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DNV-RP-F202
COMPOSITE RISERS
OCTOBER 2010
The electronic pdf version of this document found through http://www.dnv.com is the officially binding version
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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F202, October 2010
Changes – Page 3
MOTIVES CHANGES
No design code for Fibre Reinforced Plastic, often called com- • General
posite structures, exists today except for some special applica-
As of October 2010 all DNV service documents are primarily
tions like FRP pipes, pressure vessels and ships.
published electronically.
The realisation of even simple designs of FRP structures tends
In order to ensure a practical transition from the “print” scheme
to become a major undertaking due to the lack of applicable
design standards. It is DNV’s impression that the lack of a to the “electronic” scheme, all documents having incorporated
good FRP guideline is one of the major obstacles to utilise FRP amendments and corrections more recent than the date of the
latest printed issue, have been given the date October 2010.
structurally in a reliable and economical way.
For this reason DNV started a JIP to develop a guideline for An overview of DNV service documents, their update status
and historical “amendments and corrections” may be found
composite risers directly linked to the newly developed Off-
shore Standard for Dynamic (metal) Risers, in response to through http://www.dnv.com/resources/rules_standards/.
request by the industry to develop a specific standard for this • Main changes
important application.
Since the previous edition (May 2003), this document has been
Upon termination of the JIP, the members participating i.e. amended, most recently in April 2009. All changes have been
ABB, Conoco, FMC Kongsberg Subsea, Gurit Suprem, incorporated and a new date (October 2010) has been given as
Kværner Oilfield Products, Norsk Hydro, Statoil, Timet agreed explained under “General”.
that DNV shall transform the resulting project report into a
DNV Recommended Practice.
The new DNV Recommended Practice is indexed: DNV-RP-
F202 Composite Risers, and has a contents layout as shown
overleaf.
CONTENTS
SECTION 1
GENERAL
A. General for the liners, as long as long term performance of the liners
can be demonstrated. Standards related to chosen liner material
A 100 Introduction shall be used to document liner performance. Additional
101 This Recommended Practice (RP) document gives crite- requirements to liners and interfaces are given in Sec.6.
ria, requirements and guidance on structural design and analy- 305 Composite risers have typically metal end flanges. Any
sis of riser systems made of composite materials exposed to material may be chosen for the flanges, as long as long term
static and dynamic loading for use in the offshore petroleum performance of the flanges can be demonstrated. Standards
and natural gas industries. related to chosen flange material shall be used to document
102 The major benefits in using this RP comprise: performance of the flanges. Additional requirements to end
flanges are given in Sec.6 (composite metal interface).
— provision of riser solutions with consistent safety level
based on flexible limit state design principles 306 The scope covers design, materials, fabrication, testing,
— application of safety class methodology linking accept- operation, maintenance and re-assessment of riser systems.
ance criteria to consequence of failure Aspects relating to documentation, verification and quality
— provision of state-of-the-art limit state functions in a Load control are also addressed. The main purpose is to cover design
and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) format with relia- and analysis of top tensioned and compliant composite riser
bility-based calibration of partial safety factors systems operated from floaters and fixed platforms. The RP
— guidance and requirements for efficient global and local applies for permanent operation (e.g. production and export/
analyses and introduction of a consistent link between import of hydrocarbons and injection of fluids), as well as for
design checks (failure modes), load conditions and load temporary operation (e.g. drilling and completion/ workover
effect assessment in the course of the global and local activities).
analyses 307 This RP is applicable to structural design of all pressure
— allowance for the use of innovative techniques and proce- containing components that comprise the riser system. Other
dures, such as reliability-based design methods. composite components can be designed according to DNV-
103 The basic design principles and functional requirements OS-C501.
comply with state-of-the-art industry practice. Guidance note:
Most composite risers of today consist of metallic or polymeric
A 200 Objectives liners within the composite pipes. The purpose of the liners is to
201 The main objectives of this RP are to: prevent leakage of the riser, while the composite pipes are the
load carrying part of the riser system. This RP covers risers with
— provide an international RP of safety for composite risers (and without) liners as well as riser connectors and other riser
utilised for drilling, completion/ workover, production/ components such as tension joints and stress joints.
injection, or transportation of hydrocarbons (import/
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
export) in the petroleum and gas industries
— serve as a technical reference document in contractual 308 There are, in principle, no limitations regarding floater
matters, and type, water depth, riser application and configuration. How-
— reflect the state-of-the-art and consensus on accepted ever, for novel applications where experience is limited, spe-
industry practice and serve as a RP for riser design and cial attention shall be given to identify possible new failure
analysis. mechanisms, validity/adequacy of analysis methodology and
A 300 Scope and application new loads and load combinations.
Guidance note:
301 This RP provides the design philosophy, loads and glo-
bal analysis aspects valid for risers made of composite materi- Composite risers are novel applications and it shall be docu-
als. The RP applies to all new built riser systems and may be mented that the global load effects can be predicted with same
precision as for conventional riser systems. This may typically
applied to modification, operation and upgrading of existing
involve validation of computational methodology by physical
risers.
testing.
302 The risers covered in the RP can be jointed or continu- As an alternative, an appropriate conservatism in design should
ous. Bonded rubber risers and risers with un-bonded load bear- be documented.
ing structures are not included. Applications are production,
Procedures of DNV-RP-A203 “Qualification of new technol-
drilling and injection risers, as well as choke and kill lines.
ogy” should be considered.
303 Composites are fibre reinforced plastics. The fibres
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
should have a higher modulus than the surrounding polymeric
matrix material. The matrix may be thermoset or thermoplas- 309 Examples of typical floater and riser configurations are
tic. shown schematically in Fig. 1. Examples of some typical com-
304 Composite risers have typically internal and external lin- ponents/important areas included in typical riser systems are
ers around the main pipe section. Any material may be chosen illustrated in Fig. 2.
Figure 1
Examples of typical riser configurations and floaters
Figure 2
Examples of riser components
A 400 Other codes OS-F201. The present RP document subscribes, for consist-
401 This RP shall be used in combination with the standards ency, to the safety philosophy and analyses methodology set
for dynamic risers and submarine pipeline systems denoted forward by this standard.
DNV-OS-F201 and DNV-OS-F101, respectively. This RP A 500 Structure of the RP
shall not be used as a stand-alone document. The RP is also
related to the offshore standard for composite components 501 This RP is organised as follows:
denoted DNV-OS-C501. The limit state design checks for this Section 1 contains the objectives and scope of the RP. It fur-
RP and DNV-OS-F201 and DNV-OS-F101 are similar, but ther introduces essential concepts, definitions and abbrevia-
due to differences in the governing failure modes and prevail- tions.
ing uncertainties, some differences in safety factors exist.
Section 2 contains additions to the fundamental design philos-
402 Where reference is made to codes other than DNV doc- ophy and design principles in DNV-OS-F201.
uments, the valid revision shall be taken as the revision that
was current at the date of issue of this RP unless otherwise Section 3 in DNV-OS-F201 contains a classification of loads
noted, see list under B600. into pressure loads, functional loads and environmental loads.
Important internal pressure definitions are given. This RP con-
403 The framework within DNV riser standards and RPs is tains additional aspects that should be considered for compos-
illustrated in Fig. 3. ite risers. In particular the description of long term loads and
DNV-OS-F201 environments.
Deep water risers
Section 4 in DNV-OS-F201 contains the framework for global
DNV-OS-C501 DNV-OS-F101
STEEL
analysis methodology. This RP provides some additions to the
Composite Material combination of long term loads and concentrates mainly on the
Components Design Philosophy Testing local analysis of composite risers.
Loads Installation
Analyses
Section 5 contains acceptance criteria for the riser pipe for
ULS, SLS, ALS and FLS. This includes a definition of resist-
ance and load effects and safety factors for explicit limit states.
It provides links to DNV-OS-C501 for specific composite fail-
DNV-RP-F201 DNV-RP-F202 DNV Rules Other ure criteria.
TITANIUM COMPOSITE FLEXIBLES RP’s Section 6 contains the fundamental functional requirements
Material Materials CN for connectors and liners. It also provides test requirements for
Testing Local Analysis Guidelines these components.
Design Criteria Testing Rules Section 7 contains requirements for materials. They are iden-
Design Criteria tical to the requirements in DNV-OS-C501.
Figure 3 Section 8 contains requirements for documentation and verifi-
Framework for DNV riser standards and RPs cation of the riser system. They are identical to the require-
ments in DNV-OS-F201.
404 This RP provides specific aspects related to composite Section 9 contains basic requirements for operation and in-
risers, including material description, local analysis and design service operations in addition to DNV-OS-F201.
criteria. General design philosophy, loads and global analysis 502 The close relationship between this RP and DNV-OS-
aspects valid for all riser materials are covered by the DNV- F201 and DNV-OS-C501 is shown in Fig. 4.
DNV-RP-F202 DNV-OS-C501
DNV-OS-F201 Composite Composite
Dynamic Risers Risers Components
1 General 1 General
2 Design 2 Design
Philosophy Philosophy ...
7 Materials 7 Materials 10
Component
testing
8 Documentation 8 Documentation
Verification Verification
Figure 4
Relationship between this RP, DNV-OS-F201 and DNV-OS-C501
— No. 7 Ultrasonic Inspection of Weld Connections tion or direction of the reference co-ordinate.
— No. 30.4 Foundations 103 Characteristic load: reference value of a load to be used
— No. 30.6 Structural Reliability Analysis of Marine Struc- in the determination of the load effects. The characteristic load
tures is normally based upon a defined fractile in the upper end of
B 600 Other (external) references the distribution function load.
601 The following other references shall be used: 104 Characteristic resistance: the nominal value of the
structural strength to be used in the determination of the design
— BS 7910 Guide on methods for assessing the acceptability strength. The characteristic resistance is normally based upon
of flaws in fusion welded structures a defined fractile in the lower end of the distribution function
— API RP1111 Design, Construction, Operation, and Main- for resistance.
tenance of Offshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines (Limit State 105 Constituent: in general, an element of a larger grouping.
Design) In advanced composites, the principal constituents are the
— API RP2RD Design of Risers for Floating Production Sys- fibres and the matrix.
tems (FPSs) and Tension-Leg Platforms (TLPs)
— EUROCODE 3 Design of steel structures - Part 1.1: Gen- 106 Cross-ply laminate: special laminate that contains only
eral rules and rules for building 0 and 90 degree plies.
— ISO/FDIS 2394 General Principles on Reliability for 107 De-lamination: separation or loss of bonds of plies (the
Structures 2-D layers) of material in a laminate.
— ISO/CD 13628-7 Petroleum and natural gas industries - 108 Environmental conditions: environmental exposure that
Design and operation of sub-sea production systems - Part may harm or degrade the material constituents.
7: Completion/ workover riser systems
109 Environmental loads: loads due to the environment,
Guidance note: such as waves, current, wind, ice, earthquakes.
The latest revision of the referenced documents applies. The lat- 110 Fabric: planar, woven material constructed by interlac-
est revision of the DNV documents may be found in the publica-
tion list at the DNV website www.dnv.com. ing yarns, fibres or filaments.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
111 Failure criterion: criterion to define or identify when
failure has occurred, usually expressed as an inequality in the
governing variables, e.g. load greater than resistance.
112 Failure mechanism: a mechanism of failure is the under-
C. General Definitions (see DNV-OS-F201) lying phenomenon at the material level that determines the
mode of failure. Depending on its level of severity a mecha-
C 100 Definitions nism of failure can lead to various failures. Failure mecha-
nisms are specific to material type.
101 The general definitions are identical to and as found in
DNV-OS-F201. 113 Failure mode: state of inability to perform a normal
function, or an event causing an undesirable or adverse condi-
C 200 Verbal forms used tion, e.g. violation of functional requirement, loss of compo-
nent or system function, or deterioration of functional
201 “shall”= indicate requirements strictly to be followed in capability to such an extent that the safety of the unit, person-
order to conform to this RP and from which no deviation is per- nel or environment is significantly reduced.
mitted.
114 Failure type: failure types are based on safety margin,
202 “should”= indicate that among several possibilities one
intrinsic to a given failure mechanism. A distinction is made
is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentioning between catastrophic and progressive failures, and between
or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is pre- failures with or without reserve capacity during failure.
ferred but not necessarily required as other possibilities may be
applied subject to agreement. 115 Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP): a general term poly-
203 “may”= indicate a course of action permissible within meric composite reinforced by fibres.
the limits of the RP. 116 Fibre: single filament, rolled or formed in one direction,
204 "agreement" and or "by agreement" = agreed in writing and used as the principal constituent of woven or non-woven
between the manufacturer or contractor, and the purchaser composite materials.
