Tourism 1

Tourism
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The
World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to
and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than
twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an
activity remunerated from within the place visited."[1]

Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2008, there

were over 922 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of
1.9% as compared to 2007. International tourism receipts grew to
US$944 billion (euro 642 billion) in 2008, corresponding to an Englishman in the Campagna by Carl Spitzweg
(c. 1845)
increase in real terms of 1.8%.[2]
As a result of the late-2000s recession, international travel demand suffered a strong slowdown beginning in June
2008, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to 2% during the boreal summer months.[3]
This negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of the H1N1
influenza virus, resulting in a worldwide decline of 4% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and an
estimated 6% decline in international tourism receipts.[4]
Tourism is vital for many countries, such as Egypt, Greece, Lebanon, Spain, Malaysia and Thailand, and many
island nations, such as The Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives, Philippines and the Seychelles, due to the large intake of money
for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated
with tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships and taxicabs,
hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts, and entertainment venues, such as
amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues and theatres.

Etymology
Theobald (1994) suggested that "etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin, 'tornare' and the Greek,
'tornos', meaning 'a lathe or circle; the movement around a central point or axis'. This meaning changed in modern
English to represent 'one's turn'. The suffix –ism is defined as 'an action or process; typical behavior or quality', while
the suffix, –ist denotes 'one that performs a given action'. When the word tour and the suffixes –ism and –ist are
combined, they suggest the action of movement around a circle. One can argue that a circle represents a starting
point, which ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour represents a journey in that it is a
round-trip, i.e., the act of leaving and then returning to the original starting point, and therefore, one who takes such
a journey can be called a tourist."[5]
In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as people who travel "the sum of the phenomena and relationships
arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not
connected with any earning activity."[6] [7] In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the
temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and
their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."[8] In 1981, the
International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities selected
by choice and undertaken outside the home.[9]
In 1994, the United Nations classified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics:[10]
• Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country.
• Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country.
Tourism 2

• Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.

World tourism statistics and rankings

Most visited countries by international tourist arrivals

In 2008, there were over 922 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. In
2009, international tourists arrivals fell to 880 million, representing a worldwide decline of 4% as compared to 2008.
The region most affected was Europe with a 6% decline.[4]
The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten countries as the most visited from 2006 to 2009 by the
number of international travellers. When compared to 2006, Ukraine entered the top ten list, surpassing Russia,
Austria and Mexico,[3] and in 2008, surpassed Germany.[11] In 2008, the United States displaced Spain from the
second place. Most of the top visited countries continue to be on the European continent, followed by a growing
number of Asian countries.
In 2009, Malaysia made it into the top 10 most visited countries' list. Malaysia secured the ninth position, just below
Turkey and Germany. In 2008, Malaysia was in 11th position. Both Turkey and Germany climbed one rank in
arrivals, occupying seventh and eighth positions respectively, while France continued to lead the ranks in terms of
tourist arrivals.[12]

Rank Country UNWTO International International International International

Regional tourist tourist tourist tourist
Market arrivals arrivals arrivals arrivals
[13] [12] [12] [12]
(2009) (2008) (2007) (2006)

1  France Europe 74.2 million 79.2 million 80.9 million 77.9 million

2  United States North America 54.9 million 57.9 million 56.0 million 51.0 million

3  Spain Europe 52.2 million 57.2 million 58.7 million 58.0 million

4  China Asia 50.9 million 53.0 million 54.7 million 49.9 million

5  Italy Europe 43.2 million 42.7 million 43.7 million 41.1 million

6  United Kingdom Europe 28.0 million 30.1 million 30.9 million 30.7 million

7  Turkey Europe 25.5 million 25.0 million 22.2 million 18.9 million

8  Germany Europe 24.2 million 24.9 million 24.4 million 23.6 million

9  Malaysia Asia 23.6 million 22.1 million 21.0 million 17.5 million

10  Mexico North America 21.5 million 22.6 million 21.4 million 21.4 million

International tourism receipts

International tourism receipts grew to US$944 billion (€642 billion) in 2008, corresponding to an increase in real
terms of 1.8% from 2007.[2] When the export value of international passenger transport receipts is accounted for,
total receipts in 2008 reached a record of US$1.1 trillion, or over US$3 billion a day.[2]
The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the top ten tourism earners for the year 2009. It
is noticeable that most of them are on the European continent, but the United States continues to be the top earner.
Tourism 3

Rank Country UNWTO International International International International

Regional Tourism Tourism Tourism Tourism
Market Receipts Receipts Receipts Receipts
[13] [12] [12] [12]
(2009) (2008) (2007) (2006)

1  United States North America $93.9 billion $110.0 billion $97.1 billion $85.8 billion

2  Spain Europe $53.2 billion $61.6 billion $57.6 billion $51.1 billion

3  France Europe $49.4 billion $55.6 billion $54.3 billion $46.3 billion

4  Italy Europe $40.2 billion $45.7 billion $42.7 billion $38.1 billion

5  China Asia $39.7 billion $40.8 billion $37.2 billion $33.9 billion

6  Germany Europe $34.7 billion $40.0 billion $36.0 billion $32.8 billion

7  United Kingdom Europe $30.0 billion $36.0 billion $38.6 billion $34.6 billion

8  Australia Oceania $25.6 billion $24.8 billion $22.3 billion $17.8 billion

9  Turkey Europe $21.3 billion $22.0 billion $18.5 billion $16.9 billion

10  Austria Europe $19.4 billion $21.6 billion $18.9 billion $16.6 billion

International tourism expenditures

The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the top ten biggest spenders on international
tourism for the year 2009. For the fifth year in a row, German tourists continue as the top spenders.[12]

