668
2, APRIL 2002
Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Mathematical
Tools for Power Quality Applications: A Survey
Wael R. Anis Ibrahim and Medhat M. Morcos
Abstract—Increasing interest in power quality has evolved over
the past decade. This paper surveys the literature for current ap-
plications of advanced artificial intelligence techniques in power
quality (PQ). Applications of some advanced mathematical tools in
general, and wavelet transform in particular, in power quality are
also reviewed. An extensive collection of literature covering appli-
cations of fuzzy logic, expert systems, neural networks, and genetic
algorithms in power quality is included. Literature exposing the
use of wavelets in power quality analysis as well as data compres-
sion is also cited.
Index Terms—Artificial intelligence, data compression, expert
systems, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, neural networks, power
quality, wavelets.
I. INTRODUCTION
P OWER quality (PQ) has been a research area of exponen-
tially increasing interest particularly in the past decade
[1]–[4]. The proper diagnosis of PQ problems requires a high
level of engineering expertise. Adding to the difficulty of
PQ diagnosis, is that the required expert knowledge is not in
any one area but rather in many areas of electric power, e.g.,
electric drives, sensors, rotating machines, transformers, power
electronics, power supplies, capacitor switching, protection,
power system faults, harmonics, signal analysis, measuring
instruments, and general power systems operation.
New and powerful tools for the analysis and operation of
power systems, as well as for PQ diagnosis are currently avail-
able. The new tools of interest are those of artificial intelligence
(AI). The use of AI techniques in electric power has received
extensive attention from researchers in the electric power area
and the literature on these applications has become rather huge
in volume [5]–[17].
Areas of electric power where the use of AI has been re-
searched include: alarm processing, systems diagnosis, protec-
tion, system security, system restoration, system control, oper-
ational aid devices, generation scheduling, power system plan-
ning, power system stability, power system analysis, load fore-
casting, and fault diagnosis and location.There are many appli-
cations for artificial intelligence in the area of electrical ma-
chines and drives [18]. Power electronics and motion control
are another area where expert systems, fuzzy logic, and neural
networks have been applied [19].
Artificial Intelligence has been realized as a suitable tool for
the analysis and diagnosis of PQ problems. Many AI applica-
Manuscript received December 27, 2000.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5204 USA.
Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8977(02)02747-4.
0885-8977/02$17.00 © 2002 IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 17, NO.
tions in the power quality area have evolved in the past few
years. The following is a survey of work documented in the lit-
erature involving the application of AI techniques to PQ related
issues. The main focus of the review has been on the use of ex-
pert systems, fuzzy logic, neural networks, and genetic algo-
rithms in PQ applications. Other important tools necessary for
PQ analysis are the feature extraction techniques. Wavelets have
been realized as a very powerful auxiliary tool in the storage and
analysis of problematic PQ waveforms and signals. Hence, this
review will include literature pertaining to the use of wavelets in
the power quality area. Another topic that has significant impli-
cations on the area of power quality is data management. With
the advancements in PQ monitoring equipment, data compres-
sion in particular has received great attention from those in-
volved in the field.
II. POWER QUALITY
In attempting to define PQ, the views of utilities, equipment
manufacturers, and customers might be completely different.
Utilities regard PQ from the system reliability point of view.
Equipment manufacturers, on the other hand, consider PQ as
being that level allowing for proper operation of their equip-
ment, whereas customers consider good PQ that ensures the
continuous running of processes, operations, and businesses.
A PQ problem could be defined as being “any power problem
manifested in voltage, current, or frequency deviations that
result in failure or maloperation of customer equipment”
[20]–[29].
PQ involves research in several areas that are related to the
main aspects of the quality of electric power. These areas may
be summarized as basic concepts and definitions, modeling and
analysis, measurement and instrumentation, feature extraction
techniques, sources of PQ problems, effects of PQ deterioration,
problem analysis and diagnosis, solutions to and mitigation of
PQ problems, and educational issues related to power quality.
There are many reasons for the growing concern with PQ:
• the widespread use of sensitive microprocessor-based
controls and power electronics devices;
• the complexity of industrial processes, which results in
huge economic losses if equipment fails or malfunctions;
• the proliferation of large computer systems into many
businesses and commercial facilities;
• the development of much sophisticated power electronics
equipment used for improving system stability, operation,
and efficiency (these devices are a major source of bad
power quality and are themselves vulnerable to such
quality of power).
ANIS IBRAHIM AND MORCOS: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ADVANCED MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
• deregulation of power industry, which gives customers the
right to demand higher quality of power;
• growth in application of such devices as high-efficiency
adjustable speed drives and power factor improvement
shunt capacitors (these devices have a negative impact on
the system capability due to the increasing harmonic levels
they cause).
• the complex interconnection of systems, resulting in more
severe consequences if any one component fails;
• equipment manufacturers striving for better-performance
equipment (unfortunately, this equipment is often more
susceptible to power disturbances and, sometimes, are the
source of additional PQ problems).
III. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
A broad definition of AI can be the automation of activities
that are associated with human thinking, such as decision
making, problem solving, learning, perception, and reasoning.
The AI tools of interest to the electric power community
include fuzzy logic (FL), adaptive fuzzy logic (AFL), expert
systems (ESs), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and genetic
algorithms (GAs). Expert systems are an attempt to emulate the
human thought process through knowledge representation and
inference mechanisms. Within a bound domain of knowledge,
ESs are capable of decision making on a level comparable in
quality to human experts [68]–[74]. FL is a more powerful
variation of crisp logic, where knowledge representation is
more closely related to the way humans think. FL possesses
the strong inference capabilities of expert systems as well as
the power of natural (linguistic) knowledge representation.
