2010

SMPS
Zahid Raza
Linear Power Supply:
•A device used to convert raw input power to a
controlled/stabilized voltage/current for
operation of electronic equipment
• Basic block for a linear power supply operating
from an unregulated dc input.
• Most often derived from the utility ac source.
The utility ac voltage is first stepped down using
a utility frequency transformer, then it is
rectified using diode rectifier and filtered by
placing a capacitor across the rectifier output.
Linear Voltage Regulator
• The voltage across the capacitor is still fairly unregulated and is
load dependent.
• The ripple in the capacitor voltage is not only dependent on the
capacitance magnitude but also depends on load and supply
voltage variations.
• Efficiency of linear voltage regulator circuits will be quite low
when supply voltage is on the higher side of the nominal voltage.
The ‘Switched Mode Power Supply’
• Owes its name to the dc-to-dc switching converter for
conversion from unregulated dc input voltage to
regulated dc output voltage.
• The switch employed is turned ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’
(referred as switching) at a high frequency.
• During ‘ON’ mode the switch is in saturation mode
with negligible voltage drop across the collector and
emitter terminals of the switch where as in ‘OFF’
mode the switch is in cut-off mode with negligible
current through the collector and emitter terminals.
• On the contrary the voltage-regulating switch, in a
linear regulator circuit, always remains in the active
region.
S.M.P.S.

•A power supply that provides power through high

efficiency (low loss) components like capacitors,
inductors and transformers etc. and use the switches
(practically a transistor).
•A Power supply or SMPS is a transformer and voltage
control device in a computer that furnishes power to
all the electronic components by converting them into
low voltage DC (direct current) supply.
 SMPS and Linear Power Supply
•SMPS, is an electronic power supply unit (PSU) that
incorporates a switching regulator.

•While a linear regulator maintains the desired output

voltage by dissipating excess power in a "pass" power
transistor, the SMPS rapidly switches a power
transistor between saturation (full on) and cutoff
(completely off) with a variable duty cycle whose
average is the desired output voltage.
•The resulting rectangular waveform is low-pass filtered
with an inductor and capacitor. The main advantage of
this method is greater efficiency because the switching
transistor dissipates little power in the saturated state
and the off state compared to the semiconducting state
(active region).
Interior view of a
switched-mode power
supply.

A - bridge rectifier
B - Input filter capacitors
C - Transformer
D - output filter coil
E - output filter
capacitors
• S.M.P.S. design can produce very compact and
lightweight supplies.
•Typical efficiencies of 30% are standard for a linear.
•This compares with efficiencies of between 70 and
80%, currently available using S.M.P.S. designs.
•By employing high switching frequencies, the sizes of
the power transformer and associated filtering
components in the S.M.P.S. are dramatically reduced
in comparison to the linear.
• For example, an S.M.P.S. operating at 20kHz
produces a 4 times reduction in component size, and
this increases to about 8 times at 100kHz and above.
• This is now an essential requirement for the
majority of electronic systems. The supply must
slot into an ever shrinking space left for it by
electronic system designers.
• Switching regulators are used as replacements for
the linear regulators when higher efficiency, smaller
size or lighter weight are required.
• More complicated, their switching currents can
cause electrical noise problems if not carefully
suppressed, and simple designs may have a poor
power factor.
• Lower heat generation due to higher efficiency.
 SMPS and Linear Power Supply
• Disadvantages include greater complexity, the
generation of high amplitude, high frequency energy
that the low-pass filter must block to avoid EMI, and
a ripple voltage at the switching frequency and the
harmonic frequencies thereof.
How an SMPS works
 Input rectifier stage
•If the SMPS has an AC input, then the first stage
is to convert the input to DC. This is called
rectification.

•The rectifier produces an unregulated DC

voltage which is then sent to a large filter
capacitor. The current drawn from the mains
supply by this rectifier circuit occurs in short
pulses around the AC voltage peaks. These pulses
have significant high frequency energy which
reduces the power factor. Special control
techniques can be employed by the following
SMPS to force the average input current to follow
the sinusoidal shape of the AC input voltage.

AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signals

 Inverter stage
• The inverter stage converts DC, whether directly
from the input or from the rectifier stage, to AC by
running it through a power oscillator, whose output
transformer is very small with few windings at a
frequency of tens or hundreds of kilohertz (kHz).
• The frequency is usually chosen to be above
20 kHz, to make it inaudible to humans. The output
voltage is optically coupled to the input and thus
very tightly controlled.
• The switching is implemented as a multistage (to
achieve high gain) MOSFET amplifier.
• MOSFETs are with a low on-resistance and a high
current-handling capacity.
• This section refers to the block marked "Chopper"
in the block diagram.
 Voltage converter and output rectifier
• If the output is required to be isolated from the
input, as is usually the case in mains power
supplies, the inverted AC is used to drive the
primary winding of a high-frequency transformer.
• This converts the voltage up or down to the
required output level on its secondary winding.
The output transformer in the block diagram
serves this purpose.
• If a DC output is required, the AC output from the
transformer is rectified.
• The rectified output is then smoothed by a filter
consisting of inductors and capacitors.
 Regulation
• A feedback circuit monitors the output
voltage and compares it with a reference
voltage, which is set manually or
electronically to the desired output.
• If there is an error in the output voltage, the
feedback circuit compensates by adjusting
the timing with which the MOSFETs are
switched on and off.
• This part of the power supply is called the
switching regulator.
• The "Chopper controller" shown in the block
diagram serves this purpose.
 Power factor
• Simple "off-line" switched mode power supplies
incorporate a simple full wave rectifier connected to
a large energy storing capacitor. Such SMPSs draw
current from the AC line in short pulses when the
mains instantaneous voltage exceeds the voltage
across this capacitor. During the remaining portion of
the AC cycle the capacitor provides energy to the
power supply.
• As a result, the input current of such basic switched
mode power supplies has high harmonic content and
relatively low power factor.
• Putting a current regulated boost chopper stage after
the off-line rectifier (to charge the storage capacitor)
can help correct the power factor, but increases the
complexity (and cost).
 Applications
• Switched-mode PSUs in domestic products such as
personal computers often have universal inputs, meaning
that they can accept power from most mains supplies
throughout the world, with rated frequencies from 50 Hz to
60 Hz and voltages from 100 V to 240 V (although a
manual voltage "range" switch may be required).
• In practice they will operate from a much wider frequency
range and often from a DC supply as well.
• In 2006, Intel proposed the use of a single 12 V supply
inside PCs, due to the high efficiency of switch mode
supplies directly on the PCB.
• Most modern desktop and laptop computers already have a
DC-DC converter on the motherboard, to step down the
voltage from the PSU or the battery to the CPU core
voltage -- as low as 0.8 V for a low voltage CPU to
typically 1.2-1.5 V for a desktop CPU.
• Most laptop computers also have a DC-AC inverter to step
up the voltage from the battery to drive the backlight,
typically around 1000 Vrms.
 Applications
• Certain applications, such as in automobile industry
and in some industrial settings, DC supply is chosen to
avoid hum and interference and ease the integration of
capacitors and batteries used to buffer the voltage.

• Most small aircraft use 28 volt DC, but larger aircraft

often use 120 V AC at 400 Hz, though they often have
a DC bus as well.

• In the case of TV sets, for example, one can test the

excellent regulation of the power supply by using a
variac. For example, in some models made by Philips,
the power supply starts when the voltage reaches
around 90 volts. From there, one can change the
voltage with the variac, and go as low as 40 volts and
as high as 260, and the image will show absolutely no
alterations.
Cabling and Wire Harness
Cables
• specifications
• standards
• Applications
 Cables
Material, temperature and current rating
 Cables
Temperature standards
• Commercial 0°C to 70°C
• Industrial -40°C to 85°C
• Military -55°C to 150°C
 Wires and cables
Prototyping wire

• 1/0.25 (33AWG)
• Current rating 228mA
• Application: PCB
track repairing and
shorting links
 Wires and Cables
Equipment wire solid core

• 1/0.6mm
• Wall thickness 0.3mm
• Nominal diameter 1.2mm
• Voltage 1000V
• Current 1.8A
• Application prototyping
 Wires and Cables
• Equipment wire heat resistant
solid core
• 1/0.8mm
• Wall thickness 0.60mm
• Nominal diameter 2.05mm
• Voltage 300V
• Insulation resistance (PVC)
0.015MΩ/Km
• Current 1.8A
• Temperature rating 90 C
 Wires and Cables
Equipment wire multi strand