Rank Country UNWTO International International International International

Regional Tourism Tourism Tourism Tourism
Market Expenditures Expenditures Expenditures Expenditures
[13] [12] [12] [12]
(2009) (2008) (2007) (2006)

1  Germany Europe $81.2 billion $91.0 billion $83.1 billion $73.9 billion

2  United States North America $73.2 billion $79.7 billion $76.4 billion $72.1 billion

3  United Kingdom Europe $50.3 billion $68.5 billion $71.4 billion $63.1 billion

4  China Asia $43.7 billion $36.2 billion $29.8 billion $24.3 billion

5  France Europe $38.5 billion $41.4 billion $36.7 billion $31.2 billion

6  Italy Europe $27.9 billion $30.8 billion $27.3 billion $23.1 billion

7  Japan Asia $25.1 billion $27.9 billion $26.5 billion $26.9 billion

8  Canada North America $24.2 billion $27.2 billion $24.7 billion $20.6 billion

9  Russia Europe $20.8 billion $23.8 billion $21.2 billion $18.1 billion

10  Netherlands Europe $20.7 billion $21.7 billion $19.1 billion $17.0 billion

Most visited cities by international tourist arrivals

Tourism 4

Top 10 most visited cities by estimated number of international visitors by selected year

City Country International Year/Notes

visitors
(millions)

Paris  France 14.8 [14]

2009 (Excluding extra-muros visitors)

London  United Kingdom 14.1 [15]

2009

Singapore  Singapore 9.7 [16]

2009

Antalya  Turkey 9.25 [17]

2010

Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 9.11 [18]

2009

Hong Kong  China 8.95 [19]

2009

New York City  United States 8.7 [20]

2009

Bangkok  Thailand 8.45 [21]

2009

Istanbul  Turkey 7.51 [22]

2009

Dubai  United Arab Emirates 6.81 [23]

2009

History
Wealthy people have always traveled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings, works of art, learn new
languages, experience new cultures and to taste different cuisines. Long ago, at the time of the Roman Republic,
places such as Baiae were popular coastal resorts for the rich. The word tourism was used by 1811 and tourist by
1840.[24] In 1936, the League of Nations defined foreign tourist as "someone traveling abroad for at least
twenty-four hours". Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay
of six months.[5]

Leisure travel
Leisure travel was associated with the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom – the first European country to
promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population. Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of
production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners and the traders. These comprised the new middle class. Cox
& Kings was the first official travel company to be formed in 1758.[25]
The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. In Nice, France, one of the first and
best-established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as
the Promenade des Anglais; in many other historic resorts in continental Europe, old, well-established palace hotels
have names like the Hotel Bristol, the Hotel Carlton or the Hotel Majestic – reflecting the dominance of English
customers.
Many leisure-oriented tourists travel to the tropics, both in the summer and winter. Places of such nature often
visited are: Bali in Indonesia, Brazil, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Malaysia, Mexico the various Polynesian
tropical islands, Queensland in Australia, Thailand, Saint-Tropez and Cannes in France, Florida, Hawaii and Puerto
Rico in the United States, Barbados, Sint Maarten, Saint Kitts and Nevis, The Bahamas, Anguilla, Antigua, Aruba,
Turks and Caicos Islands and Bermuda.
Tourism 5

Winter tourism
Although it is acknowledged that the Swiss were not the inventors of skiing it is well documented that St. Moritz,
Graubünden, became the cradle of the developing winter tourism: Since that year of 1865 in St. Moritz,[26] many
daring hotel managers choose to risk opening their hotels in winter but it was only in the seventies of the 20th
century when winter tourism took over the lead from summer tourism in many of the Swiss ski resorts. Even in
Winter, portions of up to one third of all guests (depending on the location) consist of non-skiers. [27]
Major ski resorts are located mostly in the various European countries (e.g. Andorra, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech
Republic, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Serbia, Sweden, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland), Canada,
the United States (e.g. Colorado, California, Utah, New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Montana, Vermont, New
England) New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Chile, Argentina, Kenya and Tanzania.

Mass tourism
Mass tourism could only have developed with the improvements in
technology, allowing the transport of large numbers of people in a
short space of time to places of leisure interest, so that greater numbers
of people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.
In the United States, the first seaside resorts in the European style were
at Atlantic City, New Jersey and Long Island, New York.
In Continental Europe, early resorts included: Ostend, popularised by
the people of Brussels; Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) and High rise hotels such as these in Benidorm,
Deauville (Calvados) for the Parisians; and Heiligendamm, founded in Spain, were built across Southern Europe in the
1793, as the first seaside resort on the Baltic Sea. 1960s and 1970s to accommodate mass tourism
from Northern Europe.

