Example 5.

1: The stator of a 3-phase, 4-pole induction motor is

connected to a 50 Hz supply. The rotor runs at 1455 r.p.m at full load.
Determine (a) The synchronous speed and (b) the slip at full load.
Solution: (a) The synchronous speed
60. f
nS =
P
60 × 50
nS = = 1500 r.p.m
2

⎛ n − nr ⎞
(b) The slip, S = ⎜⎜ S ⎟⎟ × 100
⎝ nS ⎠
1500 − 1455
S= × 100 = 3 0
1500 0

5.4 Rotor e.m.f and frequency

Rotor e.m.f
When an induction motor is stationary, the stator and rotor windings
form the equivalent of a transformer as shown in fig.(5.5).
The rotor e.m.f at stand still is given by
⎛N ⎞
E 2 = ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ E1
⎝ N1 ⎠

Where E1 is the supply voltage per phase to the stator. When an induction
motor is running, the induced e.m.f in the rotor is less since the relative
movement between conductors and the rotating field is less. The induced
e.m.f. is proportional to this movement, hence it must be proportional to
slip, S. Hence when running, rotor e.m.f. per phase
= Er = S × E2

⎛N ⎞
E r = S ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ E1
⎝ N1 ⎠
N2
E r = SKE1 where K=
N1

138
 Fig.(5.5)
Rotor frequency
The speed of rotating magnetic flux is given by n revolutions/second
f
n=
P
or
f = n.P

If nr is the rotor speed in revolutions/second, the speed at which the rotor

conductors are being cut by the rotating flux is (nS − nr )
revolutions/second
∴ frequency of rotor e.m.f

(nS − nr )
f r = (n S − nr )P = (nS P )
nS

⎛ nS − nr ⎞
However ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ is the slips and (n S P ) is the supply frequency f S hence
⎝ ns ⎠
fr = S ⋅ fS

139
5.5 Rotor Impedance
Rotor resistance
The rotor resistance R2 is unaffected by frequency of slip, and hence
remains constant.
Rotor reactance
Rotor reactance varies with the frequency of the rotor current.
At standstill, reactance per phase, X 2 = 2πfL when running, reactance per
phase,
X r = 2πf r L

= 2π (S . f S )L

X r = S .X 2

Figure (5.6 ) represents the rotor-circuit when running.

Fig.(5.6)

Rotor impedance
Rotor impedance per phase,

Zr = (R 2
2 + (S .X 2 )
2
)

140
5.6 Rotor current
⎛N ⎞
S ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟.E 1
Ir =
Er
= ⎝ N2 ⎠
Zr (R 2
2 + (S . X 2 )
2
)

Figure(5.6)
The final per-phase equivalent circuit of induction motor is as shown in
figure (5.7).

Figure (5.7)

141
Example 5.2: A 415 V, three-phase, 50 Hz, 4 pole, star-connected
induction motor runs at 1440 r.p.m on full load. The rotor resistance and
reactance per phase are 0.45 Ω and 3.5 Ω respectively, and the effective
rotor-stator turns is 0.85:1. Calculate (a) The synchronous speed
(b) The slip (c) The rotor current at full load also the rotor copper losses,
and (d) The starting current.
Solution:
(a) Synchronous speed,
60 f
nS = = 1500r.p.m
P
n S − nr
(b) S = = 0.04 or 4%
nS

SKE1
(c) Ir =
(R2 )2 + (SX 2 )2
415
Phase voltage E1 = = 239.6 volts
3

Ir =
(0.04)(0.85)(239.6) = 21.61 A
(0.35)2 + (0.04 × 3.5)2
Rotor copper loss per phase = I r2 R2
= (21.61) (0.35 ) = 163.45 W
2

Total copper loss (for 3-phase) = 3 × 163.45 = 490.35 W

(d) starting current

I2 =
KE1
=
(0.85)(239.6) = 57.9 A
( R 2 )2 + ( X 2 ) 2 (0.35)2 + (3.5)2
(Note that the starting current of 57.9 A is considerably higher than the
full load current of 21.61 A).

142
5.7 Rotor copper loss
Power p = 2πnT , where T is the torque in Newton meters, hence torque
p
T=
(2πn )
If p 2 is the power input to rotor from the rotating field, and p m is the
mechanical power output (including frication loss).
Then,
p2 p
T= = m
2πn S 2πnr

p 2 Pm p m nr
From which, = or =
nS nr p 2 nS

Hence
pm n
1− = 1− r
p2 nS

P2 − Pm n S − nr
= =S
p2 nS

P2 − Pm is the copper loss in the rotor, i.e p 2 − p m = I r2 R2

I r2 R2
Hence P2 =
S

143