(unless otherwise indicated). 117 Filament: the smallest unit of a fibrous material. The
basic units formed during drawing and spinning, which are
gathered into strands of fibre. It is a continuous discrete fibre
with an effective diameter in the range of few micrometers
D. General Abbreviations and Symbols depending on the source.
(see DNV-OS-F201) 118 Functional requirement: a functional requirement is
defined as a requirement that the global structure has to fulfil.
D 100 Abbreviations and symbols
119 Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GRP): general term pol-
101 The general abbreviations and symbols are identical to ymeric composite reinforced by glass fibres.
and as found in DNV-OS-F201.
120 Homogeneous: descriptive term for a material of uni-
form composition throughout. A medium that has no internal
physical boundaries.
E. Definitions for Composite Risers 121 Inspection: activities, such as, measuring, examination,
testing, gauging one or more characteristic of a product or a
E 100 Definitions service, and comparing the results with specified requirements
101 Angle-ply laminate: symmetric laminate, possessing to determine conformity.
equal plies with positive and negative angles. 122 Interface: boundary or transition zone between constitu-
102 Anisotropy: material properties varying with the orienta- ent materials, such as the fibre/matrix interface, or the bound-
ary between plies of a laminate or layers of a sandwich Table F1 to Table F5 are used.
structure. Boundary between different materials in a joint. An
interface can also be the area where two components or parts Table F1 Definitions of symbols for variables
touch each other. Variables
123 Lamina: same as ply. 1,2,3 ply, laminate, or core local co-ordinate system , 1 being
the main direction
124 Laminae: plural of lamina
a half crack length
125 Laminate: layers of a plies bonded together to form a ai scalar
single structure. Also the process to build a laminate. Ai,j matrix A components
126 Laminate ply: same as ply. [A] extensional stiffness matrix
127 Layer: a single layer of reinforcement (see also defini- b width
tion for ply) C swelling agent concentration coefficient
128 Liner: the thin wall/pipe (usually made of metal) that is COV coefficient of variation, i.e., standard deviation over
applied within the composite pipe of most composite risers. mean
The purpose of the liner is to avoid leakage of the riser. D flexural rigidity
129 Local analysis: detailed analysis of parts of the riser sys- e core width
tem, e.g. critical cross-sections, connectors and joints. The {e} expensional strain field
local analysis should provide stresses and strains on the ply E modulus of elasticity
level. ei general expensional strain
130 Matrix: the cured resin or polymer material in which the f correction factor – scalar
fibre system is imbedded in a ply or laminate. G shear modulus
131 MCI: metal composite interface G strain energy release rate
h height of boxed beam
132 Monolithic structure: laminate consisting uniquely of
composites materials except core materials; also called single- H anisotropy factor
skin structure. I 2nd moment of area
133 Off-axis: not coincident with the symmetry axis; also k scalar
called off-angle. K stress intensity factor
l length
134 On-axis: coincident with the symmetry axis; also called
on-angle. m surface mass
M moment
135 Orthotropic: having three mutually perpendicular
planes of material symmetry. N in-plane load
Qi,j matrix Q components
136 Ply: basic building block of a laminate with orthotropic
[Q] stiffness matrix
properties. Reinforcement surrounded by a matrix. Several
layers of reinforcement may form a ply. Several plies form a R Resistance or Radius of pipe
laminate. S shear stiffness, local or global structure response
137 Reinforcement: a strong material embedded into a SCF stress concentration factor
matrix to improve strength, stiffness or impact resistance. Si,j matrix S components
138 Roving: a number of strands, tows, or ends collected into [S] transformed compliance matrix
a parallel bundle with little or no twist. t thickness
T transverse load, temperature
139 Strand: normally an untwisted bundle or assembly of
continuous filaments used as a unit, including slivers. Tows, U strain energy
ends, yarn and so forth, sometimes a single filament are called u, v, w displacement in (x, y, z)
a strand. V volume fraction
140 Stacking sequence: a description of the orientation of x, y, z global co-ordinate system
plies in a laminate. Φ failure criteria function
Guidance note: Ψ ratio between quantiles in the marginal distributions
and extreme-value distributions
The term stacking sequence is also often used to describe the
order riser joints are mounted to make up an entire riser. It should α thermal expansion coefficient
be clear from the context which definition is valid. α loading mode factor
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- β thermal swelling coefficient, or boundary conditions
factor
141 Warp: the direction along which yarn is orientated lon- ε direct strain, i.e. ε1 in the main direction
gitudinally in a fabric and perpendicularly to the fill yarn. εˆ strain to failure
142 Weft: the transversal threads of fibres in a woven fabric {ε} strain field
running perpendicular to the warp. γ shear strain
γF partial load factors
γFM partial load and resistance factor
F. Abbreviations and Symbols for γM partial resistance factors
Composite Risers γRd partial model factor, resistance component
γSd partial model factors, load component
F 100 Symbols and abbreviations μ mean value
101 The symbols, abbreviation subscripts etc. given in ν Poissonís ratio, i.e. major ν12, minor ν21
k characteristic value 3 2
Matrix matrix
1
max maximum
meas measured value O x, u
min minimum
nom nominal
ply ply
ref mean of the measured values Figure 5
Local co-ordinate system and symmetry planes in an orthotropic
Shear shear bi-directional ply
sl shear-loaded
SLS serviceability limit state
t tension
tc core thickness effects
typ typical value
ULS ultimate limit state
SECTION 2
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES
— safety class methodology Table C1 Target annual failure probabilities PFT for ULS, FLS
— design by LRFD-method and ALS
— reliability based design Failure consequence
— design by testing. Failure type Low Normal High
safety safety safety
103 Additional requirements specific for composite risers class class class
are given below.
Ductile failure type (e.g. as for PF = 10-3 PF = 10-4 PF = 10-5
C 200 Failure types steel)
Brittle failure type (base case PF = 10-4 PF = 10-5 PF = 10-6
201 Composite materials can fail in different ways than met- for composite)
als. The safety factors given in this RP are linked to failure
types that are modelled by the design criterion. Failure types C 400 Design by testing combined with analysis
are based on the degree of pre-warning intrinsic to a given fail-
ure mechanism. A distinction is made between catastrophic 401 Testing may be performed as described in DNV-OS-
and progressive failures, and between failures with or without F201. Additional guidance and requirements are given in
reserve capacity during failure. The failure types for each fail- Sec.4, Sec.5 and Sec.6.
SECTION 3
DESIGN INPUT - LOADS
E 200 Service classes throughout the design life and for which variations in mag-
201 The riser may be divided into sub-structures, each of nitude with time are negligible relative to their mean val-
which may belong to different service classes. ues; or load effects which are monotonically in - or
decreasing until they attain some limiting values
Guidance note: — variable load effects; effects which are unlikely to act
Service classes may be used to discriminate between parts of a throughout the specified design life or whose variations in
riser system with different maintenance requirements. For exam- magnitude with time are random rather than monotonic
ple, some parts of a riser system, which are less accessible, could and not negligible relative to their mean values.
be designed for a lower maintenance frequency.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- 204 The sustained value of permanent load effects shall cor-
respond to their characteristic value, the 99% quantile in the
distribution of the annual extreme value.
205 The sustained value of variable load effects is defined as
F. Loads the mean value of the effects over the time interval. The sus-
tained value Ss during the time interval to is determined such
F 100 General that the corresponding total duration above Ss is a portion
101 Loads for composite risers are as specified in DNV-OS- μ = 0.5 of the exposure period ts. See Fig. 1:
F201. Loads and deformations are categorised into four
groups:
∑t i ≤ μt s
— pressure (P) loads i
— functional (F) loads L o a d e ffe c t S
— environmental (E) loads
t1 t2 t3
— accidental (A) loads
102 All the load cases shall be described separately for each S u sta in e d
phase during the design life of the structure. v a lu e S s
201 The sustained load effect value should be used for the e x p o su re p e rio d t s
determination of time-dependent material properties as Figure 1
described in DNV-OS-C501 Sec.4. Sustained value of a variable load effect
Guidance note:
In general, it would be very conservative to determine the time
dependent degradation of material properties under long-term 206 The sustained value of the stress or strain fluctuations
loads by using the characteristic load effect value (i.e. extreme (load effect fluctuations) shall be specified within each obser-
load effect value). The sustained value is defined in this RP as an vation period for each time intervals.
average load effect value over the lifetime of the product. A 'table' of the following form should be established.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
Exposure time (duration) Sustained value
202 Sustained load values are defined over an observation ts Ss
period, which can correspond to the entire design life of the
riser or to a part of that design life. This observation period 207 The sustained value of a load effect over an observation
should be divided into several time intervals. Time intervals period may conservatively be chosen as the maximum value of
should not be chosen shorter than 1 hour. The maximum length that load effect during the observation period.
of a time interval depends on the load variations. Variations in 208 The sustained conditions should be considered for fail-
magnitude of the load within a time interval shall not be larger ure mechanisms or material property changes governed or
than half the absolute load amplitude during the total observa- influenced by long-term load effects.
tion period. Guidance note:
203 Load effects are divided, according to their variation For example, the sustained load effect value shall be used for the
with time, into: calculation of creep and for stress rupture.
— permanent load effects; effects likely to act or be sustained ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
S S
S s S s1
S s2
t t
S S
S s1 S s
S s2
t t
t 1 t 2
S s1
t
S s2
t 1 t 2
Figure 2
Division into time intervals and definition of sustained values Ssi for different load effect cases
F 300 The fatigue load effects Matrix representation of rain-flow counted strain amplitude
301 All load effect fluctuations, e.g. stress or strain fluctua- distribution.
tions, imposed during the entire design life, shall be taken into Guidance note:
account when determining the long-term distribution of stress The history of mean and amplitude of stress should be estab-
or strain ranges. All loads as given in F100 and all phases shall lished on discrete form by a rain-flow analysis.
be included and both low-cycle fatigue and high-cycle fatigue
shall be considered. A minimum resolution of the discrete stresses has to be defined
before the stress history is established.
302 Fatigue may be analysed for load effects in terms of
either stress or strain. Strain is preferred for composite lami- Note that for the fatigue analysis the history of mean stress/ strain
nates. and amplitude is needed. In a non-linear analysis, the mean may
shift relative to the amplitude during the transfer from applied
303 The characteristic distribution of load effect amplitudes load to load response.
should be taken as the expected distribution of amplitudes
determined from available data representative for all relevant If the time duration of some cycles is long or if the mean value is
applied over a long time, these loads may have to be considered
loads. This is a long-term distribution with a total number of for sustained load cases (stress rupture) as well.
stress/strain cycles equal to the expected number of stress/
strain cycles over a reference period such as the design life of Degradation is a non-linear, history-dependent process. If differ-
the structure. ent load and environmental conditions can cause different degra-
dation histories, all relevant load combinations shall be
304 For fatigue analysis, the mean and amplitude of the considered.
stress or strain fluctuations shall be specified. A 'table' of the
following form should be established. ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
Number of cycles Mean load Amplitude 305 Based on the material properties, in particular the char-
N S A acteristic S-N curve and the magnitude of its slope parameter,
it shall be assessed whether the bulk of the fatigue damage will
As an alternative to the presentation in table format, the fatigue be caused by several thousand or more stress cycles from the
loads can be presented on matrix form with one row for each characteristic stress distribution, or if it will be caused by only
mean strain, one column for each strain amplitude, and number one or a very few extreme stress amplitudes from this distribu-
of cycles as the entry of each matrix element; i.e. tion. In the former case, the natural variability in the individual
stress amplitudes can be disregarded as its effect on the cumu-
lative damage will average out, and the partial load factor can
be set equal to 1.0. In the latter case, the natural variability in
the few governing extreme stress amplitudes cannot be disre-
garded and needs to be accounted for by a partial load factor
greater than 1.0. If no detailed analysis of the load factor can
be made, the same factors as those given for static loads shall
be used.
SECTION 4
ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY
values should be used for the determination of time-dependent failure analysis (E300), it is possible to detect a sequence of
material properties as specified in Sec.3 F200. (acceptable) failure mechanisms that may happen prior to the
final (unacceptable) failure mechanism (often fibre failure).
B 500 Load effect and environmental conditions for Let us assume that the local analysis predicts the presence of
fatigue analysis matrix cracking somewhere in the riser (and that matrix crack-
501 The fatigue load effects should be combined with the ing is accepted), which in turn leads to reduced riser stiffness.
sustained environmental values for the fatigue analysis as This local reduction of stiffness may influence the overall
specified in Sec.3 F300. behaviour of the riser system. Therefore, in certain cases it may
be necessary to repeat the global analysis (with degraded mate-
B 600 Direct combination of loads and moments rial properties where relevant). Then, the presence of addi-
tional failure mechanisms should be investigated through a
601 The combination of load effects and environments as new local analysis. This iterative procedure (between global
described above should be used to obtain the load effects, i.e., analysis (with degraded material properties) and detailed local
local stresses and strains. failure analysis) should be performed until no new failure
602 If transfer functions and structural analysis are linear, mechanism is observed (acceptable design) or until a crucial
loads or moments can be combined by the procedures given failure mechanism is predicted (unacceptable design).
above instead of the load effects. Guidance note:
The change of axial stiffness due to local degradation mecha-
nisms is usually small and does not influence the global loads on
the riser system. In such cases, the global (static and dynamic)
C. Analysis Procedure for Composite Risers analysis does not need to be repeated although the local analysis
demonstrates that (acceptable) failure mechanisms occur. A con-
C 100 General servative approach should be chosen for the simplified analysis.