Adjectival tourism
Adjectival tourism refers to the numerous niche or specialty travel forms of tourism that have emerged over the
years, each with its own adjective. Many of these have come into common use by the tourism industry and
academics. Others are emerging concepts that may or may not gain popular usage. Examples of the more common
niche tourism markets include:

• Agritourism • Medical tourism

• Culinary tourism • Nautical tourism
• Cultural tourism • Pop-culture tourism
• Ecotourism • Religious tourism
• Extreme tourism • Slum tourism
• Geotourism • Space tourism
• Heritage tourism • War tourism
• LGBT tourism • Wildlife tourism

Recent developments
There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe, where international
travel for short breaks is common. Tourists have high levels of disposable income, considerable leisure time, are well
educated, and have sophisticated tastes. There is now a demand for a better quality products, which has resulted in a
fragmenting of the mass market for beach vacations; people want more specialised versions, quieter resorts,
family-oriented holidays or niche market-targeted destination hotels.
Tourism 6

The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as

jumbo jets, low-cost airlines and more accessible airports have made
many types of tourism more affordable. WHO estimates that up to
500,000 people are on planes at any time.[28] There have also been
changes in lifestyle, such as retiree-age people who sustain year round
tourism. This is facilitated by internet sales of tourism products. Some
sites have now started to offer dynamic packaging, in which an
inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the
customer upon impulse.
Tourists enjoying cocktails during a beach
There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the September 11
vacation in The Bahamas
attacks and terrorist threats to tourist destinations, such as in Bali and
several European cities. Also, on December 26, 2004, a tsunami,
caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, hit the Asian countries on the Indian Ocean, including the Maldives.
Thousands of lives were lost and many tourists died. This, together with the vast clean-up operation in place, has
stopped or severely hampered tourism to the area.

The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel has a similar definition to
tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to
imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited by tourists.

Sustainable tourism
"Sustainable tourism is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and
aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological
diversity and life support systems." (World Tourism Organization)
Sustainable development implies "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs" (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)[29]
Sustainable tourism can be seen as having regard to ecological and socio-cultural carrying capacities and includes
involving the community of the destination in tourism development planning. It also involves integrating tourism to
match current economic and growth policies so as to mitigate some of the negative economic and social impacts of
'mass tourism'. Murphy (1985) advocates the use of an 'ecological approach', to consider both 'plants' and 'people'
when implementing the sustainable tourism development process. This is in contrast to the 'boosterism' and
'economic' approaches to tourism planning, neither of which consider the detrimental ecological or sociological
impacts of tourism development to a destination.
However, Butler (2006) questions the exposition of the term 'sustainable' in the context of tourism, citing its
ambiguity and stating that "the emerging sustainable development philosophy of the 1990s can be viewed as an
extension of the broader realization that a preoccupation with economic growth without regard to it social and
environmental consequences is self-defeating in the long term." Thus 'sustainable tourism development' is seldom
considered as an autonomous function of economic regeneration as separate from general economic growth.
Tourism 7

Ecotourism
Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas
that strives to be low impact and (often) small scale. It helps educate the traveler; provides funds for conservation;
directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local communities; and fosters respect for
different cultures and for human rights.

Pro-poor tourism
The pro poor tourism has to help the very poorest in developing countries has been receiving increasing attention by
those involved in development and the issue has been addressed either through small scale projects in local
communities and by Ministries of Tourism attempting to attract huge numbers of tourists. Research by the Overseas
Development Institute suggests that neither is the best way to encourage tourists' money to reach the poorest as only
25% or less (far less in some cases) ever reaches the poor; successful examples of money reaching the poor include
mountain climbing in Tanzania or cultural tourism in Luang Prabang, Laos.[30]

Recession tourism
Recession tourism is a travel trend, which evolved by way of the world economic crisis. Identified by American
entrepreneur Matt Landau (2007), recession tourism is defined by low-cost, high-value experiences taking place of
once-popular generic retreats. Various recession tourism hotspots have seen business boom during the recession
thanks to comparatively low costs of living and a slow world job market suggesting travelers are elongating trips
where their money travels further.

Medical tourism
When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure, particularly in
Southeast Asia, India, Eastern Europe and where there are different regulatory regimes, in relation to particular
medical procedures (e.g. dentistry), traveling to take advantage of the price or regulatory differences is often referred
to as "medical tourism".

Educational tourism
Educational tourism developed, because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge and the
enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom environment. In educational tourism, the main focus of
the tour or leisure activity includes visiting another country to learn about the culture, such as in Student Exchange
Programs and Study Tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the classroom in a different environment, such
as in the International Practicum Training Program.

Creative tourism
Creative tourism has existed as a form of cultural tourism, since the early beginnings of tourism itself. Its European
roots date back to the time of the Grand Tour, which saw the sons of aristocratic families traveling for the purpose of
mostly interactive, educational experiences. More recently, creative tourism has been given its own name by Crispin
Raymond and Greg Richards,[31] who as members of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS),
have directed a number of projects for the European Commission, including cultural and crafts tourism, known as
sustainable tourism. They have defined "creative tourism" as tourism related to the active participation of travellers
in the culture of the host community, through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences.[31]
Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizations such as UNESCO, who
through the Creative Cities Network, have endorsed creative tourism as an engaged, authentic experience that
promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural features of a place.
Tourism 8

More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on active participation
by travelers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Several countries offer examples of this type of tourism
development, including the United Kingdom, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Spain, Italy and New Zealand.

Dark tourism
One emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000)[32] [33] as "dark" tourism. This
type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites, such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or acts of genocide, for
example: concentration camps. Dark tourism remains a small niche market, driven by varied motivations, such as
mourning, remembrance, education, macabre curiosity or even entertainment. Its early origins are rooted in
fairgrounds and medieval fairs.[34]

Doom tourism
Also known as "Tourism of Doom," or "Last Chance Tourism" this emerging trend involves traveling to places that
are environmentally or otherwise threatened (the ice caps of Mount Kilimanjaro, the melting glaciers of Patagonia,
The coral of the Great Barrier Reef ) before it is too late. Identified by travel trade magazine TravelAge West [35]
editor-in-chief Kenneth Shapiro in 2007 and later explored in The New York Times [36], this type of tourism is
believed to be on the rise. Some see the trend as related to sustainable tourism or ecotourism due to the fact that a
number of these tourist destinations are considered threatened by environmental factors such as global warming,
over population or climate change. Others worry that travel to many of these threatened locations increases an
individual’s carbon footprint and only hastens problems threatened locations are already facing.