• 19/0.127mm
• Wall thickness 0.3mm
• Nominal diameter 0.93mm
• Voltage 600V
• Temperature range -65°C to
150°C
 CY-type Control cables
• 24/0.2
• Current 6A
• Temperature range -20°C to 70°C
• Voltage b/w conductors 500V
• Voltage b/w conductor and earth 300V
• 24/0.2
YY-type Control cable
• Current 6A
• Temperature range -20°C to 70°C
• Voltage b/w conductors 500V
• Voltage b/w conductor and earth 300V
 Indoor Data cable Type 1LSF
• 1/0.643 (22AWG)
• Characteristic impedance 150Ω (4-16MHz)
• Capacitance 1500pF/Km (1KHz)
• Tinned copper braid
• Flame retardant sheath
 Indoor Data cable Type 9
• 26AWG
• Characteristic impedance 150Ω (3-20MHz)
• Capacitance 1500pF/Km (1KHz)
• Tinned copper braid with PVC sheath
 Industrial Cables
• 24/0.2
• Current 6A
• Temperature range -20°C to 70°C
• Voltage b/w conductors 500V
• Voltage b/w conductor and earth 300V
 Industrial cables
• 32/0.2
• Current 10A
• Temperature range -20°C to 70°C
• Voltage b/w conductors 500V
• Voltage b/w conductor and earth 300V
 Industrial Cables
• 50/0.25
• Double screened
• RF and EMI safe
• Current rating 20A
• Overall diameter
12.2mm
 Industrial Cables
Flexible Armoured SY-Type
• 24/0.2
• Current 6A
• Voltage b/w conductor to conductor 500V
• Voltage b/w conductor to earth 300V
• Temperature -20°C to 70°C
• Galvanized steal braid
 Network Cables
• 24AWG 4-twisted pair unshielded cable
• PCV overall jacket
 Network Cables
• 1/0.52 (24AWG)
• Conductor insulation PVC
• Overall jacket PVC
• Impedance 95Ω (10MHz)
• Attenuation/100m 9.0dB at (10MHz)
 Network Cables
• 7/0.254 (22AWG)
• Each pair individually insulated
• Overall sheath PVC
• Characteristic impedance 95Ω
• Capacitance 64.6pF/m
• Overall diameter 10mm
 Network Cables
Thin Ethernet coaxial
• 19/0.188
• Aluminized screening tape and tinned copper
braid
• Overall PVC sheath
• Characteristic impedance 50 Ω
• Capacitance 83.3pF/m
 Network Cables
Thin Ethernet transceiver
• 7/36 AWG, 3-pairs are polyethylene insulated and one
pair PVC insulated
• Each pair is twisted together with aluminized tape screen
• Four pairs are wrapped together with tinned copper drain
wire
• Characteristic impedance 78Ω data pair
• Mutual capacitance 63pF/m data pair
 Network Cables
Ethernet LSF sheath
• 1/2.172mm
• Two tinned copper braids
• Flame retardant sheath
• Characteristic impedance 50Ω
• Capacitance 86pF/m
• 7/0.2mm
RF Cables
• Double copper screen
• Cellular polyethylene insulator
• PVC sheath
• Characteristic impedance 75Ω
• Capacitance 56.7pF/m
• Overall dia. 5.1mm
 RF cables
• 7/0.32mm
• copper braid screen
• Cellular polyethylene insulator
• PVC sheath
• Characteristic impedance 50Ω
• Capacitance 100pF/m
• Overall dia. 5mm
 RF cables
• 7/38awg silver plated copper clad steel
• Copper braid screen
• Cellular polyethylene insulator
• PVC sheath
• Characteristic impedance 75Ω
• Capacitance 65pF/m
• Operating temperature -30°C to 105°C
 RF cables
RF Uniradio cable
• 7/0.77mm plane copper conductor
• Copper braid screen
• Cellular polyethylene insulator
• PVC sheath
• Characteristic impedance 50Ω
• Capacitance 100pF/m
 RF cables
• 1×0.94 silver plated copper clad steel
conductor
• Double braided screen
• PTFE insulator
• Glass fiber jacket
• Characteristic impedance 50Ω
• Capacitance 105pF/m
• Operating temperature -90°C to 250°C
 RF cables
• 1/1.63mm solid copper conductor
• Copper braid screen
• Cellular polyethylene insulator
• PVC sheath
• Characteristic impedance 75Ω
• Capacitance 100pF/m