101 The global analysis of the riser system shall be per- ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
formed the same way as described in DNV-OS-F201. Detailed
local analysis should be applied for connectors/ joints and C 300 Global procedure with response surface
other critical parts of the riser system.
301 As an alternative to the global – local procedure pre-
102 Risers made of composites possess a complex behaviour sented in 200, a procedure may be used that requires extensive
due to the fact that the development of failure in composite local analysis to be conducted prior to the global failure analy-
materials usually involves a sequence of failure mechanisms sis. The local analysis is used to establish response surface that
(e.g. matrix cracking, de-lamination and fibre failure), each of can be used in subsequent global analysis.
which leads to local change of material properties.
302 A riser system is a relatively simple structure on a global
103 Due to the large number of failure mechanisms and the scale. Usually, the riser pipes contain a large number of iden-
fact that local effects are crucial for most failure modes related tical pieces of composite pipes that are all connected with the
to composite structures, it is extremely difficult to establish same type of connectors or joints. In other applications contin-
analytical acceptance criteria on a global level for all failure uous riser pipes, with constant properties along the pipe, may
modes. Therefore, local analysis should be extensively used in be used. In all these situations, the following procedure for
the evaluation of failures for composite risers. A method to evaluation of failure may be advantageous.
obtain global acceptance criteria by numerical analysis is
given in 300. 303 Prior to the global analysis of the riser system, global
limit states (on the form gmax = 1) are established by perform-
104 The development of local failure mechanisms, with cor- ing local failure analysis (of the pipes as well as the connec-
responding local degradation of material properties, may result tors/joints) for a large number of combinations of global load
in decreased values for the global stiffness parameters. This effects (bending moments, effective tension and internal or
may affect the overall global behaviour (e.g. displacements, external overpressure). The global limit states are represented
bending moments and effective tension) of the riser system. as surfaces in a space/ co-ordinate system with bending
Thus, the parameters that serve as boundary conditions for the moments, effective tension and internal/external overpressure
local analysis may be modified. along the axes. The surfaces are obtained by interpolating a
105 In the following two analysis procedures for composite collection of points (load cases) from the local analysis that
riser, systems are recommended. The principal difference satisfies gmax = 1. Such global limit states may be established
between the methods is the level on which the failure criteria for several kinds of (local) failure mechanisms.
(or limit states) are evaluated. Another obvious difference, 304 After these initial local investigations, the rest of the
which follows from the prior, is the order in which the global riser analysis may be performed on a global level.
and local analysis is conducted. Other analysis procedures may 305 If the initial local investigations are conducted by pro-
be found in DNV-OS-C502 Sec.9. gressive failure analysis (D500) global limit states may be
C 200 'Global - Local' procedure established for a wide range of (local) failure mechanisms. In
this way, an iterative procedure may be adopted. In the first
201 In order to evaluate the limit states one first performs step (after having established the limit states) global analysis is
global analysis of the entire riser system. The resulting global performed with initial (non-degraded) stiffness properties. Let
load effects (e.g. effective tension, bending moment, thermal us assume that a limit state (corresponding to a non-crucial
loads and internal or external overpressure) serve as boundary failure mechanism) is exceeded in certain global elements.
conditions for the forthcoming local analysis. Then the stiffness properties in those elements should be
202 Based on the load effects from the global analysis, local reduced (according to the observed local failure mechanism)
analysis, which leads to local load effects (stresses and strains), and the global analysis should be repeated. This iteration
is now conducted. should continue until no new limit state is exceeded (accepta-
ble design) or until a crucial limit state is exceeded (unaccept-
203 The local load effects resulting from the local analysis able design).
are finally applied in the local acceptance criteria (or failure
criteria) in order to detect possible failure mechanisms of the Guidance note:
riser components. The change of axial stiffness due to local degradation mecha-
nisms is usually small and does not influence the global loads on
204 If the local investigations are performed by progressive the riser system. In such cases, the global (static and dynamic)
analysis does not need to be repeated although the local analysis σ hoop
demonstrates that (acceptable) failure mechanisms occur.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
Guidance note:
σaxial
Example of a global failure criterion. The global failure criterion
should be established for a small section of the riser that repeats
itself along the length of the string. Typically such a section τ
could be a riser joint of about 15m length consisting of a pipe sec-
tion with two end fittings. A joint could also be modelled by Figure 2
establishing two separate response surface, one for the pipe sec- Simple schematic of a failure envelope of a 0/90 laminate
tion and one for the joint. For a long continuous riser a global
failure criterion would typically only be established for the pipe
section. The two joints would be investigated individually. ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
The loads and a riser section are shown schematically in Fig. 1. Guidance note:
Typically a section is analysed for the following loads: If the pipe is put under internal pressure, the fibres in the hoop
direction see twice as much stress as the fibres in the axial direc-
— pressure = P tion (since we have the same number of fibres running in both
— axial load = A directions). The burst pressure will be related to the maximum
stress the fibres can take in the hoop direction, provided the lam-
— moment = M inate is thin and we have the same stress in the hoop fibres
— torsion = T through the thickness (a condition that is often not fulfilled for
composite risers). The calculation gives point P1 in the global
A failure envelope on the pressure axis.
This is shown in Fig. 3 for a two dimensional P versus A, failure
P criterion.
M T
pressure
P2
Figure 1 hoop fibre failure P1 axial fibre failure
General loading conditions for a riser pipe
P3
axial force
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
Guidance note: P4 P5
The axial load can be defined as effective axial load, i.e., The laminate buckling
axial load without the axial end cap load caused by the pressure,
or it can be defined as the absolute axial load. Which choice is Figure 3
Global failure envelope for pressure and axial force
made is a matter of convenience, but it is important to use a con-
sistent approach. Torsion can often be neglected for metal risers.
However, even small torsional loads may cause damage in a ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
composite riser, depending on the particular layout and joint
geometry. Guidance note:
The selected section of the riser should now be analysed for all If the riser is exposed to additional effective axial loads the
stresses in the axial fibres will increase. The strength of the axial
possible combinations of: P, A, M and T. fibres has to be large enough to carry the applied axial load plus
For each combination a stress analysis of the section is carried the end cap load from the pressure. This gives points P2 and P3
out and all relevant failure criteria are checked at all places of the in the global failure criterion. P2 describes the maximum axial
section. The relevant failure criteria are at least fibre failure and load under maximum pressure. P3 the maximum axial load with-
out internal pressure. Ignoring Poisson’s effects and interactions
buckling, but other criteria like matrix cracking may have to be between the fibres, the failure envelope is given by lines between
considered. Which criteria should be considered is described in P1, P2 and P3.
Sec. 5. Under external pressure, collapse is defined by a buckling crite-
Once all combinations of: P, A, M and T have been analysed a rion. The collapse pressure is shown as P4. If we assume that the
collapse pressure is not effected by an axial load, P5 indicates the
four dimensional failure envelope can be defined for that section maximum external pressure and maximum axial load combina-
of the riser. tion.
To make the example more specific, just a riser pipe section is Many risers are not exposed to compressive axial loads and the
described in the following part. The same type of arguments can failure envelope is not expanded into that direction in this exam-
also be used for joints or a combined pipe-joint analysis. The ple.
laminate of the pipe has a 0/90 orientation with the same number If the riser sees torsion, the fibres of the 0/90 laminate will not be
of fibres running in the hoop direction as in the axial direction. stressed. Torsional load must be carried by the matrix. The tor-
sional load is then proportional to the in-plane shear strength of
A typical failure envelope for such a laminate is shown in Fig. 2. the matrix. Fig. 4 shows this in the global P-A-T failure envelope.
lysed with the assumption that matrix cracking has already E. Analytical Methods
occurred throughout the riser. This means that the riser may be
modelled with reduced stiffness for all riser elements. In most E 100 General
cases this is a conservative (with respect to local and/or global 101 Analytical methods can be divided into two classes:
load effects) simplification. However, in certain displacement Analytical solutions of (differential) equations or use of hand-
controlled problems (for example if the displacement of the top book formulae.
of the riser is dictated by prescribed movement of the platform)
the simplification may be non-conservative. This effect should E 200 Assumptions and Limitations
be carefully investigated when relevant. 201 Analytical methods shall not be used outside their
402 The method may be applied for both 2-D and 3-D prob- assumptions and limitations.
lems. Guidance note:
The main disadvantage of available analytical solutions is that
403 Due to the assumption of matrix cracking in the compo- simplifications often put too many restrictions on geometry, lam-
nent the material properties are degraded in the entire domain inate build-up etc. and hence, are insufficient in the design of
by setting certain elasticity parameters to zero (default value). more complex composite structures.
That is, for in-plane 2-D analysis the stiffness in the fibre direc- Handbook formulae are usually too simple to cover all the design
tion (of each ply) is kept unaltered, while the rest of the prop- issues and are also in general not sufficient.
erties are assumed to be changed according to DNV-OS-501 Simplified isotropic calculation methods should not be used,
Sec.4 I. If 3-D analysis is required, the in-plane parameters are unless it can be demonstrated that these methods give valid
dealt with as in the 2-D analysis, while all through thickness results.
parameters are changed if through thickness stresses cause ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
matrix cracking or non-linear deformation of the matrix.
404 This method should be mainly used for statically deter- E 300 Link to Numerical Methods
mined problems, as is the case for a riser pipe. Otherwise this 301 Analytical solutions or handbook formulae used within
simplified method, with degradation of material properties in their assumptions and limitations may be used to validate finite
the entire domain, may offer considerably incorrect stress/ element analysis results.
strain distributions. If the error cannot be analysed and
included into the model factor a more refined method shall be
used.
F. Local Finite Element Analysis
D 500 Local progressive analysis
F 100 General
501 Local progressive analysis, which is presented herein,
101 Only recognised FE-programs should be used. Other
provides more accurate results than obtained by the simplified programs shall be verified by comparison with analytical solu-
method presented in D400. Instead of degrading almost all tions of relevant problems, recognised FE-codes and or exper-
parameters in the entire domain, this method is based on a step- imental testing.
wise degradation of a limited number of parameters in
bounded regions. F 200 Modelling of structures – general
502 All kinds of local failure mechanisms may be detected 201 Element types shall be chosen based on the physics of
by the method. the problem.
503 The method may be applied for both 2-D and 3-D prob- 202 The choice of the mesh should be based on a systematic
lems. iterative process, which includes mesh refinements in areas
with large stress/strain gradients.
504 Initially, non-degraded ply properties shall be used in 203 Problems of moderate or large complexity shall be ana-
the progressive failure analysis. lysed in a stepwise way, starting with a simplified model.
505 The boundary conditions (load effects from the global 204 Model behaviour shall be checked against behaviour of
analysis) for the component are imposed in a step-wise man- the structure. The following modelling aspects shall be treated
ner, as a first step a small portion e.g. 10 % of the load is carefully:
applied. Based on this load level, laminate and ply stresses and
strains are calculated and analysed by the relevant failure cri- — loads
teria (for each ply). If a failure is detected somewhere in a ply, — boundary conditions
certain material properties of that ply shall be locally degraded, — important and unimportant actions
which means that the parameters shall be reduced in locations — static, quasi-static or dynamic problem
(e.g. finite elements) where the failure is detected. Then, the — damping
local analysis shall be repeated with locally degraded parame- — possibility of buckling
ters for the same load level. If no failure is observed, the load — isotropic or an-isotropic material
is increased to e.g. 0.2 x load, and a similar failure analysis is — temperature or strain rate dependent material properties
performed. — plastic flow
— non-linearities (due to geometrical and material proper-
506 When the analysis finds that the matrix is cracked, the ties)
properties should be changed according to DNV-OS-501 Sec.4 — membrane effects.
I.
205 Stresses and strains may be evaluated in nodal points or
507 The step-wise increase in loads as indicated in 505 con- Gauss points. Gauss point evaluation is generally most accu-
tinuous until a critical failure mechanism is observed (unac- rate, in particular for layered composites, in which the distribu-
ceptable design) or until the entire load is applied and no tion of stresses is discontinuous, and should therefore be
critical failure mechanism detected (acceptable design). applied whenever possible.
