CHAPTER 3

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF THE STRUCTURE

3.1. General
This chapter describes about analysis and design of the structure before
applying blast loads and after applying blast loads. Firstly, analysis and design of the
structure situated in seismic zone 4 is carried out. The structural framing system is the
special moment resisting frame (SMRF). And then, blast pressure which applied on
the structure is calculated. Blast loads are applied on the structure as lateral load, and
analysis and design procedure is carried out.

3.2. Modeling of the Structure

The proposed building is a rectangular reinforced concrete building. A six-
storey reinforced concrete building is analyzed with ETABS (Extended three
dimensional analysis of building system) software and designed according to the
requirements of Uniform Building Code (UBC-97) and ACI 318-99 Code. In this
study, the building is designed to resist gravity load and lateral load. Figure 4.1 and
Figure 4.2 show ground floor plan and 1st to 5th floor plan of the building. Figure 4.3
shows 3D view of the building and Figure 4.4 shows architectural planning of the
building.
The profile of structural model is as follow;
Type of building six-storey reinforced concrete building
Type of occupancy Office
Shape of building rectangular-shape
Height of building Ground floor to first floor = 15 ft
Height of typical floor = 12 ft
Overall height = 75 ft
Maximum length 75 ft
Maximum width 45 ft
Location Seismic zone 4
 37

Material properties of the structure:

Unit weight of concrete = 150 pcf
Modulus of elasticity = 3122 ksi
Poisson ratio = 0.2
Coefficient of thermal expansion = 5.5 x10 -6 in/in per degree F
Reinforcing yield strength (fy) = 50 ksi
Concrete cylinder strength (fc΄) = 3 ksi

Figure 3.1. Ground Floor Plan of the Proposed Building (Unit-ft)

Figure 3.2. Typical Floor Plan of the Proposed Building

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Figure 3.3. 3D View of the Proposed Building

3.3. Loading Consideration

The applied loads are considered gravity loads (dead loads, superimposed dead
loads, live loads) and lateral loads (wind loads and earthquake loads). All load cases are
considered according to specification.
 39

3.3.1. Dead Load

Design data for dead loads which are used in the structural analysis are:
Unit weight of concrete = 150 pcf
9 inches thick wall weight = 100 psf
4½ inches thick wall weight = 55 psf
Superimposed dead load = 25 psf
Weight of elevator = 3 tons

3.3.2. Live Load

Design data for live loads which are used in the structural analysis are:
Live load on office area = 50 psf
Live load on stair case = 100 psf
Live load on machine room = 125 psf
Live load on store = 100 psf
Weight of water = 62.4 pcf

3.3.3. Wind Load

Data for wind loads are as follows:
Exposure type = Type B
Basic wind velocity = 80 mph
Effective height = 75ft
Method used = Normal force method
Windward coefficient = 0.8 inward
Leeward coefficient = 0.5 outward
Wind important factor = 1.00

3.3.4. Earthquake Load

Data for earthquake load which are used in structural analysis are as follows:
Type of seismic zone = 4
Structural systems = SMRF
Seismic zone factor, Z = 0.4
Response modification factor, R = 8.5
Seismic importance factor, I = 1.0
Soil profile type = SD
 40

Seismic response coefficient, Ca = 0.44 Na

Seismic response coefficient, Cv = 0.64 Nv
Seismic source type = A
Near source factor, Na = 1.0
Near source factor, Nv = 1.0
Numerical coefficient, Ct = 0.03 (for concrete)