Growth
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the
average annual rate of 4 %.[37] With the advent of e-commerce, tourism products have become one of the most
traded items on the internet. Tourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries,
although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.) can sell their services directly. This has put pressure on
intermediaries from both on-line and traditional shops.
It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between tourism expenditure per capita and the degree to which
countries play in the global context.[38] Not only as a result of the important economic contribution of the tourism
industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global citizens leverage the resources of the
globe for the benefit of their local economies. This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an
indication of the relative influence that each country will exercise in the future.
Space tourism is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, although compared with traditional
destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technologies such as a space elevator make space
travel cheap.
Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either on solar-powered airplanes or
large dirigibles. Underwater hotels, such as Hydropolis, expected to open in Dubai in 2009, will be built. On the
ocean, tourists will be welcomed by ever larger cruise ships and perhaps floating cities.
Tourism 9

Sports tourism
Since the late 1970s, sports tourism has become increasingly popular.
Events such as rugby, Olympics, Commonwealth games, Asian Games
and football World Cups have enabled specialist travel companies to
gain official ticket allocation and then sell them in packages that
include flights, hotels and excursions.

Latest trends
As a result of the late-2000s recession, international arrivals suffered a
The Tall Ships' Races 2007 in Szczecin, Poland
strong slowdown beginning in June 2008. Growth from 2007 to 2008
was only 3.7% during the first eight months of 2008. The Asian and
Pacific markets were affected and Europe stagnated during the boreal summer months, while the Americas
performed better, reducing their expansion rate but keeping a 6% growth from January to August 2008. Only the
Middle East continued its rapid growth during the same period, reaching a 17% growth as compared to the same
period in 2007.[39] This slowdown on international tourism demand was also reflected in the air transport industry,
with a negative growth in September 2008 and a 3.3% growth in passenger traffic through September. The hotel
industry also reports a slowdown, as room occupancy continues to decline.[39] As the global economic situation
deteriorated dramatically during September and October as a result of the global financial crisis, growth of
international tourism is expected to slow even further for the remaining of 2008, and this slowdown in demand
growth is forecasted to continue into 2009 as recession has already hit most of the top spender countries, with
long-haul travel expected to be the most affected by the economic crisis.[39] This negative trend intensified as
international tourist arrivals fell by 8% during the first four months of 2009, and the decline was exacerbated in some
regions due to the outbreak of the influenza AH1N1 virus.[2]

Human right
On the 15th of April 2010 a headline in the British newspaper, The Sunday Times, proclaimed that European
Commissioner Antonio Tajani had unveiled a plan declaring tourism a human right. According to the article itself:
Tajani's view is that pensioners, youths and those too poor to afford it should have their travel subsidised by the
taxpayer. Tajani's program will be piloted until 2013 and then put into full operation. In introducing his plan, Tajani
stated, "Travelling for tourism today is a right. The way we spend our holidays is a formidable indicator of our
quality of life." His spokesman added, "Why should someone from the Mediterranean not be able to travel to
Edinburgh in summer for a breath of cool, fresh air; why should someone from Edinburgh not be able to travel to
Greece in winter?"[40] The characterization of Tajani's position as advocating an expansion of human rights was
repeated by other media such as the conservative Canadian newspaper National Post[41] and Wikipedia. According to
Euractive it proved impossible for the commissioner's office to correct the misleading impression created by the
Sunday Times headline in the Wikipedia articles on tourism and Antonio Tajani as the Sunday Times is a "reliable
published source" while the actual text of the Commissioner's speech is only a "primary source".[42]
EurActiv, an independent media portal, criticized the article by The Sunday Times as an example of misleading
information about the EU which appears in the British press and then picked up by other Anglo-Saxon media and
blogs, and Wikipedia. EurActiv notes that "the article on The Sunday Times never quotes the Commissioner as
having made such a statement. Nevertheless, it pursues the argument under the headline "Brussels decrees holidays
as a human right," underlining the alleged "hundreds of millions of pounds" that pursuing the idea would cost
taxpayers." EurActiv criticized Wikipedia on the grounds that it proved impossible for Commissioner Tajani's team
to correct the wrong information in the encyclopedia, and echoed European Commission spokesperson Pia
Ahrenkilde Hansen's statement that "ethics in digital communications is definitely a subject which deserves to be
Tourism 10

addressed."[42]