— the possibility to select different co-ordinate systems in a should be taken into account, see DNV-OS-501 Sec.4 C1000.
clear and unambiguous way. Guidance note:
303 Depending on the area of application, additional analy- Although static material properties may yield conservative pre-
sis options should be available, such as: dictions of displacements, a strength assessment based on static
properties is not necessarily conservative since both the material
— appropriate solver with stable and reliable analysis proce- strength and the material stiffness may be enhanced at high strain
rates. The higher stiffness may increase the induced stress so that
dures the benefit of the increase in the material strength may be lost.
— options characterising large displacements and large Furthermore, ductile materials often become brittle at high rates.
strains (for geometrically non-linear analysis) Thus, the extra margin provided by ductile behaviour may be
— material models describing the behaviour of, e.g., lami- destroyed.
nates beyond first failure (for materially non-linear analy- There is a lack of sophisticated material models taking the rate
sis) dependent behaviour into consideration.
— robust incremental procedures (for non-linear analysis in
general) ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
— tools for frequency domain analysis and/or options such as
time integration procedures (for dynamic analyses)
— appropriate post-processing functionality
— database options H. Impact Response
— sub-structuring or sub-modelling.
H 100 General
F 400 Execution of analysis 101 Impact should be evaluated by testing as described in
401 FEA tasks shall be carried out by qualified engineers Sec.5 F300.
under the supervision of an experienced senior engineer.
402 Analysis shall be performed according to a plan, which
has been defined prior to the analysis.
I. Thermal Stresses
403 Extreme care shall be taken when working with different
relevant co-ordinate systems, i.e. global, ply based, laminate I 100 General
based, element based and stiffener based systems.
101 Changes in temperature from the environment resulting
404 The approach shall be documented. in dimensional changes of the body shall be taken in account.
The general thermal strains, ei, can be expressed as:
F 500 Evaluation of results
501 Analysis results shall be presented in a clear and concise ei = α i ΔT
way using appropriate post-processing options. The use of αi is the thermal expansion coefficients, and temperature is
graphics is highly recommended, i.e. contour plots, (amplified) denoted by T.
displacement plots, time histories, stress and strain distribu-
tions etc. 102 Residual strains shall be calculated against the reference
temperature for which αi was determined. It is usually the cur-
502 The results shall be documented in a way to help the ing temperature
designer in assessing the adequacy of the structure, identifying
weaknesses and ways of correcting them and, where desired, 103 Accordingly, the stress-strain relations shall be modified
optimising the structure. to account for the stress free environmentally induced expan-
sional strains as follows:
F 600 Validation and Verification {ε } = [S ]{σ } + {e}
601 FE-programs shall be validated against analytical solu-
tions, test results, or shall be benchmarked against a number of
finite element programs.
602 Analysis designer shall check whether the envisaged J. Swelling Effects
combination of options has been validated by suppliers. If this J 100 General
is not the case, the necessary validation analysis shall be per-
formed. 101 Changes in gas/fluid absorption from the environment
resulting in dimensional changes of the body shall be taken in
603 FEA-results shall be verified by comparing against rele- account. The general swelling strains, ei, can be expressed as:
vant analytical results, experimental data and/or results from
previous similar analysis. ei = β i C
604 Analysis and model assumptions shall be verified. βi is the swelling expansion coefficients and C is swelling
605 Results shall be checked against the objectives of the agent concentration inside the laminate.
analysis. 102 Accordingly, the stress-strain relations shall be modified
606 Verification whether the many different relevant co- to account for the stress free environmentally induced expen-
ordinate systems have been applied correctly shall be consid- sional strains as follows:
ered. {ε } = [S ]{σ } + {e}
— presence of axial compressive stresses in the riser pipe unstable. Examples include cylindrical shells and cylindrical
— presence of circumferential compressive or shear stresses panels under axial loading. Such cases shall be subject to spe-
in the riser pipe cial analysis and or tests.
— presence of all compressive stresses in the joint area.
K 300 Buckling analysis of more complex elements or
102 All parts of the riser, like pipe, liners and fittings should entire structures
be evaluated for buckling. 301 Buckling analysis of more complex elements or entire
103 Two alternative approaches may be used in analysing structures shall be carried out with the aid of verified finite ele-
buckling problems: ment software or equivalent.
— analysis of isolated components of standard type, such as 302 Initially a natural frequency buckling analysis shall be
tubular sections, beams, plates and shells of simple shape performed assuming initial (non-degraded) elastic properties
for the laminates. This shall be repeated with alternative, finer
— analysis of an entire structure (or of an entire, complex meshes, until the lowest natural frequency and corresponding
structural component). modes are not significantly affected by further refinement. The
K 200 Buckling analysis of isolated components main purposes of this analysis are to clarify the relevant buck-
ling mode shapes and to establish the required mesh density for
201 When a member or component that is a part of a larger subsequent analysis.
structure is analysed separately a global analysis of the struc-
ture shall be first applied to establish: 303 Careful attention shall be paid to correct modelling of
boundary conditions.
— the effective loading applied to the member/component by 304 If the applied load exceeds, or is close to, the calculated
the adjoining structural parts elastic critical load, the design should be modified to improve
— the boundary conditions for the structural member, in the buckling strength before proceeding further.
terms of translational and rotational stiffness components
in all relevant directions. 305 A step-by-step analysis shall be carried out. Geometrical
non-linearity shall be included in the model. The failure crite-
202 For simple members or components standard formulae ria shall be checked at each step. If failure such as matrix
or tables may be used to estimate elastic critical loads (Pe), cracking or de-lamination is predicted, any analysis for higher
critical stresses (σe) or critical strains (εe), and the correspond- loads shall be performed with properties reduced as described
ing elastic buckling mode shapes. Alternatively these quanti- in DNV-OS-C501 Sec.4 I.
ties may be calculated using analytical or numerical methods. 306 Alternatively to the requirement in 305 a geometrically
It shall always be checked that the buckling mode shape is con- non-linear analysis may be performed using entirely degraded
sistent with the boundary conditions. properties throughout the structure. This will normally provide
203 An assessment shall be made of the shape and size of ini- conservative estimates of stresses and deformations. However,
tial, geometrical imperfections that may influence the buckling provided reinforcing fibres are present in sufficient directions,
behaviour of the member. Normally the most critical imperfec- so that the largest range of un-reinforced directions does not
tion shape for a given buckling mode has a similar form to the exceed 60º, such an estimate will not normally be excessively
buckling mode itself. However, any geometrical feature conservative.
(including eccentricity of loading) that results in compressive 307 The influence of geometric imperfections should be
forces that are not coincident with the neutral axis of the mem- assessed, on the basis of the production method and production
ber may require consideration. The assumed form and ampli- tolerances. See DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6 H.
tude of the imperfection shall be decided on the basis of the
production process used with due consideration of the relevant
production tolerances, see DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6 H.
204 In some cases a geometrically non-linear analysis may L. Partial Load-Model Factor
be avoided as follows. The elastic critical load (without imper-
fections) Pe is calculated. In addition an ultimate failure load L 100 General
Pf is estimated at which the entire cross-section would fail by 101 A deterministic factor shall be assigned to each struc-
compressive fibre failure, in the absence of bending stresses at tural analysis method. It is designated in this RP as the partial
the section in question. If Pe > Pf the further assessment may load-model factor γSd.
be based on geometrically linear analysis provided geometrical
imperfections are included and the partial load effect model- 102 The load-model factor accounts for uncertainties of the
ling factor is increased by multiplying it by the factor: structural analysis method being used to accurately describe
1 and quantify the response of the structure.
103 Model factors for the main structural analysis methods
1 − Pf 4 Pe are given in the following sub-sections.
205 In cases where it is possible to establish the bending 104 In some cases a structure is only evaluated by testing,
responses (stresses, strains or displacements) associated with and such an approach evaluates only the particular conditions
an in-plane loading separately from the in-plane (axial) tested. A procedure for this approach is given in DNV-OS-
responses, a first estimate of the influence of geometrical non- C501 Sec.10.
linearity combined with the imperfection may be obtained by
multiplying the relevant bending response parameter obtained L 200 Connection between partial load-model factor
from a geometrically linear analysis by a factor: and analytical analysis
1 1 1 201 When analytical methods are used within their assump-
, or tions and limitations a model factor of 1.0 should be used.
1 − P Pe 1−σ σe 1− ε εe
202 If analytical methods are used outside their assumptions
and combining the modified bending responses with the and limitations, it shall be documented that the magnitude of
(unmodified) in-plane responses. the model factor ensures that all predicted stresses and strains
206 The above procedures (205 and 206) may be non-con- are higher than in reality. If the choice of model factor cannot
servative for some cases where the post-buckling behaviour is be documented, the analytical method shall not be used.
L 300 Connection between partial load-model factor 304 If the boundary conditions do not exactly represent the
and finite element analysis real conditions the effect on the load model factor shall be
evaluated. As a minimum a factor of 1.1 shall be used.
301 The accuracy of FE-methods is generally very good
when the structure is properly modelled. The use of these 305 If the load-model factor cannot be determined for calcu-
methods with unsatisfactory models is much more uncertain. lations in a critical region, e.g. a critical joint or region of stress
concentrations, experimental qualification should be done (see
302 When FE-methods are used within their assumptions DNV-OS-C501 Sec.10).
and limitations (and according to F) a model factor of 1.0 may
be used. L 400 Connection between partial load-model factor
303 If FE-methods are used outside their assumptions and and dynamic response analysis
limitations, it shall be documented that the magnitude of the 401 The accuracy of the dynamic analysis shall be estimated.
model factor ensures that all predicted stresses and strains are The load-model factor used, which is described in sec. L200
higher than in reality. If the model factor cannot be docu- and L300, should include all uncertainties due to dynamic
mented, the analysis method shall not be used. effects.
SECTION 5
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR RISER PIPES
Table A1 Typical limit states for the riser system loads or events as described in Sec.4 L.
Limit State Limit State or Failure definition or Comments B 200 Load effect factors
Category Failure Mode
201 The design load effect is used in the design checks. Sev-
Clearance No contact between e.g. riser-riser,
riser-mooring line, riser-hull, surface eral combinations may have to be checked when load effects
tree- floater deck, subsea tree-seabed, from several load categories enter one design check. The load
surface jumper- floater deck. effect factors shown in Table B1 shall be used wherever the
Excessive Large angular deflections that are design load effect is referred to for all limit states and safety
angular beyond the specified operational lim- class.
response its, e.g. inclination of flex joint or ball
joint. Table B1 Load effect factors
Excessive top Large relative top displacements Limit state F-load E-load A-load
SLS displacement between riser and floater that are effect effect effect
beyond the specified operational lim- γF 1) γE 2) γA
its for top tensioned risers, e.g. stroke
of telescope joint, slick joint and ten- ULS 1.1 1.3 NA
sioner, coiled tubing, surface equip- FLS 1.0 1.0 NA
ment and drill floor. Note that SLS and ALS 1.0 1.0 1.0
systems can be designed for exceed-
ing displacement limits if the struc- NOTES
tural integrity is maintained. 1) If the functional load effect reduces the combined load effects,
Mechanical Mechanical function of a connector γF shall be taken as 1/ 1.1.
function during make-up/break-out.
2) If the environmental load effect reduces the combined load
Bursting Membrane rupture of the pipe wall effects, γE shall be taken as 1/ 1.3.
caused by internal overpressure, pos-
sibly in combination with axial ten- B 300 Load model factors
sion or bending moments
Liquid tightness Leakage in the riser system including
301 Load model factors γSd account for inaccuracies, ideali-
pipe and components, caused by sations, and biases in the engineering model used for represen-
internal overpressure, possibly in tation of the real response of the structure. Effects of geometric
combination with axial tension or tolerances shall also be included in the load model factor. The
bending moments factor is treated here as a deterministic parameter.
Buckling Buckling of the pipe cross section 302 Details about the load model factor are given in Sec.4 L.
and/or local buckling of the pipe wall
due to the combined effect of external
overpressure, effective tension and
bending moment.
ULS C. Resistance
Propagating Propagating hoop buckling initiated
buckling by hoop buckling. C 100 Resistance factors
Damage due to Damage to the inside or possibly to
wear and tear the outside of the pipe during opera- 101 The following resistance factors apply:
tion or installation, resulting into
burst or leakage. — material resistance factor γm to account for material and
resistance uncertainties
Explosive Rapid expansion of fluid inside a — a resistance model factor to account for possible inaccura-
decompression material or interface leading to dam-
age that may cause leakage or burst. cies in the failure criteria used
— a system factor
Chemical Chemical decomposition or corro-
decomposition sion of materials with time that leads 102 The resistance factors applicable to ultimate limit states
Corrosion to a reduction and strength, resulting (ULS) are specified in Table C1 and C2. The factors are linked
into burst or leakage.
to the safety class to account for the consequence of failure.
Same as ULS Failure caused by accidental loads Failure types are described in Sec.2 C200 and specified in
and SLS directly, or by normal loads after DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6 A200 for all failure criteria.
accidental events (damage condi-
tions).