3.4. Load Combination

Design codes applied are ACI-318-99 and UBC-97. There are 27 numbers of
load combinations. In this study, these load combinations are considered as checking
for preliminary design and using for analysis results. Maximum values are controlled
for comparative results.
The member sizes of the proposed building are checked with the following
load combinations:
(a) 1.4 DL
(b) 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
(c) 1.05 DL + 1.275 LL + 1.275 WX
(d) 1.05 DL + 1.275 LL -1.275 WX
(e) 1.05 DL + 1.275 LL + 1.275 WY
(f) 1.05 DL + 1.275 LL- 1.275 WY
(g) 0.9 DL + 1.3 WX
(h) 0.9 DL- 1.3 WX
(i) 0.9 DL + 1.3 WY
(j) 0.9 DL -1.3 WY
(k) 1.05DL+1.28LL+EQX
(l) 1.05DL+1.28LL-EQX
(m) 1.05DL+1.28LL+EQY
(n) 1.05DL+1.28LL-EQY
(o) 0.9DL+1.02EQX
(p) 0.9DL-1.02EQX
(q) 0.9DL+1.02EQY
(r) 09DL-1.02EQY
(s) 1.16DL+1.28LL+EQX
(t) 1.16DL+1.28LL-EQX
 41

(u) 1.16DL+1.28LL+EQY
(v) 1.16DL+1.28LL-EQY
(w) 0.79DL+1.02EQX
(x) 0.79DL-1.02EQX
(y) 0.79DL+1.02EQY
(z) 0.79DL-1.02EQY
(-) 1.2DL+0.5LL+BL
where,
DL = dead load
LL = live load
WX = wind force from X-direction
WY = wind force from Y-direction
EQX = Earthquake load in X-direction
EQY = Earthquake load in Y-direction
BL = Blast load

3.5. Description on Structure before applying blast loads

For the structure before applying blast loads, beams and columns are designed
with compressive strength of fc'= 3000 psi and the yield strength of reinforcing bar is
fy = 50000 psi. The beams and columns are also designed according to the general

requirements specified by ACI 318-99. The steel ratio between ρ min and ρmax is used
for the design of reinforced concrete beam. The ratio of longitudinal steel to gross
concrete cross sectional area of the columns are within the ranges from 0.01 to 0.06 to
acquire the seismic design specifications. This lower ratio prevents congestion of
steel, which reduces the chance of improperly placed concrete. It also prevents the
development of large shear stress in the columns.

3.5.1. Design Results of Beams

There are four different types of beams size from analysis and design process.
The beam reinforcing bars are used as No.6, No.7 bars and shrinkage steels are used
with No.3 bars. Beam layout plans of the proposed building are shown in Figure 3.4 .
The corresponding reinforcements are listed in Table 3.1.
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Figure 3.4. Typical Beam Layout Plan

Table 3.1. Beam Steel Schedule for Structure

Top steel Stirrup

Bottom steel
requirement requirement
Size requirement
Story Beam labels
(in) Left
Left Midd Left Midd
and and and Middle
le le
right right right
B24,B23,B100,B101,B
20,B30,B65,B66,B64,B
39,B35,B36,B37,B70,B
71,B51,B97,B98,B102, 10×1 #3@3.5 #3@2.5
3#6 2#6 3#6 3#6
B103,B105,B106,B35, 2 ”c/c ”c/c
B27,B36,B26,B37,B25,
Story 1 to B81,B56,B59,B60,B49,
Story 6 B50
B1,B2,B3,B17,B18,B19
,B13,B14,B10,B11,B12
,B7,B8,B9,B4,B5,B6 10×1 #3@3.5 #3@2.5
4#6 2#6 3#6 3#6
4 ”c/c ” c/c

REPL 4 to B92,B94,B112,B113
REPL 12x1 #3@3” #3@3”
4#7 2#7 4#7 2#7
5( landing 4 c/c c/c
beam)
B114 to B117,
REPL 1 to B92,B94,B112,B113
REPL 12×2 #3@ #3@4.5
4#7 2#7 4#7 2#7
3( landing 0 4.5” c/c ” c/c
beam)
 43

3.5.2. Design Results of Columns

There are two different types of column. Column longitudinal reinforcing bar
sizes vary from the bar No.6 to bar No.8. No.3 bars are used as tie bars. The column
layout plan is shown in Figure 3.5. The design results for columns are shown in Table
3.2.