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[17] "Number of Arriving-Departing Foreigners and Citizens" (http:/ / www. kultur. gov. tr/ EN/ dosya/ 2-5788/ h/ december2010bulletin. xls).
Tourism Statistics. Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey). 2010. . Retrieved 28 January 2011.
[18] "Malaysia Hotel Guests by State: Kuala Lumpur" (http:/ / www. tourism. gov. my/ tourismmalaysia_corpx/ chart4. cfm?tahun=2009&
neg=KUALA LUMPUR). Tourism Malaysia. 2009. . Retrieved 15 October 2010.
[19] "2009 Full-Year Tourism Performance Figures" (http:/ / partnernet. hktb. com/ pnweb/ jsp/ doc/ listDoc. jsp?doc_id=129117). Hong Kong
Tourism Board. 29 January 2010. . Retrieved 15 October 2010. "The total number of visitor arrivals to Hong Kong in 2009 was 29.59 million.
Number of international visitors (including short-haul markets, long-haul markets, and Taiwan, but excluding Mainland China and Macau)
was 10.96 million. Number of international visitors, excluding Taiwan, Mainland China, and Macau was 8.95 million."
[20] "International Visitors to NYC 2009" (http:/ / www. nycgo. com/ ?event=view. article& id=78912). NYC & Company. 2010. . Retrieved 2
June 2010.
[21] Department of Tourism (http:/ / www. tourism. go. th/ 2010/ th/ statistic/ tourism. php?cid=27)
[22] "Istanbul Hotel Market". Colliers International. 2010. p. 4.
[23] Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (http:/ / www. dubaitourism. ae/ Portals/ 0/ Statistics\HotelStatistics/ A001 2009 Dubai
Performance Summary. pdf) and (http:/ / www. dubaitourism. ae/ Portals/ 0/ Statistics\HotelStatistics/ A006 2005-2009 DUBAI Total Hotel
Establishment Guest Arrivals by Nationality. pdf)
[24] "Online Etymology Dictionary: tour" (http:/ / www. etymonline. com/ index. php?l=t& p=16). . Retrieved 2008-03-01.
[25] "Cox & Kings Website" (http:/ / www. coxandkings. co. uk/ aboutus-history. aspx). .
[26] 1865: ignition of winter holidays Switzerland (http:/ / www. kulmhotel-stmoritz. com/ tl_files/ pdf/ press_erfindung_e. pdf)
[27] Winter Walking in Swiss skiing resorts (http:/ / en. graubuenden. ch/ winter-walking. html?L=2& season=2)
[28] Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ world/ feedarticle/ 8477508). The Guardian. April 28, 2009.
[29] "Sustainable Tourism" (http:/ / www. ecotourism. org/ webmodules/ webarticlesnet/ templates/ eco_template. aspx?articleid=95&
zoneid=2). Ecotourism.org. . Retrieved 2009-09-14.
[30] Jonathan Mitchel (2009). "Value chain analysis and poverty reduction at scale" (http:/ / www. odi. org. uk/ resources/ details. asp?id=2675&
title=value-chains-tourism-poverty-reduction). Overseas Development Institute. .
Tourism 11

[31] Wurzburger, Rebecca; et al (2009). Creative Tourism: A Global Conversation: How to Provide Unique Creative Experiences for Travelers
Worldwide: As Presented at the 2008 Santa Fe & UNESCO International Conference on Creative Tourism in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA.
Santa Fe: Sunstone Press. ISBN 9780865347243. OCLC 370387178.
[32] Quinion, Michael (26 November 2005). "Dark Tourism" (http:/ / www. worldwidewords. org/ turnsofphrase/ tp-dar2. htm). World Wide
Words. . Retrieved 9 April 2010.
[33] Lennon, J. John; Foley, Malcolm (2000). Dark Tourism. London: Continuum. ISBN 0826450636. OCLC 44603703.
[34] Cooper, Chris; et al (2005). Tourism: Principles and Practice (3rd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. ISBN 027368406X. OCLC 466952897.
[35] http:/ / www. travelagewest. com/ Travel-News/ Viewpoint/ The-Tourism-of-Doom/
[36] http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 12/ 16/ world/ americas/ 16iht-tourism. 1. 8762449. html
[37] "Long-term Prospects: Tourism 2020 Vision" (http:/ / www. world-tourism. org/ market_research/ facts/ market_trends. htm). World
Tourism. 2004. .
[38] "airports & tourists" (http:/ / global-culture. org/ blog/ 2007/ 01/ 27/ airports-tourists/ ). Global Culture. 2007. .
[39] World Tourism Organization (October 2008). "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer October 2008" (http:/ / unwto. org/ facts/ eng/ pdf/
barometer/ UNWTO_Barom08_3_en_Excerpt. pdf) (PDF). UNWTO. . Retrieved 2008-11-17. Volume 6, Issue 3
[40] Pancevski, Bojan (18 April 2010). "Get packing: Brussels decrees holidays are a human right" (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ news/
world/ europe/ article7100943. ece). The Sunday Times. .
[41] Laidlaw, Katherine (19 April 2010). "Vacationing a human right, EU chief says" (http:/ / www. nationalpost. com/ news/ story.
html?id=2923469). National Post. .
[42] "UK-born euromyths echoed by Wikipedia" (http:/ / www. euractiv. com/ en/ infosociety/
uk-born-euromyths-echoed-wikipedia-news-494082). EurActiv. 18 May 2010. . Retrieved 30 June 2010.

Further reading
• Holder IV, Floyd William (2009). An Empirical Analysis of the State’s Monopolization of the Legitimate Means
of Movement: Evaluating the Effects of Required Passport use on International Travel (http://ecommons.txstate.
edu/arp/308/). (M.P.A. thesis). Texas State University-San Marcos. OCLC 564144593. Docket Applied
Research Projects. Paper 308.
• Wilkerson, Chad (2003). "Travel and Tourism: An Overlooked Industry in the U.S. and Tenth District" (http://
www.kc.frb.org/publicat/econrev/Pdf/3q03wilk.pdf). Economic Review 88 (Third Quarter): 45–72.
ISSN 0161-2387. OCLC 295437935.