ALS Table C1 Brittle failure type
Impact Damage introduced by dropped
objects, like drill bits etc. COV of the strength
Safety class
Fire Resistance to fire, if parts are above COV < 10% 10%-12.5% 12.5%-15%
water Low 1.22 1.33 1.49
FLS Fatigue failure Excessive Miner fatigue damage or Normal 1.34 1.53 1.83
fatigue crack growth mainly due to High 1.47 1.75 2.29
environmental cyclic loading,
directly or indirectly.
Table C2 Plastic or ductile failure type
COV of the strength
Safety class
COV < 10% 10%-12.5% 12.5%-15%
B. Load Effects Low 1.11 1.16 1.23
B 100 Design load effects Normal 1.22 1.33 1.49
High 1.34 1.53 1.83
101 Design load effects are obtained by multiplying the load
effect of each category by their corresponding load effect fac- 103 The resistance factors applicable to accidental limit
tor. states (ALS) are identical to the factors for ULS, specified in
102 A load model factor shall be determined to account for the tables in 102.
systematic errors in calculating local load effects from global 104 The resistance factors applicable to serviceability limit
states (SLS) are specified in Table C3. The factors are linked Buckling Same range as all Sec.6 H
to the safety class to account for the consequence of failure. other criteria
Displacements 1.0 Sec.6 I
Table C3 SLS
Stress rupture 0.1-1.0 Sec.6 J400
COV of the strength
Safety class Fatigue 0.1-1.0 Sec.6 K300
COV < 10% 10 %-12.5% 12.5%-15%
Normal 1.11 1.16 1.23 C 500 System effect factor
High 1.22 1.33 1.49 501 The safety factors are given for the entire system.
Depending on how the components are connected to form a
Guidance note:
system, the target probability of failure for individual compo-
For SLS, the set of resistance factors can be defined by the
owner, see G.
nents may need to be lower than the target probability of fail-
ure of the entire system.
For ALS, the set of safety factors depends on the frequency of
occurrence and is to be defined from case to case, see F. In cases, 502 In order to take this system effect into account, a system
where the inherent uncertainty related to the accidental load is effect factor γS shall be introduced. If the system effect is not
negligible and, where a conservative estimate is applied, the relevant, γS = 1.0. Otherwise a system factor shall be docu-
material resistance factor in Table C1, Table C2 and Table C3
can be reduced by 10%. mented. A value of γS = 1.10 can be used as a first approach.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
Guidance note:
E.g. In the case of a riser string, the failure of one section (i.e.
plain pipe or end connector) is equivalent to the failure of the
C 200 Geometrical parameters
entire system. This is a chain effect in which any component of
201 Nominal dimensions shall be used for all calculations the string can contribute. As a consequence, the target safety of
related to FRP laminates or polymers. individual section should be higher than the target safety of the
entire system, in order to achieve the overall target safety.
202 For metals, the dimensions as described in the related
metal standards like DNV-OS-F201 for dynamic risers shall be ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
used.
Guidance note:
C 300 Material strength A continuos spoolable riser has only two end connectors (one at
301 The characteristic material strength as described in each end). Failure of an end connector is also a system failure.
DNV-OS-501 Sec.4 shall be used for all calculations. However, since there are only two connectors it is not a chain
effect and γS = 1.0 can be used.
302 Both characteristic short term properties and character-
istic long term properties up to the design life shall be consid- ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
ered. How to obtain long term properties is described in DNV-
OS-501 Sec.4. 503 In some cases a system may consist of parallel compo-
nents that support each other and provide redundancy, even if
Guidance note:
one component fails. In that case a system factor smaller than
If all long term properties are lower than short term properties, 1 may be used if it can be based on a thorough structural relia-
one analysis with long term properties is usually sufficient. How-
ever, in some instances stresses may be distributed differently at bility analysis.
the beginning of the design life than at the end. In that case two
analysis may be required.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- D. Ultimate Limit State
303 If the strength of the material is temperature dependent D 100 General
or dependent on the surrounding environment within the range
of operational conditions, the analysis should consider the 101 The riser pipe shall be designed against relevant modes
range of strength using the same principles as given in 302. of failure listed in Table A1.
C 400 Resistance model factors 102 This section provides design checks with emphasis on
load controlled conditions. Design principles for displacement
401 Resistance model factors γRd account for differences controlled conditions are discussed in 900.
between true and predicted resistance values given by the fail-
ure criterion. 103 Loading conditions for the limit state checks are
obtained as described in Sec.4. Risers are typically evaluated
402 Model factors shall be used for each failure criteria. The
factors are given in DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6. for internal/ external pressure, axial tension, bending and all
A summary is given in Table C4. possible combinations of these loads. Composite risers may be
very sensitive to small torsional loads and small axial compres-
Table C4 Model factors sive loads, depending on the laminate and end-fitting design.
Failure criterion Model factors Reference in All loads should be considered in the limit state analysis.
γRd DNV-OS-C501
104 An example of the sequence of steps in evaluating a limit
Fibre failure 1.0 or γA Sec.6 C202 state is shown in Fig.1. Each limit state can be related to vari-
Matrix cracking 1.0-1.15 Sec.6 D100 to ous failure mechanisms. For each failure mechanism a relevant
D400
mathematical description, i.e. a failure criterion, has to be
De-lamination 1.0-2.0 Sec.6 E
found.
Yielding 1.0 Sec.6 F
Ultimate failure of orthotropic 1.25 Sec.6 G 105 Failure criteria are given directly in this section or see
homogenous materials relevant failure criteria in DNV-OS-C501.
*) usually risers are designed that they do not experience compressive loads.
D 400 Buckling
401 Buckling of the riser tube shall be considered as a possi-
Figure 1 ble failure mechanism.
Example to illustrate flow from limit state to design criterion. 402 Relevant load conditions that may induce buckling of
the riser tube are:
D 200 Bursting — axial compression
201 Bursting of the pipe may be caused by internal overpres- — bending of the riser tube as a beam (i.e. such that the axis
sure, possibly in combination with axial tension or bending of the riser tube bends)
moments. — torsion of the tube about its own axis
— external overpressure.
202 The global analysis of the riser shall provide the worst
combination of the above loads for local analysis. The local It may be relevant to consider the simultaneous presence of
analysis shall establish load effects (stresses or strains) on the axial tension along with bending, torsion or external pressure,
ply level. or of internal overpressure along with axial tension/compres-
203 The analysis shall check all failure mechanisms listed in sion, bending or torsion.
DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6 A501. 403 Buckling shall be evaluated as described in DNV-OS-
204 Fibre failure shall always be analysed (DNV-OS-C501 C501 Sec.6 H taking due account of geometric imperfections.
Sec.6 C). Fibre failure defined here as ply failure in the fibre 404 For liner buckling, see Sec.6 D400.
direction, as described in DNV-OS-501 Sec.4. Fibre failure is
not acceptable. 405 If analytical formulae are used for estimating critical
buckling loads, due account shall be taken of the an-isotropic
205 Matrix cracking of the laminate may be acceptable as properties of the riser wall. 406 to 410 provide some formulae
long as a fluid barrier remains intact. Typically matrix crack- that may be used to estimate the elastic critical loads for the
ing is acceptable for riser pipes with a liner. See Sec.6 D for load cases listed in 402. These should be used with knock-
requirements for the liner. down factors to give the buckling strength allowing for geo-
206 If the riser does not have a liner or fluid barrier, fluid metric imperfections, as indicated. The criterion to be checked
tightness in the presence of matrix cracks should be docu- is given in 411. Combined loads may be considered in accord-
mented. Usually a laminate leaks only after a certain number ance with 412.
or density of matrix cracks has developed. It is recommended 406 A negative effective tension may cause a riser to buckle
to determine the point of leakage experimentally by compo- in compression. Buckling may take the form of global beam-
nent testing (DNV-OS-C501 Sec.10). column buckling or local buckling of the riser wall, or a com-
207 Matrix cracking may reduce the compressive strength bination of the two. For axial compression the critical values of
under some conditions (DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6 C400). The pos- the mean axial compressive stress for elastic buckling in the
sible consequences of such a strength reduction should be con- global and local modes, σcr global and σcr local, and the buckling
sidered. resistance, σˆ buckling, may be derived as follows:
208 Fluid tightness can also be documented by showing that
the matrix does not crack (DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6 D).
1 1 1
209 Delaminations in the laminate may be acceptable if = +
through thickness stresses must not be carried by the laminate. σˆ buckling σˆ buck global σˆ buck local
However, delaminations may reduce the buckling strength.
210 Yielding is not a failure mode for most fibre reinforced
R 2 k A globalπ E xx
2
laminates. If yielding can happen two options may be used.
The design does not allow yielding (DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6 F). σˆ buck global = k A globalσ cr global = 2
Alternatively, a fully non-linear analysis may be done consid- L 2
ering the effects of yielding. See Sec.6 D for requirements for
the liner.
t k A local E xx K 1
211 Buckling may happen locally under bending of the riser. σˆ buck local = k A localσ cr local =
Buckling is not acceptable. Requirements for buckling are R [3(1 − ν xθν θx )]1 / 2
given in D400.
In the above, L is the effective length of the riser tube for global
212 Large displacements or deformations due to high loads buckling as a beam-column, R and t are the radius and thick-
do usually not cause burst. Large deformations may weaken ness of the riser tube, the suffices x and θ refer to the axial and
composite metal interfaces. circumferential directions, -E- and -ν- are modulus and Pois-
213 Materials shall be chosen in a way that they do not son’s ratio, and K1 is the an-isotropy factor given by:
K 1 = ⎨2 ⎢1 + ν xθ ⎜⎜ θθ ⎟⎟ ⎥⎜⎜ θθ ⎟⎟ ⎬ L2 ⎜⎝ D xx ⎢⎣ 12 Aθθ D xx
⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝ R t ⎠
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ ⎝ E xx ⎠ ⎥⎦⎝ E xx ⎠ E xx ⎪
⎭ 410 For the case of external pressure loading the critical
Exx, Eθθ and Gxθ are the laminate elastic engineering moduli pressure for elastic buckling, pcr, and the buckling resistance
for in-plane deformations. Note that the engineering constants pressure, p̂ buckling, may be estimated from:
are only defined for symmetric laminates. ⎛ B ⎞
2
3 k p ⎜ Dθθ − θθ ⎟
The knock-down factors to account for geometric imperfec- ⎜ Aθθ ⎟⎠
pˆ buckling = k p p cr = ⎝
tions, kA global and kA local , should be taken as 0.67 and 0.5 R 3
⎢
(
⎡ Axx Aθθ − Axθ 2 t 2 ⎤
⎥
) 1/ 2
⎛ L2 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≥ 500
small positive effective tension is excessive curvature and bend-
ing moment near the location of minimum effective tension. ⎝ Dxx ⎠ ⎣⎢ 12 Aθθ Dxx ⎥⎦ ⎝ Rt ⎠
Note that members above the tension joint for top tensioned ris- Guidance note:
ers may be subjected to compressive forces for some riser types. pcr is the local minimum internal pressure taken as the most unfa-
vourable internal pressure plus static head of the internal fluid.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- For installation pmin equals zero. For installation with water-
filled pipe, pmin equals pe.
407 For bending of the riser tube the critical bending
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
moment for elastic buckling - Mcr, -, and the buckling resist-
ance moment - M̂ buckling - may be derived from: 411 The failure criterion for buckling when the resistance is
determined by use of the above formulae is as follows:
∧
1.3 k MπRt 2 E xx K 1 F buckling
Mˆ buckling = k M M cr = γ F .γ Sd .F ≤
[3(1 − ν xθν θx )]1 / 2 γ Mbuckle .γ Rdbuckle
in which R and t are the radius and thickness of the riser tube, F = characteristic value of the induced stress or
the suffices x and θ refer to the axial and circumferential direc- ∧ stress resultant (σ, M, T or p)
tions, E and ν are modulus and Poisson’s ratio, and K1 is an F buckling = characteristic value of the resistance obtained
anisotropy factor as defined in 406. The knock-down factor kM from the tests
to account for geometric imperfections should be taken as 0.5 γF = partial load or load effect factor
unless a higher value can be demonstrated. γSd = partial load or load effect model factor
408 Special care shall be given when a small decrease in top γMbuckle = partial resistance factor
tension of a top-tensioned riser could cause excessive bending γRdbuckle = partial resistance-model factor.
moment. In that case, the designer shall establish a minimum The partial resistance factor γMbuckle and γRdbuckle may be
effective tension that gives a margin above the tension that is taken as 1.0, if the knock-down factors given in the above sec-
predicted to cause excessive bending moments. tions are adopted.
409 For the case of torsional loading about the riser’s longi- The load effect model factor γSd shall take account of the accu-
tudinal axis, the critical torsional moment for elastic buckling, racy of representation of geometrical imperfections and
MTcr, and the buckling resistance torsional moment, M̂ T buck- boundary conditions. The value shall be determined from
ling, may be estimated from: Sec.4 L.