Figure 3.5.Typical Column Layout Plan of the Proposed Building

Table 3.2. Column Steel Schedule for Structure

Tie Spacing
Within
Story Column Labels Size (in) Steel Remain
lo
ing
distanc
portion
e

C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C8,C9,C12,C27,C1 #3 @ #3@ 6"

14x14 6#6
5,C26,C16,C17,C21,C24,C22,C23 3" c/c c/c

Story 1 to
story 3 C6,C7,C10,C11,C14,C27,C28,C22, #3 @ #3 @
14x14 8#8
C23 3" c/c 6" c/c

#3 @ #3 @
C18,C19,C20 14x14 12#8
3" c/c 6" c/c
 44

Table 3.2 (Continued-)

C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C10,C
#3 @ 3" #3 @
11,C12,C13,C14,C15,C16,C26,C17,C 12x12 6#6
c/c 6" c/c
18,C19,C20
Story 4
to story 6
#3 @ 3" #3 @
C27,C28 12x12 8#7
c/c 6" c/c

#3 @ 3" #3 @
C21,C22,C23,C24 12x12 8#6
c/c 6" c/c

3.6. Check for Structural Stability of Structure

After doing analysis, checking for superstructure includes storey drift, P-D
effect, torsional irregularity, overturning moment and sliding.

3.6.1. Check for Story Drift

Story drift shall not exceed 0.025 times the story height for structures having
the fundamental period of less than 0.7 second. For structure having a period of 0.7
second or greater, the story drift shall not exceed 0.02 times the story height. The
story drifts are checked in order to determine whether the structure is stable or not by
using UBC-97 formula. Calculation of story drifts is described in Table 3.3.
T = Cth3/4
Ct = 0.03
H = 75 ft
T =0.03 × (75)3/4
= 0.765 sec ≥ 0.7 sec
∆ limit =0.02h = 0.02× 15 × 12 = 3.6 in
∆ limit =0.02h = 0.02 ×12 × 12 =2.88 in

Table 3.3. Story Drift Data for Structure

Stor Height Drift Drift Δ SX Δ MX ΔLimit

Δ SY (in) Δ MY (in)
y (in) ratio(X) ratio(Y) (in) (in) (in)

6 144 0.001431 0.001457 0.206 0.209 1.226 1.2483576 2.8

5 144 0.002126 0.002182 0.306 0.314 1.821 1.8695376 2.8

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Table 3.3. (Continued-)

4 144 0.002769 0.002811 0.398 0.404 2.372 2.4084648 2.8

3 144 0.002676 0.002791 0.385 0.401 2.292 2.3913288 2.8

2 144 0.003034 0.00314 0.436 0.452 2.599 2.690352 2.8

1 180 0.003352 0.00325 0.603 0.585 3.589 3.48075 3.6

Therefore, story drifts for all stories are within Δ Limit. Checking for story

drift is satisfied.

3.6.2. Check for P - Δ Effect

Checking for P-Δ effect, the ratio of story drift to story height does not exceed
0.02/R in seismic zone 3 and 4.
0.02 0.02
R = 8.5 = 0.002353
Max drift ratio = 0.00201< 0.002353
So, P - Δ effect need not be considered.

3.6.3. Check for Torsional Irregularity

The maximum displacement at one end of the structure transverse to its axis is
not more than 1.2 times the average storey drifts of both ends.
For X-direction,
For point1, Ux = 1.9802 in,

For point8, Ux = 1.735 in,

Maximum displacement, rmax = 1.9802 in

Average displacement of two points, ravg = 1.8576 in
Factor of safety = 1.066 < 1.2
Torsion in X-direction is OK.
For Y-direction,
For point 1, Uy = 1.2068 in
For point 8, Uy = 0.9143 in
Maximum displacement, rmax = 1.2068 in
 46

Average displacement of two points, ravg = 1.06055

Factor of safety = 1.137 < 1.2

Torsion in Y-direction is OK.
Therefore, torsional irregularity can be neglected in this structure.