External links
• Recreation and Leisure Studies (http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Social_Sciences/
Recreation_and_Leisure_Studies/) at the Open Directory Project
Article Sources and Contributors 12

Article Sources and Contributors

Tourism  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=411600342  Contributors: -Majestic-, 0, 144.132.70.xxx, 151.24.147.xxx, 16@r, 193.252.28.xxx, 212.153.190.xxx, 216.17.74.xxx,
3000miles, 37luke1, 63.178.233.xxx, 6kustek, 7, Abetasman, AboutMM, Acs4b, Adam.J.W.C., Adam7davies, Aeon1006, Aesopos, Afinebalance, AgarwalSumeet, Agentscott00,
Ahmad.ghamdi.24, Ahoerstemeier, Aidsoo, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, AlbertR, Aldie, Aldis90, Alensha, Alew, Alex Philips, Alex.muller, Alex43223, Alexf, Alexius08, AlexiusHoratius,
Alokprasad, Alphachimp, Altenmann, Alto24601, Andre Engels, Andy Marchbanks, Andycjp, Andyluciano, Angelo De La Paz, Anilyilmaz, Aniten21, Anjanausjp, Anlace, AnnaFrance,
Antandrus, Anthony, AntonioMartin, Anurag 17, Anushka vig, Anwar saadat, Ap, Aphenry, AprilMayJune, ArchStanton69, Archaeologicaldude, Aridd, Arpingstone, Art LaPella, Arwel Parry,
Atlant, AustinDesigns, Australiana, Austrian, Axamir, B, Backpack kiwi, Badinfinity, Bahmei, BalthCat, Balthazarduju, Bamr007, BanyanTree, Barek, Barneca, Bdonlan, Bearcat,
Beeswaxcandle, BeneharoMencey, Bensin, Bentenn1010, Berean Hunter, Beta m, Betterusername, Bevo74, Bgmedicaltourism, Bh1331, Bigfishion, Bimach, Biztech11, Bjeversole, Blanchardb,
Blcfilm, Blehfu, Blim8183, Bobblewik, Bobby327, Bobo192, Bogdan29roman, Bonadea, Bongwarrior, Boofox, Boyclar07, Brian Crawford, Bridies, Brighterorange, Btrejos, Bugnon,
Byeonggwan, Bz2, Caerwine, Caiaffa, Canadian, CanadianLinuxUser, Canterbury Tail, Capricorn42, Carsonk10, Cat Parade, Caumasee, Cdeujm, Ceyockey, Chabalala, Charles Matthews,
Chicago god, Chick Bowen, Chinesestar, Chitomcgee, Choalbaton, Chongkian, Chris 73, Chris G, Chris Roy, Chris the speller, Christian List, Christian75, Chuck Smith, ChuckSmith, Chun-hian,
Circuitloss, Cireshoe, Ckatz, Cometstyles, CommonsDelinker, Conscious, Conversion script, Cookiehead, Corpx, Corregere, Courcelles, Cpcheung, Creativet, Css, Curps, D0762, DARTH
SIDIOUS 2, DFS454, DO'Neil, DVD R W, Da monster under your bed, Daarznieks, Daniel5127, DanielCD, Darkride, Darry2385, Darwinek, Daveexplorer, David Martland, Dbivens99, Deagle
AP, Deepak, Dekaels, Dekisugi, Delhiescorts, Delirium, Deokhyun, DerechoReguerraz, Dexterdennis, Diannaa, Dirkkoenig, Discospinster, Divercol, Donald Albury, Doodspogi, Dori,
Drawat123, Drc79, Drsandeep, DuckieWorld, Duja, Dweller, Dycedarg, Dysepsion, ERK, Easnak, Ed g2s, EdwinJs, Ekevu, El C, ElKevbo, Elishakemp, Ellsass, Elmas, Elrohir17, Emersoni,
Emmaprestly, Empty cognizance, En-bateau, Enderender, EngineerScotty, Enzo7788, EoGuy, Epbr123, Er Komandante, Erianna, Erik9, Escape Orbit, Etiquette, Eugeneoneill, Ev, Everyking,
Excirial, Exeunt, Exploding Boy, FALIQ, FMB, FT2, Fabartus, Faigl.ladislav, Fayenatic london, Febg, Felipe Menegaz, Fermion, Fffwmg, Fir0002, Flubeca, Foant, Fpfernando15, Fran B. E.,
Fred Bauder, Freepenguin, French Tourist, Friedfish, Funandtrvl, Func, GHe, GTBacchus, Gabbe, Gadfium, Gardar Rurak, GavinTing, Gdr, Geomar1990, Geraki, Ghostieguide, Gidonb, Gilliam,
Giorgio79, Gjs238, GlassCobra, Glen, Glenn, Goatasaur, Gogo Dodo, Gogogirlyboy, Gohiking, Gomm, Gonza777, Gonzo fan2007, GraemeL, Grafen, Graham87, Green caterpillar, Gregmg,
Grutness, Gryffindor, Gsarwa, Guillaumedelaby, Gurubrahma, Hadal, HaeB, Hagerman, Hajor, Hamedog, Hari 89, Harland1, Harriv, Haymaker, Hedwig Storch, Hephaestos, Heron, Historicair,
Hjsimpson13, Hli11, Hmrox, Hotelbookingpro, Hottentot, Htfortunato, Husseinbadran, I know the alphabet, IW.HG, Ian27, Icestorm815, Ida Shaw, Ihatepiedoyou, Ihsansunny, Iindianholiday,
Imrandom!, IndustryProj, Ineffable3000, Inlanger, Insider201283, Inspiredlemonade, Inwind, Iran2, Iridescent, Irishguy, Ivarercool, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, J8149ZZ, JAiJAi-wiki, JForget, JPD, JaGa,
JackLumber, Jackelfive, Jacky89, Jacobhenrytucker, Jafeluv, Jakes18, Jauerback, Jccrouse, Jean.artegui, Jebba, Jedrzejow, Jeepday, Jeff G., Jeff3000, Jeffh822, Jeffthejiff, Jelena4455,