D stiffness matrix of the composites can be obtained from stand- that causes stress concentrations or load introduction points.
ard laminate theory calculations, explained in most textbooks.
105 Possible changes in stiffness with time shall be consid-
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- ered for cyclic and static fatigue (see DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6
J200 and K200).
D 500 Propagating buckling
501 Propagation buckling is not considered for composite E 200 Cyclic fatigue
risers, since local buckling is already not acceptable. 201 The riser system shall have adequate safety against
cyclic fatigue within the service life of the system. See DNV-
D 600 Wear and tear OS-F201 Sec.4 and Appendix B for more details with respect
601 The riser pipe shall have sufficient resistance to wear to fatigue design and analysis. The safety factors are given in
and tear from the fluids or equipment running through the pipe. this document in Section E 400.
(See also DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6 M). 202 All cyclic loading imposed during the entire service life,
602 Composite riser have often an internal liner. In this case which have magnitude and corresponding number of cycles
wear resistance of the liner shall be demonstrated. large enough to cause fatigue damage effects, shall be taken
into account. Temporary phases like transportation, towing,
603 If the composite riser does not have a liner wear resist-
ance of the laminate shall be demonstrated. installation, running and hang-off shall be considered. Loads
shall be described as stated in Sec.3 F300.
604 The riser shall not leak and the laminate shall keep its
load carrying capacity after degradation due to wear and tear. 203 Normally, the methods based on characteristic S-N
curves and reduction of strength with time are used during
605 Drilling risers should have a smooth inner bore to pre- design for fatigue life assessment (DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6 K).
vent tools from catching the inner liner. S-N curves should be obtained as described in DNV-OS-501
Sec.4 C.
D 700 Explosive decompression
204 If representative fatigue resistance data are not availa-
701 Explosive decompression may happen if fluid is ble, direct fatigue testing of the actual components shall be per-
entrapped under pressure within the material or the interface. formed with due regard of the chemical composition of the
A sudden reduction of pressure in the system may cause the internal and external environment (DNV-OS-C501 Sec.10).
fluid to expand and cause severe damage.
702 If the fluid can diffuse into any riser materials explosive 205 The stress to be considered for fatigue in a riser is the
decompression shall be considered (DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6 O). cyclic (i.e., time-dependent) stress. Mean value and amplitude
should be obtained.
703 Fluids in risers with a tight metal inner liner cannot dif-
fuse through the metal and explosive decompression due to the 206 This combined stress varies around the circumference of
internal fluids does not have to be considered. the riser pipe. For cases where the waves are incident from sev-
eral different directions, the fatigue damage must hence be cal-
D 800 Chemical decomposition - corrosion culated at a number of regularly spaced points to identify the
most critical location.
801 Materials shall be chosen which do not decompose
chemically in the design environment within the lifetime of the E 300 Stress rupture
riser (DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6 Q).
301 The riser system shall have adequate safety against
802 Glass, aramid and carbon reinforced laminates made of stress rupture (or static fatigue) within the service life of the
polyester, vinyl or epoxy have not shown chemical decompo- system.
sition in marine environments. However, they do age as
described in DNV-OS-C501 Sec.4 C through E. 302 All long term permanent loads during the entire service
803 Possible corrosion of the constituent materials should be life, which have magnitude large enough to cause stress rup-
considered. Carbon fibres in contact with metals may cause ture effects, shall be taken into account. Temporary phases like
galvanic corrosion. transportation, towing, installation, reeling, running and hang-
off shall be considered. Loads shall be described as stated in
D 900 Displacement controlled conditions Sec.3 F200.
901 Displacement controlled conditions can be addressed as 303 Normally, the methods based on long term stress rupture
described in the standard for dynamic risers DNV-OS-F201. curves and reduction of strength with time are used during
design for fatigue life assessment (DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6 K).
902 Accumulated yielding is usually not relevant for com- Material data should be obtained as described in DNV-OS-501
posite laminates, but it should be considered for all other com- Sec.4 C.
ponents, like metal or thermoplastic liners etc.
304 If representative stress rupture resistance data are not
available, direct testing of the actual components shall be per-
formed with due regard of the chemical composition of the
E. Fatigue Limit State internal and external environment (DNV-OS-C501 Sec.10).
E 100 General 305 The stress to be considered for stress rupture in a riser is
the long term static stress.
101 Cyclic fatigue and static fatigue (or stress rupture)
should be considered for composite risers. 306 This stress may vary around the circumference of the
riser pipe. For cases where the waves are incident from several
102 All failure modes that were evaluated in static analysis different directions, the stress rupture analysis must hence be
shall also be evaluated for possible fatigue failures. A few calculated at a number of regularly spaced points to identify
exceptions are given in the failure criteria in DNV-OS-C501 the most critical location.
Sec.6 J and Sec.6 K.
103 The effects of possible creep or stress relaxation on the E 400 Factors for static and dynamic fatigue analysis
riser system should be evaluated. 401 The factors γfat in Table E1 shall be used for the predic-
104 All critical sites of each unique component along the tion of failure due to cyclic fatigue or due to long term static
riser shall be evaluated. These sites normally include details loads. The factors shall be used with the failure criteria in
DNV-OS-C501 Sec. 6 J and K (Miner Sum). should be exposed to the expected number of impact events.
Table E1 Factor for fatigue calculations γfat F 500 Evaluation after impact testing
Safety class 501 The impact tests should demonstrate that no unaccepta-
Low Normal High ble damage is introduced into the riser. Once the riser has been
15 30 50 exposed to impact it should be carefully inspected to ensure
that no unexpected failure mechanisms occurred that may
402 When using the factors in Table E1, no in-service reduce the riser's performance, in particular long term perform-
inspection is required. See also Section 9. ance. If the riser will be taken out of service after an impact,
403 In-service inspection may be used if it can be combined long term considerations do not have to be made.
with damage growth and failure predictions, to optimise a 502 It shall be shown further that the riser can carry all rele-
fatigue analysis. vant loads after impact until it can be taken out of service for
repair or replacement. This can be done by demonstrating that
the riser remains pressure tight for the time it takes to take the
F. Accidental Limit State riser out of service. The riser should remain pressure tight for
at least 1 hour.
F 100 General 503 If the riser may be exposed to impact but can or should
101 The same considerations apply to composite risers as not be repaired afterwards, it should be shown that the riser can
given in the DNV-OS-F201. withstand all long-term loads with the damage induced by the
impact. This can be done by analysis taking the observed
F 200 Resistance against fire impact damage into account, by testing, or a combination of
201 If the riser is used above the water line resistance against analysis and testing. Testing should be done according to
fire shall be demonstrated. A full scale fire test with a repre- DNV-OS-C501 Sec.10.
sentative fire is the recommended option to demonstrate fire
performance.
202 It is recommended to use composite risers made of flam- G. Serviceability Limit State
mable materials only below the water line. Metal riser sections
can be used above the water line. In that case it is not necessary G 100 General
to demonstrate fire resistance of the composite riser.
101 The same considerations apply to composite risers as
F 300 Resistance against dropped objects - impact given in the DNV-OS-F201.
301 Demonstration of resistance against dropped objects, as
drill-bits may be required. The impact scenario should be
defined by the local authorities or the user. H. Special Considerations
302 It shall be shown that the riser remains leak tight after an H 100 Interference
impact of the defined scenario.
101 The same considerations apply to composite risers as
303 When considering the effects of impact, it should be
given in the DNV-OS-F201.
documented that no unintended failure mechanisms will hap-
pen due to impact. H 200 Unstable Fracture and Gross Plastic Deformation
304 The resistance of the riser to impact should be tested 201 Metal parts should fulfil the same requirements as given
experimentally. This can be done in two ways. in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 H200.
— the material or a small section is exposed to a relevant 202 Composite laminates should have a certain minimum
impact scenario. The strength of the material with the fracture toughness to prevent unstable fracture growth.
impact damage should be determined. This strength can be
203 Laminates with all of the properties listed below have
used for further design of the riser
sufficient fracture toughness:
— the full riser is exposed to a relevant impact scenario. The
riser is tested afterwards to show that it can still tolerate the — Laminates that have somewhere layers with fibre direc-
critical loads. tions that are at least 30 degrees apart.
305 Impact failure criteria may be used if experimental evi- — The thickness of layers with fibres in one direction is less
dence shows that they are applicable for the application. than 0.6 mm.
F 400 Impact testing Layers of interwoven fibres with fibres in two directions with
are at least 30 degrees apart may have any thickness.
401 If the testing option is chosen in 303, the riser should be
tested lying on the ground under normal operating pressure and 204 If 203 does not apply the notch sensitivity of a laminate
axial tension. A higher pressure than operating pressure may shall be at least 0.8 in all directions. Notch sensitivity is
be used to simulate the axial tension. defined here as the strength of a laminate with notches divided
by the ultimate strength. The ratio of crack length to specimen
402 The riser pipe should be impacted in the middle and width shall be at least 0.375. The thickness of the notch shall
close to the joint. be not more than 0.5 mm. It is recommended to test notch sen-
403 It should be evaluated whether the riser should be able to sitivity with double edge notched specimens, where notches
withstand more than one impact scenario. In that case the riser are cut into the specimen on each side.
SECTION 6
CONNECTORS AND LINERS
A. General 102 The fibres run usually in a complicated 3-D pattern at the
joint. The analysis should model the fibre arrangement prop-
A 100 Objective erly. In an FE-analysis, the elements should follow the direc-
101 This section gives requirements to connectors, compo- tion of the fibres.
nents and liners. Metal parts shall fulfil all requirements given 103 The composite metal connector interface shall be strong
in DNV-OS-F201 Dynamic risers, in particular Sec.6 of that enough to transfer all loads considered for the connector and
standard. This section covers composite and plastic compo- the pipe section.
nents and gives additional requirements for metal components.
104 If the riser has a liner, the liner is usually also connected
102 The aim of the design is to ensure that the riser with its to the metal connector in some way. This connection shall not
connectors, liner and riser components has adequate structural inhibit the functions of the liner in any way and shall be as reli-
resistance, leak tightness and fatigue resistance for all relevant able as the liner itself.
load cases. Resistance against accidental loads such as fire and
impact shall also be considered when applicable. Guidance note:
The composite metal connector interface is typically a mechani-
103 Risers and connectors shall achieve the same or higher cal joint. Adhesive joints may be used, but it is difficult to dem-
level of reliability as the structure of which they are part. onstrate reliable long-term performance of the adhesive joint.
104 All connectors, components and interfaces shall be eval- ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
uated against the same limit states as described for the riser
pipe in Sec.5. 105 The performance of the composite metal interface shall
105 Connectors and components made of fibre reinforced be verified by testing. Minimum requirements are given in G.
plastics can in principle be analysed and tested the same way
as a structure or component. However, some special consider- C 200 Limit states
ations are described in the following sections. 201 The composite metal connector interface shall be at least
analysed for the same limit states as the riser pipe.
A 200 Definition of joint
202 A local analysis should be carried out based on loads and
201 The term "joint" is used in this section as a connection boundary conditions from the global analysis of the riser sys-
between two parts, like a mechanical joint or and adhesive tem.
joint. It is not used as a riser joint, describing a section of riser
pipe with two end connectors. 203 A careful analysis of all possible failure modes shall be
made. It shall be shown for all failure modes that they either
will not occur or are not critical for the performance of the riser
system.
B. Connector Designs 204 The possible mismatch of thermal properties of materi-
B 100 Functional requirements als shall be considered in the analysis.
101 Riser connectors shall allow for multiple makeup and 205 Internal or external pressure on the riser system may be
breakout in a reliable manner. The connector may permit for beneficial or detrimental to the performance of the joint. This
interchangeability between connector halves to allow riser effect shall be considered in the analysis.
joints to be run in any sequence. 206 Creep of any of the materials used in the joint may
102 The basic requirements given for the performance of reduce friction, open up potential paths for leakage or lead to
connectors in DNV-OS-F201 apply also for composite risers. cracks. Effects of creep shall be carefully considered.
Guidance note:
B 200 Design and qualification considerations
It is highly recommended to design the joint in a way that it also
201 It is recommended to make the connectors of metallic functions if the matrix of the composite laminate is completely
materials. If the connector is made of composite great care degraded. In that case the joint can perform as long as the fibres
should be taken to analyse the complicated stress states and are intact and sufficient friction between fibres and the fibre
stress concentrations. Through thickness stresses away from metal interface exists. Such a joint does not rely on the usually
the fibre directions tend to be critical and as a consequence uncertain long-term properties of the matrix.
through thickness material properties. Extensive testing is ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
most likely needed to qualify a composite connector.