• Nominal outside diameter 10.3mm
 RF cables
• 1/1.25 solid copper conductor
• Copper braid screen
• Cellular polyethylene insulator
• PVC sheath
• Characteristic impedance 75Ω
• Capacitance 56pF/m
• Nominal outside diameter 7.8mm
 RF cables
• 0.17mm silver plated copper clad steel
• Silver plated Copper braid screen PTFE
• High frequency operation 3GHz max.
• FEP sheath
• Characteristic impedance 50Ω
• Operating temperature -90°C to 200°C
 Microwave cables
• 1/0.909mm silver plated copper clad steel conductor
• PTFE dielectric in solid, seamless, copper tube
• Available in one meter length
• Characteristic impedance 50Ω
• Max. operating frequency 20GHz
• Capacitance 98pF/m
• Operating temperature -40°C to 125°C
 Signal cables
• J-type thermocouple extension cable
 Signal cables
• R-type thermocouple compensation cable
 Signal cables
• J-type thermocouple extension cable
• Fiber and stainless steel braid
 Signal cables
• 13/0.2mm (60V rms, 2A) tined copper
conductor
• Loudspeaker extension cables
 High temperature cables
• 7/0.2mm (24awg)
• Current 6A
• Operating temperature -55°C to +200°C
• Ideal where contamination from oils, acids and
alkalis or exposure to ultraviolet light may be
encountered
 High temperature cables
• 32/0.2mm (24awg) stranded nickel-plated copper
conductors
• PTFE insulation
• Current 25A
• Voltage rating: 600V b/w conductor and earth, 1000V
b/w conductor to conductor
• Operating temperature -25°C to +250°C
• Overall dia. 3.58mm
• Ideal for high temperature wiring
 Fiber optics cables
• Buffer nominal O.D. 900µm
• Cable nominal O.D. 2.5×5.3mm
• Max. tension 300N
• Min. bend radius 30mm
• Buffered fiber is surrounded by kevlar yarn for
added protection and strength
 Automotive cable
• 7 core cable consisting of a central conductor of
2.0mm2 wire and six conductors of 1.0mm2
• Sheath black PVC
• Current rating: 8.75A (1.0mm2 ) and 17.5A
(2.0mm2 )
 Automotive cable
• Flexible tinned annealed
stranded copper wire
• Operating temperature
-60°C to +260°C
• Test voltage 3kV ac
• Current rating 128/0.05
1.4A, 384/0.05 3.5A
• Silicone rubber sheath
• Uses for high temperature
applications
 Audio and instrumentation cables
• 7/0.25mm (22awg) tinned copper, single twisted
pair
• Polypropylene insulation
• Rapped in an aluminized tape with tinned drain
wire
• Black PVC outer sheath
 Audio cables
• 7×32 (24awg) tinned copper conductor
insulated with PVC
• Overall screen with a 24awg standard tinned
copper drain wire
• Grey PVC outer sheath
• Voltage 300V
• Available for different belden Numbers i.e.
9534 for 4 conductors
 Audio cables
• 7×28 (20awg) stranded copper conductor
insulated with PVC
• Ideal for instrumentation, control and computer
applications
• LSNH jackets
• Available for different belden Numbers i.e.
8205 for 20AWG
• Standards: NEC, CMG, UL2598, IEC
 Audio cables
• 7×30 (22awg) stranded copper conductor polyethylene
insulated
• Aluminum polyester shield
• 22awg stranded tinned copper drain wire
• Chrome PVC sheath
• Available for different belden Numbers i.e. 88771 for
22AWG
• Standards: NEC CLS(8618), UL2093(8770, 8772)
 Audio cables
• 9463 or better known as blue horse is prime choice of
many PLC manufacturers for distributed I/O
• Twinax with 20awg (7×28) tinned copper conductors
and polyester-aluminum shield
• 55% tinned copper braid under a blue PVC or LSNH
sheath
• Standards: NEC, CM CL2, UL2464
• Voltage rating 300V
• Characteristic impedance 78Ω
 Audio cables
• Polyethylene insulated 54/0.18mm linear