3.6.4. Check for Overturning Moment

For structural stability, the resisting moment of the dead weight of the building
must be greater than the overturning moment by acceptable factor of safety.
(1) For X-direction,
Bottom Shear = 147.72 kips
Storey height = 144 in
Top Moment = 109711 k-in
Overturning moment = Bottom Shear × Story Height + Top Moment
= 147.72×144 +109711
= 130982.68 k-in
Total Dead Weight = 2169.58 kips
Centre of mass in X-direction = 286.013 in
Resisting moment = 0.9 × total dead weight × XCCM
= 0.9 ×2169.58×286.013
= 558475.2761 k-in
Resisting moment
Factor of Safety = Overturning moment
= 4.264 > 1.5 OK
(2) For Y-direction,
Bottom Shear = 147.72 kips
Top Moment = 109951.37 k-in
Overturning moment = Bottom Shear × Story Height + Top Moment
= 147.72× 144 +109951.37
= 131223.05 k-in
Centre of mass in Y-direction = 451.471 in
Resisting moment = 0.9 × total dead weight × YCCM
= 0.9 ×2169.58 ×451.471
 47

= 881552.207 k - in
Resisting moment
Factor of Safety = Overturning moment
= 6.718 > 1.5 OK
The structure is capable of resisting overturning effect for both directions.

3.6.5. Check for Sliding

The ratio of resistance force to driving force must be greater than 1.5 for both
directions. In this building, soil profile type SD is used so the friction coefficient, μ is
taken as 0.25.
(1) For X-direction,
Sliding force, VX = 147.72 kips
Friction coefficient, μ = 0.25 (97UBC. Table 18.I.A)
Total Dead Weight = 2169.58 kips
Resistance due to friction = μ × 0.9 × total dead weight
= 0.25 ×0.9×2169.58
= 488.1555 kips
Factor of safety = 3.3045 > 1.5 OK
(2) For Y-direction,
Sliding force, VY = 147.72 kips
Friction coefficient, μ = 0.25 (97UBC. Table 18.I.A)
Total Dead Weight = 2169.58 kips
Resistance due to friction = μ ×0.9 × total dead weight
= 0.25 ×0.9×2169.58
= 488.1555 kips
Factor of Safety = 3.3045 > 1.5 OK
The factor of safety for sliding is within limitation according to UBC-97. So
the structure is satisfied.

3.7. Blast Parameters Calculations on the Structure

Blast pressure acting on the structure is calculated following procedures and

figure A.1 and figure A.2 (Appendix) are used. Charge weight is TNT equivalent of
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300 lb and standoff distance is 50 ft. Safety factor for charge weight is 20% and blast
pressure on the structure is described in Table 3.4. Building layout plan for blasting
area is shown in Figure 3.6 and Figure 3.7.

Step1. Select point of interest on the ground relative to the charge. Determine the

charge weight, and ground distance from point .

Step2. Apply a 20% safety factor to the charge weight.

Step3. Calculate scaled ground distance Z:

Scale distance Z =

Step 4. Determine free-field blast wave parameters from Appendix equations and
curves for corresponding scaled ground distance Z:

Angle of incidence = tan ( )

Reflected pressure

Peak positive incident pressure

Scale unit positive reflected impulse

Scale unit positive incident impulse

Scale unit positive incident impulse

Scale unit positive incident impulse

Shock front velocity U

Peak dynamic pressure q

 49

Figure 3.6.Top View of the Proposed Building

Figure 3.7.Left Size View of the Proposed Building

 50

Figure 3.8. Front Wall Plan which Applying Blast loads

Table 3.4. Blast Parameters for Standoff Distances at 50 ft with TNT 300 lb
Wall Scale Angle Of Reflected Positive Positive Positive Positive Arrival Shock Peak Total
No Distance Incidence Pressure Incident Incident Reflected Phase Time Front Dynamic Peak
Z α Pressure Impulse Impulse Duration Velocity Pressure Pressure
U (psi)