202 If the connector is made of metal all requirements given 207 Metal parts should be designed in a way that they do not
in DNV-OS-F201 apply. Special consideration should be yield to ensure no changes in the geometric arrangement of the
given for the composite metal interface between the connector joint. If any yielding can occur a non-linear analysis shall be
and the riser pipe, see under C. done taking all relevant load histories and accumulated plastic
deformations into account.
208 Possible effects of corrosion on metals and interfaces
shall be evaluated.
C. Composite - Metal Connector Interface
209 Possible galvanic corrosion between different materials
C 100 General shall be considered. An insulating layer between the different
materials can often provide good protection against galvanic
101 The interface between the metal connector and the com- corrosion.
posite pipe is a critical part of the riser design. The interface is
basically a joint and all general requirements given under F 210 Leak tightness of the joint shall be carefully evaluated.
should be considered. In particular possible flow along interfaces should be analysed.
ticular, a longitudinal seam in a liner may have a large 505 If interfaces only touch each other friction and wear
effect on the buckling resistance should be considered (DNV-OS-C501 Sec.6 M).
— plastic as well as elastic deformation in the liner during 506 Fluids may accumulate between interfaces. They may
buckling accumulate in voids or de-bonded areas and or break the bond
— the temperature at which the failure event is considered to of the interface. The effect of such fluids should be analysed.
occur. As well as influencing the liner fit parameter η, the Possible effects of rapid decompression of gases should be
temperature in the liner material may significantly affect considered.
both its elastic properties and its plastic yield properties
— the mismatch of thermal properties between liner and lam- 507 If the laminate may have matrix cracks, but the liner
inate shall not crack (or vice versa), it shall be shown that cracks
— possible degradation of the liner properties prior to the cannot propagate from one substrate across the interface into
event, e.g. due to hydrolysis. the other substrate. Possible de-bonding of the interface due to
the high stresses at the crack tip should also be considered.
406 The buckling phenomena shall be evaluated by means of 508 It is recommended to demonstrate by experiments that
non-linear analysis and/or testing in accordance with Sec.4 K. cracks cannot propagate across the interface from one sub-
In the case of non-linear analysis, an appropriate finite element strate to the other. It should be shown that by stretching or
method shall be applied using contact elements at the liner/ bending both substrates and their interface that no cracks form
tube interface. in the one substrate even if the other substrate has the maxi-
407 If the only difference between liner and structural lami- mum expected crack density.
nate is that the one has reinforcement and the other does not, Guidance note:
i.e., they were made of the same matrix material, there is basi-
cally no interface between liner and matrix. In this case the A weak bond between the substrates is beneficial to prevent
crack growth across the interface. However, it means that
liner and laminate can be treated as bonded provided: debonding may happen easily.
— inner liner and laminate were not connected by a second- ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
ary bond
— through thickness testing (at least 3 tests) of the laminate 509 Local deformation of the liner may create high stresses
with liner shows that the combined material does not fail or strains in the composite laminate next to the liner. This
at the connection between liner and laminate for more than effect shall be evaluated if local deformations of the liner can
30% of the tests be present.
— the combined material has the same strength as the
through thickness strength of the laminate within 10%. D 600 Liner to end connector interface
601 All requirements of D apply.
408 Special attention shall be paid to the possibility of a fluid
pressure occurring between the liner and riser tube in a region 602 The interface will be exposed to pressure, axial, and
with de-bonding between the two components, and a subse- bending loads.
quent rapid growth of de-bonding (Fig. 1).This is essentially a 603 Fluid tightness of the liner connector interface shall be
problem involving bending of the liner combined with growth carefully insured.
of a crack at the interface and is not a buckling problem as
such. 604 Special attention shall be given to welds or seals, ensur-
ing that the different movements of end connector and liner can
Region of initial de-bonding be followed.
605 Aspects related to joints in general, under F, should also
be considered.
Liner
D 700 Wear and tear
701 It should be demonstrated that the liner material could
Riser tube withstand the operating conditions with respect to wear and
tear.
702 Wear and tear should never destroy the fluid tightness of
the liner.
703 It may be good practice to add extra thickness to the liner
or to provide a separate layer for wear and tear protection.
704 The inner liner should be strong enough to withstand
possible shear, scraping and torsional loads from equipment
Figure 1 running inside riser. This is particularly important for drilling
Possible fluid pressure build-up in the interface between liner and risers.
riser tube causing rapid growth of initial de-bonding
104 If the outer liner is exposed to UV radiation in service or ferent types of joints:
during storage, it should be UV resistant.
Table F1 Design approaches for different categories of joints
E 200 Mechanical performance Type of joint Analytical Qualifica- Analyses com-
201 Outer liners are not exposed to autofretage. They should approach tion testing bined with testing
be kept below yielding. (updating)
202 Resistance of the outer liner to handling and the external Laminated joint x x x
environment shall be considered. The outer liner may get some Adhesive joint x x
damage from handling, but the structural layer underneath Mechanical joint x x
should not be effected.
105 The level of all stress (strain) components in all relevant
203 If the outer liner shall ensure that no water comes into areas of the joint, including stress concentrations, shall be
the laminate and the inner liner does not have to be analysed determined according to the same procedures as specified for
for collapse under external water pressure the outer liner the rest of the structure. Special emphasis shall be put on pos-
should meet the following requirements: sible stress concentrations in the joint. It shall be recognised
— the outer liner must be watertight that the stress concentrations in the real structure may be dif-
— it should be demonstrated that no path exist for the water ferent than determined through the analyses due to e.g. simpli-
to flow into the laminate. The seals at the end of the outer fications made, effects of FEM-meshing etc.
liner, usually against the end connector should be carefully 106 An analytical analysis is sufficient, if the stress field can
evaluated for long and short term performance be determined with sufficient accuracy, i.e., all stress concen-
— water tightness should be demonstrated even when some trations are well characterised and a load model factor γSd can
external damage from handling is present be clearly defined. In all other cases experimental testing
— it is recommended to apply an extra layer for protection according to DNV-OS-C501 Sec.10 shall be carried out to
against handling. confirm the analysis.
204 The performance requirements to the outer liner should 107 If the material properties, especially of the interface can-
not be effected by a possible impact scenario. not be determined with sufficient accuracy, experimental test-
ing according to DNV-OS-C501 Sec.10 shall be carried out.
E 300 Blow out of outer liner Scaled testing may be possible, as described in F200.
301 If fluids can diffuse through the inner liner into the load 108 Long term performance of a joint may be determined
bearing laminate the outer liner may suffer from blow out if the based on long-term materials data, if a clear link between the
external pressure is lower than the pressure inside the laminate. material properties and joint performance can be established.
302 Blow out can be prevented by a venting mechanism. The requirements of 102 and 103 also apply for long term per-
formance.
303 Blow out will also not happen if it can be shown that the
fluids will diffuse from the laminate through the outer liner 109 The load cases should be analysed with great care for
into the external environment more rapidly than from the joints. Relatively small loads in unfavourable directions can do
inside of the tube through the inner liner into the laminate. In great harm to a jointed connection. Especially loads due to
addition, the remaining fluid concentration should be low unintended handling, like bending, stepping on a joint etc.
enough that even under low external pressure the outer liner should not be forgotten.
cannot blow out. 110 Joints may be analysed by testing alone as described in
DNV-OS-C501 Sec.10 B.
111 The most practical approach is likely to use a combina-
F. Joints of Materials or Components - general tion of analysis and testing. Since a large conservative bias
aspects may be necessary in the analysis to account for the many
uncertainties in a joint design it is recommended to use the
F 100 Analysis and testing updating procedures of DNV-OS-C501 Sec.10 C400 to obtain
a better utilisation of the joint. The purpose of this approach is
101 The same design rules as applied for the rest of the struc- to update the predicted resistance of the joint with the results
ture shall be applied to joints, as relevant. from a limited number of tests in a manner consistent with the
102 Joints are usually difficult to evaluate, because they have reliability approach of the RP.
complicated stress fields and the material properties at the
interfaces are difficult to determine. F 200 Qualification of analysis method for other load
conditions or for scaled joints
103 Joints may be designed according to three different
approaches: 201 If an analysis method predicts the tested response and
strength of a joint based on basic independently determined
— an analytical approach, i.e. the stress/ strain levels at all material properties according to DNV-OS-C501 Sec.10 C, the
relevant parts of the joint including the interface are deter- analysis works well for the tested load conditions. The same
mined by means of a stress analysis (e.g. a FEM-analysis) analysis method may be used:
and compared with the relevant data on the mechanical
strength — for the same joint under different load conditions, if the
— design by qualification testing only, i.e. full scale or scaled other load conditions do not introduce new stress concen-
down samples of the joint are tested under relevant condi- trations in the analysis
tions such that the characteristic strength of the complete — for a joint that is similar to an already qualified joint, if all
joint can be determined local stress concentration points are similar to the already
— a combination of an analytical approach and testing, i.e. qualified joint and all material properties are known inde-
the same approach specified in DNV-OS-C501 Sec.10 C pendently.
for updating in combination with full scale component
testing. 202 Local stress concentrations are similar if the local geom-
etry of the two joints and the resulting stress fields at these
104 The options marked in Table F1 may be used for the dif- local points can be scaled by the same factor.
203 An analysis method that predicts the test results properly 607 An adhesive joint may also introduce local through
but not entirely based on independently obtained materials thickness stresses in the composite laminate that can lead to
data can only be used for other load conditions or joint geom- failure inside the laminate in the joint region.
etry if it can be demonstrated that the material values that were
not obtained by independent measurements can also be applied F 700 Mechanical joints
for the new conditions. 701 Mechanical joints are often very sensitive to geometrical
F 300 Multiple failure modes tolerances.
301 Most joint designs can fail by various failure modes. All 702 Creep of the materials shall be considered.
possible failure modes shall be carefully identified and ana- 703 The pretension of bolted connections shall be chosen by
lysed. See DNV-OS-C501 Sec.10 D. considering possible creep of the material under the bolt.
F 400 Evaluation of in-service experience 704 It is preferred to design the joint in a way that its per-
formance is independent of the matrix. This way matrix crack-
401 In service experience may be used as experimental evi- ing or degradation of matrix properties are not important for
dence that a joint functions well. the performance of the joint.
402 This evidence shall only be used if the load and environ-
mental conditions of the in-service experience can be clearly
defined and if they match or are conservative for the new appli-
cation. G. Test Requirements
403 Material properties of the joints to be compared should G 100 General
be similar. The analysis method should be able to address all
differences between the joints according to B100 and 200. 101 Due to the uncertainties in designing connectors and lin-
ers some testing is required to confirm predicted performance.
F 500 Laminated joints 102 Testing should be done whenever uncertainties in the
501 Laminated joints rely on the strength of the interface for analysis cannot be resolved. These uncertainties may be
load transfer. The interface has resin dominated strength prop- related to the structural analysis, boundary conditions, model-
erties. Defects in the interface tend to be more critical than ling of local geometry, material properties, properties of inter-
defects in the interface of plies of laminate, because the joint faces, etc. The procedure given in DNV-OS-C501 should be
interface is the only and critical load path. followed for testing.
502 The strength of the joint may be different from the 103 The predicted performance of the Composite Metal con-
through thickness matrix properties of the laminate, because nector Interface CMI and the resistance of the riser to external
the joint may be a resin rich layer and the joint may be applied pressure shall be confirmed by testing. Minimum test require-
to an already cured surface instead of a wet on wet connection. ments are given in table G1.
(see manufacturing). The strength of the joint should be docu-
mented. Table G1 Summary of test requirements
503 Laminated joints are very sensitive to peel conditions. High safety class Normal safety class Reference
Peel stresses should be avoided. Design Phase
504 For the interface between the joining laminates the Axial test / 1 test to failure 1 test to failure G200
matrix design rules given in Sec.5 apply. The resistance of the pressure test
interface shall be determined with the same level of confidence Axial or 2 tests to 50x 1 test to 30x actual G300
as specified in Sec.4 A600. It shall be recognised that the bending actual number of number of cycles or
resistance of the interface between the laminates may not be fatigue of cycles or sur- survival test to
the same as the corresponding resistance parameter of the join- CMI vival test to about 100000
about 100000 cycles
ing laminates. Resin rich layers may even have to be analysed cycles
by different failure criteria, e.g., the yield criterion in Sec.6 F.