crystal oxygen free copper (LC-OFC)
conductors with a tough outer PVC sheath
• Application: speakers
 Audio cables
• 24awg (7×32) tinned copper conductors
insulated with datalene and laid in twisted pairs
• Each pair is individually shielded with a
aluminum-polyester shield
• Grey PVC or LSNH sheath available
• Application: long distance
• Standards: UL2493, NEC CM (9729,
9730,9728)
 Audio cables
• 22awg (7×30) single twisted pair polyethylene
insulated stranded conductors with an overall
aluminum-polyester shield
• Ideal for instrumentation, control and computer
applications
• PVC or LSNH sheath available
• Standards: UL2092 (8760,8761, 8762), NEC CM,
UL2106(8719), IEC 332-3C (8761NH,876NH,876NH)
• Belden No. 8761 for 22awg
 Audio cables
• 22awg (7×30) stranded tinned copper conductors
insulated with polypropylene
• Each pair shielded with aluminum-polyester shield
• 24awg stranded tinned copper common drain wire
• Chrome-grey PVC sheath
• Standards: UL2919,NEC CM (IEC for 332-3C)
• Belden No. 8777 for 3 pairs
 Ribbon cables
Colored ribbon cable
 Ribbon Cable
Double shielded ribbon cable
 Ribbon cable
Data bus ribbon cable
 Harness Design
• Accessories for harness design
• Simple harness
• Complex harness
 Cable ties
• Material: Nylon 66
• Operating temperature: -40°C to 85°C
• Length: 111mm to 375mm
• Max. bundle diameter: 25mm to 102mm
 Mounting cable ties
• Material: Nylon 66
• Operating temperature: -40°C to 85°C
• Length: 100mm to 370mm
• Max. bundle diameter: 25mm to 102mm
 Releasable cable ties
Ideally suited for prototyping work
• Material: Nylon 66
• Operating temperature: -40°C to 85°C
• Length: 125mm to 300mm
• Max. bundle diameter: 30mm to 80mm
 Cable tie mounting bases
• ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) plastic
mounting bases with self-adhesive or central
screw fixing options
• Accepts ties from all four sides
• Operating temperature -15°C to 75°C
 Standard cable ties
• US military specs. 23190 drwg. 3367.
• Material: Nylon 66
• Length: 100mm to 465mm
• Max. bundle diameter: 22mm to 130mm
 Heavy duty ties
• US military specs. 23190 drwg. 3367.
• Material: Nylon 66
• Length: 270mm to 370mm
• Max. bundle diameter: 73mm to 105mm
 Weather resistant ties
• Material: Nylon 66
• UV stabilized
• Operating temperature: -40°C to 85°C
(+105°C for short periods)
• Length: 145mm to 540mm
• Max. bundle diameter: 36mm to 152mm
 Heat stabilized cable ties
• Material: Nylon 66
• Operating temperature: -40°C to 105°C
(+145°C for short periods)
• Length: 144mm to 540mm
• Max. bundle diameter: 36mm to 152mm
 Stainless steel cable ties
• Marine grade stainless steel cable tie coated with
thermoplastic polyester (316)
• Corrosion resistant
• Light weight
• operating temperature -80°C to +538°C
• Length: 230mm to 630mm
• Max. bundle diameter: 60mm to 180mm
 316 stainless steel ties
• Marine grade stainless steel cable tie coated with
thermoplastic polyester (316)
• Corrosion resistant
• Light weight
• Coating operating temperature -40°C to +70°C
• Tie operating temperature -80°C to +538°C
• Length: 230mm to 330mm
• Max. bundle diameter: 60mm to 90mm
 Mounting cradle
• Designed for application where it is necessary
to fit the cradle to the cable tie
• Head of the tie is concealed within the cradle
for neatness
• Accepts ties up to 7.6mm wide
 Re-Usable twist tie
• Re-usable twist tie in natural color Nylon 66
• Ideally suited for prototyping
 Ribbon cable clamps self-adhesive