Jennavecia, JereKrischel, Jessdonohue, Jfry3, Jguk, Jibun, Joaquín Martínez Rosado, Jodey123456123, Joe2008, JoeSmack, Joebob1960, Johan lindblom, JohnOwens, Johnuniq, JonHarder,
Joseph Solis in Australia, Joshpascoe, Joy, Jrockley, Juddiek, Julee Binder, Jumbuck, Just plain Bill, Jvsett, Kablammo, Kaleidoskopisch, Kejwebb, Kenny sh, Kereru, Kevinjwright, Kharker,
Khoikhoi, Kiddings, King of Hearts, King2007, Kingj123, Kkmd, Klicka83, Kolkhianboy, KoosPan, Korg, Kormin, Kourosh ziabari, Koyaanis Qatsi, Kroum, Krupo, Kschwerdt514, Ktsquare,
KubenP1234567, Kubigula, Kuru, Kyrgyz tour service, L Kensington, LOL, La goutte de pluie, Lando Calrissian, Larry Sanger, Le Noob, LedgendGamer, Lemoninacup, Lendorien, Leon7,
Liftarn, Lifung, Lightmouse, LikeThatWillHappen, Lilac Soul, LinDrug, Linkspamremover, Little Mountain 5, LittleOldMe, Lkinkade, Lokum, Longhair, Loren.wilton, Lorenzarius, Lradrama,
Lucasm, Luckyluke, Luisvarela, Lukagel, Luna Santin, Lyoizisi, MER-C, MMich, MONGO, MTM, Mac, MacTire02, Macukali, MadGeographer, Madeformv, Maheshnathwani, Maheshpothis,
Mandarax, Mani1, Mannas31, Mao9275, Marek69, Marekzp, Mariordo, Marshman, Martarius, Martin Jensen, Martin451, Marzad, Master of Puppets, Masterpjz9, Matt price93, Maximus Rex,
Mbz1, McGeddon, Meelar, Mehoneyshoney, Merbabu, Merishi, Merlin32 1, Merovingian, Mfmfmfmfmfmfmfmfmfmfmfmf, MichaelBillington, MichaelTinkler, Michalws, Michellecrisp,
Mike88chan, Millisits, Mindmatrix, Minvikes, Mitio2005, Mjfv, Mjhellokitty, Mjjpotter, Mltr26, Monikapardasaney, Mordemur, Mouldeeves123, Mr.pheonix4, Mrshaba, Mtaylor848,
Mthorsson, Mufuteeeee, Munkelin, Muslim55, Mwanner, Mxn, Mzanon, NJA, NadiaLala, Nadir Usman Ishaq, Nakon, Nanobug, Nastya1, Naturenet, NawlinWiki, Nebresqueken, Ned Scott,
Netkinetic, Netoholic, Newone, Nick Number, Nicoll123, NigelR, NikNaks, Nikai, Nikopa, Nilmerg, Nimavojdani, Nlu, NoisyJinx, Nonfacture, NotMuchToSay, Nposs, NuclearWarfare,
Numanb, Nwdude, Nzl181, ORDER, Oarias, Obey, Ohnoitsjamie, Ok!, Old Moonraker, Oliverpenwell13, Olivier, OnBeyondZebrax, Orcar967, OscarKosy, Osmanja, Ospalh, Ossah23, Otets,
Otisjimmy1, Ovechkinator, Ovlem, Oxymoron83, PBP, PVSpud, Pacific Coast Highway, Pamukkale, Paranoid, PaterMcFly, Patrick, Paul McMahon, Paulspaper, Pcb21, Pdxgoat, Pel thal,
Penikett, Peoplesunionpro, Persian Poet Gal, Peruvianllama, PeteX, Peter Karlsen, Peter Shearan, PeterC, Peterlin, Phanly, Phantomsteve, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Phearson, Philip Trueman,
Piano non troppo, PierreAbbat, Pigman, Pikoura 2008, Pince Nez, Pinethicket, PoccilScript, Poeloq, Pokrajac, Polluxian, Postdlf, Priyadi, Prokopenya Viktor, Proxima Centauri, Ps07swt, Psb777,
Puchiwonga, Punnooseommen, Pureditor, Qaddosh, Qertis, Quintote, Qxz, RJHall, RPTS, Rajeevmass, RamirBorja, RandomP, Ranveig, Realman208, Reconsider the static, RedWolf,
Redspork02, Reedy, Reenzinc, Regan123, Reinoutr, Remi0o, Renobuild, Republic of Hong Kong, RetroCocktailHour, Ric36, Rich Farmbrough, Richard001, Rijuroy, Ril5384, Rje, Rjwilmsi,
Rljenk, Robert Merkel, Roberta F., Rocastelo, Rocket747, Rodhullandemu, Rodos01, Ronhjones, Ronz, RossPatterson, Rossenglish, RoyBoy, Royalguard11, Rrburke, Ruakh, Ruhrjung, RxS,
Ryugos0824, S2r, ST47, Saber girl08, Sadangel, Saga City, Saifulhaq, Sajjad28pak, Sakisg088, Sam Hocevar, Sam Korn, Sapwood2, Sasparillawiki, Savionlife, SchfiftyThree, SchwabenBoy,
Scienceman123, Sciurinæ, Seba5618, SebastianOey, SebastienPoncet, Section8pidgeon, Sfacets, Sfdan, Sferrier, Sffubs, Sgokoluk, Shadowjams, Shanata, Shanes, Shirik, Shove deep and thrust,
Silversard, Silvia0903, Simesa, SimonArlott, SimonP, Sintaku, Sj, Sjakkalle, Sky Attacker, Skyezx, Slakr, Slambo, Sligocki, SlimVirgin, Slysplace, SmartGuy, Smatthewman, Smithalexer,
Smithjcjr, Snoyes, SoCalSuperEagle, Sodacan, Sokoljan, Solipsist, Somerset219, Sonitus, Sorin Negulescu, Soul Train, Specter01010, Spick And Span, Spliffy, Spoo, Squash Racket, Sritchienal,
Starionwolf, Starwarsdefender, Steinsky, Stephanebou, Stephenb, Suicidalhamster, Suisui, Surcouf, Sushi Tax, SusieG, Sverdrup, Svetovid, Sweetmistery, Syp, T0m, TXiKi, Taifarious1,
Takeaway, Takethemud, TalibDemashqi, Tanja73, Tatterfly, Tcotta, Ted Wilkes, Teneriff, TerriJayne, Thatguyflint, The Transhumanist, The idiot, The number c, TheJed, TheLeopard,
