarea splinei ;
[1] Partington PF, RochelleREL. Modified Puestow procedure for retrograde drainage of the pancreatic duct .AnnSurg1960;
152:1037e43
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[2] YekebasEF, BogoevskiD, HonarpishehH,etal.Long-term follow-up in small duct chronic pancreatitis: a plea for extended
drainage by “V-shaped excision” of the anterior aspect of the pancreas .AnnSurg2006;244:940e6.
Partington‐Rochelle (2)
Wirsung dilatat cu
calcificari in interior
Partington‐Rochelle (3)
[1] BachmannK, MannO, IzbickiJR, et al. Chronic pancreatitise a surgeons’ view. MedSciMoni t2008;14:RA198e205.
Calcificări pancreatice cu
Wirsung dilatat
• Piese de rezecţie după
DPC tip Whipple
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C. Operatia Beger (1)
- Rezectie cefalica pancreatica subtotala
cu transectiunea pancreasului la nivelul
venei porte si pancreaticojejunostomie
termino-terminala sau termino-laterala
pe ansa Y a la Roux;
[1] IzbickiJR,BloechleC,KnoefelWT,etal.Complications of adjacent organs in chronic pancreatitis managed by duodenum- preserving resection of the head of
the pancreas. BrJSurg1994;81:1351e5.
[2] IzbickiJR,BloechleC,KnoefelWT,etal.Duodenum preserving resections of the head of the pancreas in chronic pancreatitis a
rospectiverandomizedtrial.AnnSurg1995;221:350e8.
[3] BuechlerMW,FriessH,BittnerR,etal.Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection:long-term results. JGastrointest Surg 1997;1:13e9.
[4] FreyCF,AmikuraK.Local resection of the head of the pancreas combined with longitudinal pancreatico jejunostomy in the management of patients with 31
chronicpancreatitis.AnnSurg1994;220:492e507.
Operatia Beger (2)
[1] IzbickiJR, BloechleC, KnoefelWT,etal.Duodenum preserving resections of the head of the pancreas in chronic pancreatitis
a prospective randomized trial.AnnSurg1995;221:350e8.
[2] IzbickiJR,BloechleC,BroeringDC,etal. Extended draing versus resection in surgery for chronic pancreatitis e prospective
randomized trial comparing the longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy combined with local pancreatic head excision with the
33
pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy.AnnSurg1998;228:771e9.
Operatia Frey (2)
34
Operatia Frey (3)
35
Operatia Frey (4)
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E. Operatia Berne
FREY
BEGER
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F. Operatia Izbicki
[1] YekebasEF, BogoevskiD, HonarpishehH, etal.Long-term follow-up in small duct chronic pancreatitis:a plea for extended
drainage by “V-shaped excision” of the anterior aspect of the pancreas. AnnSurg2006;244:940e6.
38
G. Rezecţii pancreatice distale
- Indicatii in pseudoanevrisme
Surgical treatment in chronic pancreatitis timing and type of procedure. Kai Bachmann,MD,Fellow 1,
AsadKutup,MD,Consultant 2, OliverMann,MD,Consultant 3, EmreYekebas,MD,ProfessorofSurgery 4, Jakob 39
R.Izbicki,MD,Professor,HeadofDepartment,FACS * Best Practice&ResearchClinicalGastroenterology24(2010)299e310
Pancreatectomii neobisnuite in PC
Centrala
‐ Rezectie conservatoare, “parenchymal‐sparing”
,permite o mai buna prezervare a functiilor
endocrine si exocrine;
‐ Risc mai mare de fistula pancreatica;
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Pancreatectomii neobisnuite in PC
Corporeo‐caudala cu prezervarea splinei
- de la stanga la dreapta -
Vasele splenice
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H. Pancreatectomia totala si subtotala
Popescu I., Vasilescu C., Boeti M.P. Rezectia cefalopancreatica cu prezervarea duodenului in tratamentul chirurgical al pancreatitei cronice.
Chirurgia 1999 ; vol. 94 nr. 5 p383
Stroescu C, Ivanov B, Dima S, Scarlat A, Popescu I Spleen preserving subtotal pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis: case report. 42 Chirurgia
(Bucur). 2009 Sep-Oct;104(5):601-6
Tratamentul PC: Drenaj
Jacques Devière, Richard H. Bell Jr, Hans G. Beger,L. William Traverso Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis with
Endotherapy or Surgery: Critical Review of Randomized Control Trials J Gastrointest Surg (2008) 43
Tratamentul PC
Studii randomizate controlate au demonstrat un clar beneficiu al procedurilor cu prezervare de organe în ceea
ce priveşte controlul durerii, controlul diabetului, câstigul ponderal şi calitatea vieţii. 44
Concluzii
►Stabilirea etiologiei PC este de maxima importanta in
ghidarea conduitei terapeutice;
►Atunci cand tratamentul conservator nu ofera
rezultate, pacientii trebuie indrumati in centre cu
experienta in endoterapie pancreatica (ESWL, ERCP) si
chirurgicala;
►Necesitatea stabilirii de factori predictivi pentru
alegerea tipului de terapie;
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Concluzii
• O singură procedură nu este eficientă la toţi pacienţii.
• Indicaţia chirurgicală trebuie individualizată pentru fiecare
pacient în parte (rezecţie VS drenaj).
• Intervenţiile cu prezervare de organe sunt sigure şi eficiente
pentru controlul durerii pe termen lung şi pentru
tratamentul complicaţiilor PC
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Vincent van Gogh. Drinkers.
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