Stress rupture 2 tests to 50x 1 test to 30x actual G400
505 The laminates themselves, including possible over-lam- test of CMI if actual lifetime or lifetime or survival
inations, shall be analysed like regular laminates. matrix prop- survival test to test to about 1000
erties are crit- about 1000 hours hours
F 600 Adhesive joints ical or fibres
can creep
601 All issues related to laminated joints also apply to adhe-
sive joints. If the inner Test bond Test bond between G500
liner is between liner liner and laminate
602 Geometrical details should be clearly specified, espe- bonded to the and laminate
cially at points of stress concentrations like the edges of the laminate
joints. External Use specimen Use specimen after G500
603 The relationship between all elastic constants of both pressure test after fatigue test fatigue test and
and expose to expose to maximum
substrates and the adhesive should be carefully considered. maximum external pressure
Mismatches may introduce stresses or strains that can cause external pressure
failure of the joint. If impact Impact tests Impact test Sec.5 F300
604 Thermal stresses should be considered. requirement to F500
605 Long term performance of adhesive should be estab- After fabrication
lished with great care. The long-term performance is not only Pressure test Test to a given Test to a given Sec.5 A300
influenced by properties of the substrate, the adhesive and the internal pressure internal pressure
interface, but also by the surface preparation and application for each riser for each riser com-
method. component ponent
606 Relevant long-term data shall be established exactly for 104 Testing may be done at room temperature and with
the combination of materials, geometry, surface preparation water as a pressure medium if the effect of temperature
and fabrication procedures used in the joint. changes and fluid changes can be well described. If the effect
of changing the environmental conditions is uncertain, testing interpreted from a log(stress)-log(lifetime) diagram for the
should be carried out in the worst conditions. anticipated number of cycles to failure. If more tests are
made the requirements are given in DNV-OS-C501 Sec.4
G 200 Axial/ pressure test of riser with composite metal H806.
interface
304 For low safety class long term testing is not required.
201 One axial tensile test to failure shall be carried out. The
axial tensile test can be replaced by a pressure test if the axial 305 The sequence of the failure modes in the test shall be the
load created by the pressure test exceeds the maximum service same as predicted in the design. If the sequence is different or
load of the riser. if other failure modes are observed, the design shall be care-
fully re-evaluated.
202 The failure load or pressure should be at least the pre-
dicted μ-σ for high safety class and μ-2σ for normal safety 306 Fatigue tests should be carried out with a typical load
class, where μ is the mean prediction and σ is one standard sequence or with constant load amplitude. If a clearly defined
deviation of the predicted load. If more than one test is done load sequence exists, load sequence testing should be pre-
the requirements are given in DNV-OS-C501 Sec.10 C200. ferred.
203 If the performance of the CMI is very dependent on the 307 In some cases high amplitude fatigue testing may intro-
internal pressure it should be evaluated if axial testing with and duce unrealistic failure modes in the structure. In other cases,
without internal pressure is required to demonstrate the per- the required number of test cycles may lead to unreasonable
formance of the CMI. The evaluation should be based on how long test times. In these cases an individual evaluation of the
well the strength can be predicted by modelling for the two test conditions should be made that fulfils the requirements of
conditions. 302 or 303 as closely as possible.
308 Additional tests may be required if resistance to a failure
G 300 Cyclic fatigue testing for end fittings and compos- mode cannot be shown by analysis with sufficient confidence
ite metal interface and if this failure mode is not tested by the tests described
301 Fatigue testing should be performed in axial tension or above.
in bending. The most relevant test should be found by evaluat-
ing the design analysis. G 400 Stress rupture testing for end fittings and com-
posite metal interface
302 For high safety class at least two survival tests shall be
carried out. The specimen should not fail during the survival 401 Only if the performance of the metal composite interface
test and it should not show unexpected damage. The require- depends on matrix properties or adhesives, or if the fibres in
ments to the testing are: the laminate can creep, long term static testing should be per-
formed. Two survival tests should be carried out for high
— tests should be carried out up to five times the maximum safety class applications and one survival test for normal safety
number of design cycles with realistic amplitudes and class applications. If it can be shown that the CMI keeps its
mean loads that the component will experience. If constant strength if the matrix in the laminate is cracked and degraded
amplitude testing is carried out tests should be carried out and the fibres do not creep, long term static testing is not
up to 50 times the maximum number of design cycles to required.
compensate for uncertainty in sequence effects. 402 For high safety class at least two survival tests shall be
— if the anticipated lifetime exceeds 105 cycles testing up to carried out. The specimen should not fail during the survival
105 cycles may be sufficient. The load levels should be test and it should not show unexpected damage. The require-
chosen such that testing of the two specimens is completed ments to the test results are:
after at least 104 and 105 cycles respectively. The loga-
rithms of the two test results shall fall within μ-σ of the — tests should be carried out up to five times the maximum
logarithm of the anticipated number of cycles to failure, design life with realistic mean loads that the component
where μ is the mean of the logarithm of the predicted will experience. If constant load testing is carried out tests
number of cycles to failure and σ is one standard deviation should be carried out up to 50 times the design life to com-
of the logarithm of the predicted number of cycles to fail- pensate for uncertainty in sequence effects.
ure, both interpreted from a log(stress)-log(lifetime) dia- — if the anticipated lifetime exceeds 1000 hours testing up to
gram for the anticipated number of cycles to failure. If 1000 hours may be sufficient. The load levels should be
more tests are made the requirements are given in DNV- chosen such that testing is completed after 103 hours. The
OS-C501 Sec.4 H806. logarithms of the two test results shall fall within μ-σ of
the logarithm of the anticipated lifetime, where μ is the
303 For normal safety class at least one survival test shall be mean of the logarithm of the predicted lifetime and σ is
carried out. The specimen should not fail during the survival one standard deviation of the logarithm of the predicted
test and it should not show unexpected damage. The require- lifetime, both interpreted from a log(stress)-log(lifetime)
ments to the testing are: diagram for the anticipated lifetime. If more tests are made
the requirements are given in DNV-OS-C501 Sec.4 H806.
— tests should be carried out up to three times the maximum
number of design cycles with realistic amplitudes and 403 For normal safety class at least one survival test shall be
mean loads that the component will experience. If constant carried out. The specimen should not fail during the survival
amplitude testing is carried out tests should be carried out test and it should not show unexpected damage. The require-
up to 30 times the maximum number of design cycles to ments to the test results are:
compensate for uncertainty in sequence effects.
— if the anticipated lifetime exceeds 105 cycles testing up to — tests should be carried out up to five times the maximum
105 cycles may be sufficient. The load levels should be design life with realistic mean loads that the component
chosen such that testing of the two specimens is completed will experience. If constant load testing is carried out tests
after at least 104 and 105 cycles respectively. The loga- should be carried out up to 30 times the design life to com-
rithms of the test results shall fall within μ-2σ of the loga- pensate for uncertainty in sequence effects.
rithm of the anticipated number of cycles to failure, where — if the anticipated lifetime exceeds 1000 hours testing up to
μ is the mean of the logarithm of the predicted number of 1000 hours may be sufficient. The load levels should be
cycles to failure and σ is one standard deviation of the log- chosen such that testing is completed after 103 hours. The
arithm of the predicted number of cycles to failure, both logarithms of the two test results shall fall within μ-2σ of
the logarithm of the anticipated lifetime, where μ is the G 600 Specimen geometry - Scaled specimen
mean of the logarithm of the predicted lifetime and σ is
one standard deviation of the logarithm of the predicted 601 The specimen geometry for testing may be chosen to be
lifetime, both interpreted from a log(stress)-log(lifetime) different from the actual under certain conditions.
diagram for the anticipated lifetime. If more tests are made 602 Specimens may be shorter than in reality. The free
the requirements are given inDNV-OS-C501 Sec.4 H806. length of the riser pipe between end-fittings should be at least
6 x diameter.
404 For low safety class long term testing is not required.
603 Most test specimens have a relevant CMI at both ends of
405 The sequence of the failure modes in the test shall be the the riser pipe. In this case testing one riser pipe with two CMIs
same as predicted in the design. If the sequence is different or can be used to fulfil the requirement of two survival tests for
if other failure modes are observed, the design shall be care- the CMI, provided both CMIs are exposed to the same loading
fully re-evaluated. conditions.
406 Stress rupture tests should be carried out with a typical 604 Scaled specimens may be used if analytical calculations
load sequence or with a constant load. If a clearly defined load can demonstrate that:
sequence exists, load sequence testing should be preferred.
G 500 Inner liner test requirements — all critical stress states and local stress concentrations in
the joint of the scaled specimen and the actual riser are
501 If the design relies on a bond between liner and compos- similar, i.e., all stresses are scaled by the same factor
ite laminate, the quality of the bond shall be tested. Tests can between actual riser and test specimen
be done on the pipe or representative smaller specimens. If the — the behaviour and failure of the specimen and the actual
laminate may have cracks, but the liner not, the requirements riser can be calculated based on independently obtained
in D507 should be considered. material parameters. This means no parameters in the
502 If the riser may be exposed to external pressures its analysis should be based on adjustments to make large
resistance to buckling should be tested. The test shall be car- scale data fit
ried out by applying maximum external pressure to the riser. — the sequence of predicted failure modes is the same for the
The riser and liner shall be produced with controlled and rep- scaled specimen and the actual riser over the entire life-
resentative tolerances. Testing shall be carried out according to time of the riser
the requirements in DNV-OS-C501 Sec.10. External pressure — an analysis method that predicts the test results properly
testing shall be carried out on test specimens that have previ- but not entirely based on independently obtained materials
ously been exposed to high loads and have developed repre- data, may be used for other joint geometry. In that case it
sentative degradation of material properties. The fatigue tests should be demonstrated that the material values that were
specified in G200 can most likely also be used to introduce not obtained by independent measurements can also be
representative damage. applied for the new conditions.
503 Testing of a bent riser under external pressure should be
considered if: 605 Tests on previous risers may be used as testing evidence
if the scaling requirement in 604 is fulfilled. Materials and pro-
— if the riser can be bent in service and this bending could duction process should also be identical or similar. Similarity
reduce the resistance to internal pressure (e.g. due to oval- should be evaluated based on the requirements in DNV-OS-
isation) C501 Sec.4.
— if the effect of ovalisation on the buckling resistance cannot
be predicted by calculations with sufficient confidence.
SECTION 7
MATERIALS
SECTION 8
DOCUMENTATION AND VERIFICATION
A. General
A 100 Documentation and verification
101 All requirements given in DNV-OS-F201 apply also to
composite risers.
SECTION 9
OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, REASSESSMENT, REPAIR
201 If the riser is designed according to this document and if 203 An acceptable repair solution is to replace the entire
the predicted time to failure divided by the fatigue safety factor component if it is damaged. This approach requires that the
from Sec.5 is longer than the intended service life, inspection component can be taken out of the system.
is not expected to be necessary and need not be included in the 204 It may also be acceptable to keep a component in service
in the operation and maintenance documents. However, if the with a certain amount of damage without repairing it. The size
intended service life is exceeded or if load or environmental and kind of acceptable damage shall be defined and it must be
conditions were worse than planned, then the component possible to inspect the damage. The possible damage shall be
should be inspected and refurbished if necessary or replaced. considered in the design of the structure.
202 The reliability and functionality of all inspection meth- 205 If local damage may happen to the structure detailed
ods should be documented. procedures to repair such anticipated damage shall be given.
203 Available inspection methods can often not detect all 206 If the damage is due to an unknown loading condition or
critical failure mechanisms. However, the methods may detect accident, an analysis of the damage situation shall be carried
preceding failure mechanisms. A link between detectable fail- out. The analysis shall identify whether the damage was due to
ure mechanisms and critical failure mechanisms shall be estab-
a design mistake or an unexpected load condition. If the unex-
lished.
pected load may reoccur, a design change may be required.
204 In many cases, a complete inspection programme cannot
be developed due to the limited capabilities of available NDT D 300 Requirements for a repair
equipment. In that case the following alternatives may be used: 301 A repair should restore the stiffness and strength of the
205 Inspection of components during or right after manufac- original part. If the stiffness and/or strength cannot be restored,
turing may be replaced by well documented production con- the performance of the component and the total system under
trol. the new conditions shall be evaluated.
206 Inspection to detect damage due to accidental loads or 302 It shall be documented that local reduction in strength
overloads may be compensated for by monitoring the loads may not be critical for the total performance of the structure.
and comparing them to the design loads. If this method is used
the component must be replaced after all overloads or other D 400 Qualification of a repair
events exceeding the design requirements. This approach shall 401 A repair is basically a joint introduced into the structure.
be agreed upon with the customer. The repair shall be qualified in the same way as a joint (see
207 Inspection frequencies and acceptance criteria should be Sec.6 B).
determined for each project.
402 The repair procedure used to qualify the joint shall also
be applicable for each particular repair situation.
403 Suitable conditions for repair work shall be arranged and
C. Reassessment maintained during the repair. This is mandatory, irrespective
of whether the repair is carried out on site or elsewhere. If suit-
C 100 General able conditions cannot be arranged and maintained on site, the
101 The requirements for composite risers are the same as component should be moved to a more suitable site.
E. Maintenance F. Retirement
E 100 General F 100 General
101 A maintenance procedure shall be given for each com- 101 A method for retirement of all components shall be doc-
ponent. All aspects related to maintenance should be covered. umented.
Guidance note:
Appropriate cleaning agents should be described. If the compo-
nent is painted suitable paints should be identified and methods
for removal and application of the paint should be given if rele-
vant.
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