A 7.635 16 48 17 78 185 15.65 19.919 1.7 5.5 22.5

B 7.338 16 52 20 78 192 14.94 17.78 1.7 7 27
C 7.635 16 48 17 78 185 15.65 19.919 1.7 5.5 22.5
D 8.262 27 39 15 70 164 17.073 23.475 1.7 4.3 19.3
E 7.988 28 40 16 71 171 15.65 21.341 1.6 5 21
F 8.262 27 39 15 70 164 17.073 23.475 1.7 4.3 19.3
G 9.16 37 28 12 63 142 18.496 27.744 1.5 2.9 14.9
H 8.914 38 32 13 64 149 17.073 26.321 1.6 3.5 16.5
I 9.16 37 28 12 63 142 18.496 27.744 1.5 2.9 14.9
J 10.259 44 23 9 57 128 19.207 32.723 1.4 1.9 10.9
K 10.039 46 25 9.5 59 135 18.496 32.012 1.5 2 11.5
L 10.259 44 23 9 57 128 19.207 32.723 1.4 1.9 10.9
M 11.501 50 19 8 49 120 19.919 36.28 1.4 1.5 9.5
N 11.306 52 22 9 57 128 19.919 35.569 1.4 1.7 10.4
O 11.501 50 19 8 49 120 19.919 36.28 1.4 1.5 9.5
P 12.845 55 15 6 46 107 21.341 46.24 1.3 0.85 6.85
Q 12.671 56 17 7 50 114 20.63 41.97 1.3 1.2 8.2
R 12.845 55 15 6 46 107 21.341 46.24 1.3 0.85 6.85

3.8. Applying Blast Loads on Structure

From above table, blast pressure is obtained and this pressure is changed into
uniformly distributed loads. Blast loads are applied along the structural member as
lateral loads on the Y axis. Figure 3.7 and table 3.5 show the blast loads which
applied on the front wall of the structure.
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Table 3.5. Blast Loads which Applied on the Front Wall of the Structure

Member Label Storey Label Member Length (ft) Blast Loads (kip-in)

C1 15 4.05
C2 15 8.91
C3 15 8.91
C4 Storey 1 15 4.05
B4 15 4.05
B5 15 4.86
B6 15 4.05
C1 12 3.474
C2 12 7.254
C3 12 7.254
C4 Storey 2 12 3.474
B4 15 2.779
B5 15 3.024
B6 15 2.779
C1 12 2.682
C2 12 5.652
C3 12 5.652
C4 Storey 3 12 2.682
B4 15 2.145
B5 15 2.376
B6 15 2.145
C1 12 1.962
C2 12 4.032
C3 12 4.032
C4 Storey 4 12 1.962
B4 15 1.569
B5 15 1.656
B6 15 1.569
C1 12 1.71
C2 12 3.582
C3 12 3.582
C4 Storey 5 12 1.71
B4 15 1.368
B5 15 1.497
B6 15 1.368
C1 12 1.233
C2 12 2.709
Storey 6
C3 12 2.079
C4 12 1.233
Table 3.5. (Continued-)
 52

B4 15 0.9864
B5 Storey 6 15 1.18
B6 15 0.9864

Figure 3.7. Applied Blast Loads on the Structure

3.9. Load Combination for Blast Load

Load combination for blast load is obtained from ASCE7-05 and this load
combination is as follow.
1.2DL + Ak + 0.5LL + 0.25S
Where, DL = Dead load.
LL = Live load.
 53

Ak = Extra ordinary events.

S = Snow load.
The effect of extra ordinary events means low-probability events such as fires,
explosions and vehicular impact etc.

3.10. Summary
In this chapter, the modeling and load considerations of the structure have
been described. The design calculation and stability checking before applying blast
loads for the proposed building are made. Factors of safety from the results are within
the limit of UBC-97. So the structure can be said to be satisfied. Choosing standoff
distance, blast parameter calculation and applying blast loads are described.