• One-piece releasable ribbon cable clamps in

natural Nylon 66
• Self-adhesive foam pad
• No. of ribbon conductors:
25, 30, 50
 Flat cable clamps
• Two-piece releasable ribbon cable clamps in
natural Nylon 66
• Available in two versions adhesive mounting or
screw mounting
• No. of ribbon conductors: 20, 40, 60
 Pre-Terminated Expandable braided sleeving
• Pre-terminated black expandable braided sleeving
• Pre-expanded for fast installation
• Heat shrinkable termination seals and fixes braid
• Leaves smooth profile with no fraying
• Available in one meter length
• Operating temperature -50°C to 150°C
 Medium expansion polyester braided sleeving
• 0.22mm monofilament
• Medium expansion
• High flexibility
• Good chemical resistance
• Available in coils and reels
• Operating temperature -50°C to 150°C
 Main power connectors
Africa and Asia
• Heavy duty
• Round pin
• Contacts: brass
• Voltage: 250V ac
• Current: 15A
 Main power connectors

UK mains plugs
• Housing: Nylon
• Fuse: 5A
 Main power connectors
Europe Schuko plug
• Housing: polyamide
• Voltage: 250V ac
• Current: rating 16A
• Unfused
• Contacts: brass nickel
plated
 Connectors
• Pin headers friction lock
 Circular Multipole connectors
• Low cost multiple connectors for audio/video
applications
• Plated metal construction
• Solder termination
• Panel plugs require 15mm circular cut -out
 BNC connector
Applications
• Antennas
• Automotive
• Base Stations
• Broadcast (75 Ω)
• Cable Assemblies
• Cable Modems
• Components
• Computers/LANs Instrumentation
• Oscilloscopes
• Medical Equipment
• Mil-Aero Radios
• Surge Protection
• Telecom
 In line and panel-5pole

• Applications: Audio signals, mixing decks and

sound recording
• Working voltage 250V ac and 350V dc
• Insulation resistance >1000MΩ
• Current 5A
 BNC adaptors
• Brass bodies
• Solid silver center pins
• PTFE insulation
• Application: Audio/video
 Connectors
• PCB mounting Headers
 Thimbles
Ring (miniature conductor)
• Designed for smaller cross sectional area cables
• Conductor size: yellow 0.2-0.5 sq.mm single
strand 0.35-0.7mm
• Current: 15A
Receptacle
• Width: 6.35mm
 Bootlace ferrules
AWG color
• 22/20 white
• 20/18 blue
• 18 red
• 16 black
• 14 grey
• 12/10 orange
 Harnesses

• Wire harness
 Harnesses

• Wire harness
 Harness

• Wire harness
 Harness
• Cable harness
 Harness
• Cable harness
 Harness
• Cable harness
 Harness
• Ribbon cable harness
• Additional tasks related to Cable harnesses
 Harness
Complex cable harness
 Harness
Harness through beta duct
 Harness
Complex wire harness
Over voltage and Lightning protection
 Simple lightening arrester
• It is installed on top of
building which is to be
protected due to over
voltage and lightening
• Resistance between
arrester and ground is kept
as small as possible for
example 0.1 to 0.5Ω
 RF device Lightening arrester
• Over voltage transients can be created
through lightning discharges, switching
processes, direct contact with power
lines, or through earth currents.
• Lightning arrestors limit the amplitude
and duration of disturbing interference
voltages and improve the over voltage
resistance of in-line equipment, systems,
and components.
• A lightning arrestor installed according
to these mounting instructions balances
the voltage potential, thus preventing
inductive interference to parallel signal
lines within the protected system
• Part No. AIR-ACC3354
 Over voltage protection
• Features & Characteristics
• The only fail-safe "arrester" on the market
• Solid-state design eliminates arcing
• Conduction at much lower voltages than
gapped arresters
• Rated for AC fault current and lightning
surge current
• Suitable for submersed or above-ground
locations
• Explosion-proof design
• Corrosion resistant nickel finish
• Typical Applications
• Insulated Joint Protection
• Airport Fueling Systems Isolation
• Decoupling Equipment Grounds
• Specifications Threshold Voltage
-3/+1V (standard)
-2/+2V (standard)
Up to -4/+4V (optional)
 Buildings, plant and equipment protection
• USM 550 surge protector

• unmanned systems with high safety

and availability requirements
• In stationary and mobile systems with
poor grounding
• In civil and military power supply
systems
• In telecommunication systems
requiring high availability
• In systems in outside buildings
• For the protection of power supplies
switched on the primary side
• In the event of a fault the system is
isolated from the mains supply after
40 ms.
 Surge Arrester
• The purpose of a surge arrester is to limit the
over voltage that may occur across equipment
and other electrical apparatus due lightening
or switching surges
• Ideally a surge arrester clips any voltage in
excess of a specified maximum, by permitting
a large current diverted to ground
• Surge arrester of different voltage rating are
available