ThePhantomCopyEditor, Theda, Thefudgeone, Thehelpfulone, Themfromspace, Thepowermancity1022, Theresa knott, Thingg, Think outside the box, Thomascarmona, Throwaway85, Tide
rolls, Tikiwont, Tiles, Tinucherian, Tjfulopp, Tnxman307, Tobby72, Todonkj, Tomboy.emos rock, Tony Corsini, Toplinecar, Touchatou, Toytown Mafia, Train guard, Tubby23,
Tunisia360tunisia, Tuohirulla, Turkish Flame, TutterMouse, Tuxlie, Van helsing, Veinor, Veit, Versageek, Vicenarian, Vikingstad, Violetriga, Vivio Testarossa, VladGenie, Voyevoda, Vranak,
Vsmith, Vzbs34, Waggers, Walden, Waterfox, Wavelength, Wayne Riddock, Wayward, WhisperToMe, Wigren, Wiikiipiidiia, Wiki alf, WikiLaurent, Wikimastername, Wikipelli, Wikixoox,
Will Beback, William Avery, Willow4, Wimt, Wizard of Wizards, Wknight94, WookieInHeat, Wottnot, Wtheobald, XJamRastafire, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yeahoksurewhatever, YellowOnline,
Yidisheryid, Yintan, Yr41193, Zacharie Grossen, Zack Holly Venturi, Zahid Abdassabur, Zanimum, Zepheus, Zik2, Ziusudra, Zoe, Zondor, Zundark, Zzuuzz, Александър, ‫دمحأ‬.‫يدماغ‬.24, ‫دبع دمحا‬
‫ىفطصم عيمسلا‬, 1768 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Carl Spitzweg 047.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Carl_Spitzweg_047.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Goldfritha, Mattes, Wst, 1
anonymous edits
File:Flag of France.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_France.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKopp, User:SKopp, User:SKopp, User:SKopp,
User:SKopp, User:SKopp
File:Flag of the United States.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Dbenbenn,
User:Indolences, User:Jacobolus, User:Technion, User:Zscout370
File:Flag of Spain.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Spain.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Pedro A. Gracia Fajardo, escudo de Manual de Imagen
Institucional de la Administración General del Estado
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
User:Denelson83, User:SKopp, User:Shizhao, User:Zscout370
File:Flag of Italy.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Italy.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: see below
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Zscout370
File:Flag of Turkey.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Dbenbenn
File:Flag of Germany.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Madden, User:Pumbaa80, User:SKopp
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKopp
File:Flag of Mexico.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:AlexCovarrubias
File:Flag of Australia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Australia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ian Fieggen
File:Flag of Austria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Austria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKopp
File:Flag of Japan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Various
File:Flag of Canada.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Canada.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:E Pluribus Anthony, User:Mzajac
File:Flag of Russia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Zscout370
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 13

File:Flag of Singapore.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Various

File:Flag of Thailand.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Andy Dingley, Chaddy, Duduziq, Emerentia,
Fry1989, Gabbe, Gurch, Homo lupus, Juiced lemon, Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, Neq00, Paul 012, Rugby471, Sahapon-krit hellokitty, TOR, Teetaweepo, Xiengyod, Zscout370, Δ, 23 anonymous
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Addict AA, Avala, Dbenbenn, Duduziq, F l a n k e r, Fry1989, Fukaumi, Gryffindor, Guanaco, Homo lupus, Kacir, Klemen Kocjancic, Krun, Madden, Neq00, Nightstallion, Piccadilly Circus,
Pmsyyz, RamzyAbueita, 4 anonymous edits
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File:Beach drinks.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Beach_drinks.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Jemingway
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License
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