FL has been successfully implemented in control applications
where system models do not exist or where the models are
mathematically complex and computationally intense. AFL is
a fuzzy-logic-based paradigm that grasps the learning abilities
of ANN or the optimization capabilities of GAs to enhance
the intelligent system’s performance using a priori knowledge
[30]–[46]. ANNs mimic the neural brain structure of humans.
This structure consists of simple arithmetic units connected
in a highly complex layer architecture. ANNs are capable of
representing complex (nonlinear) functions, and they learn
these functions through example [83]–[86]. GAs use the
techniques of human genetic evolution to generate optimal
solutions. GAs may be considered as a multidimensional
optimization technique based on a genetically random search
engine [103]–[106].
IV. FL APPLICATIONS
FL and AFL are emerging as very powerful AI techniques.
Some applications of fuzzy logic in PQ have been developed in
the literature. Such applications include [47]–[67]
• diagnosing PQ problems;
• providing practical assistance to PQ personnel;
• managing data and data mining;
• educating utility personnel and customers;
• classifying PQ disturbances;
• adaptive metering of power, rms voltage, and rms current;
669
• allocating capacitor banks while maintaining harmonic
distortion levels within acceptable limits;
• estimating power quality indices using fuzzy constraints;
• locating sources of disturbances in power systems;
• developing a universal PQ manager with an FL-based con-
trol scheme;
• automating the identification of abnormal system opera-
tion using adaptive fuzzy techniques;
• predicting system abnormal operation;
• automating system VAR control for improved voltage sta-
bility and better voltage profiles.
V. EXPERT SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS
Although expert systems are expensive and time consuming
in their development, some research involving the application of
expert systems in PQ has been documented. Such applications
include [47]–[50], [75]–[82]
• classifying distorted voltage and current waveforms into
categories;
• analyzing harmonics using expert system technology;
• developing procedures for PQ problem solving in an ex-
pert system framework;
• measuring and analyzing electromagnetic compatibility;
• automating fault analysis and fault location;
• identifying PQ events through a scalable system;
• managing PQ data;
• educating personnel involved with power quality.
VI. NEURAL NETWORKS APPLICATIONS
ANNs are among the oldest AI techniques; they have been
around the power research arena for quite some time. Neural
networks have been applied extensively in PQ. Main applica-
tions include [87]–[102]
• identifying PQ events from nonpower quality ones;
• modeling the patterns of harmonic production from indi-
vidual fluorescent lighting systems;
• estimating harmonic distortions and PQ in power net-
works;
• identifying and recognizing PQ events using the wavelet
transform in conjunction with neural networks;
• identifying high-impedance fault, fault-like load, and
normal load current patterns;
• analyzing harmonic distortion while avoiding the effects
of noise and subharmonics;
• developing a screening tool for the power system engineer
to use in addressing PQ issues.
VII. GAS AND PQ
GAs are considered to be an excellent intelligent paradigm for
optimization using a multipoint, probabilistic, random, guided-
search mechanism. Some applications of GA in power quality
are documented. Optimum selection of lighting technologies
with an objective of reducing harmonic distortion is one; op-
timal placement of capacitor banks is another. Adaptive me-
tering using GA to optimize sampling rates is also reported [57],
[58], [107], [108].
670
VIII. GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF AI IN PQ
The literature contains much work involving some general
applications and discussions regarding both AI and PQ. The is-
sues are diverse and do not fall specifically under any of the
above classifications [109]–[117]. Some of the applications are
• discussing the potential of applying AI techniques in
power quality;
• developing an alarm processing system and diagnosis
system for a power grid using AI tools;
• integrating AI and advanced communication technologies
in substation intelligent electronic devices (IED);
• using MATLAB/SIMULINK and several AI toolboxes for
the simulation of transient phenomena and harmonic prop-
agation;
• using a fault-tree induction algorithm for classifying
power quality voltage/current waveforms.
IX. WAVELET THEORY AND PQ
Wavelet theory is an advanced mathematical tool that uses
multiresolution techniques to analyze waveforms and images
[118]–[120]. Wavelet analysis is capable of revealing aspects
of data that other analysis tools would miss, including trends,
breakdown points, discontinuities, and self-similarity. Feature
extraction is a vital step that completes the link between intelli-
gent analysis tools and actual PQ waveforms and data. Wavelet
analysis has proven very strong and efficient in feature extrac-
tion from PQ disturbance data. Application of wavelet theory to
PQ analysis has been well researched [121]–[134].
X. DATA COMPRESSION FOR PQ
With the advancement of PQ monitoring equipment, the
amount of data gathered by such monitoring systems has
become huge in size. The large amounts of data pose several
practical problems in the storage and communication of the data
from local monitors to the central processing computers. Data
compression has hence become an important issue in the PQ
area. Several methods using wavelet theory or otherwise have
been developed for the compression of PQ data [135]–[141].
XI. CONCLUSION
Artificial intelligence and advanced mathematical techniques
have become essential to the analysis of power quality. The
paper presents a survey of literature for applications of intel-
ligent paradigms like fuzzy logic, expert systems, neural net-
works, and genetic algorithms in power quality. Applications
of wavelet theory, which is an advanced mathematical tool, in
power quality are also reviewed. Documented data compression
techniques applicable to power quality are also included.
REFERENCES
[1] T. S. Key, “Diagnosing power quality-related computer problems,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. IA-15, pp. 381–393, 1979.
[2] F. D. Martzloff and T. M. Gruzs, “Power quality site surveys: Facts, fic-
tion, and fallacies,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 24, pp. 1005–1018,
June 1988.
[3] J. J. Burke, D. C. Grifith, and J. Ward, “Power quality—Two different
perspectives,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 5, pp. 1501–1513, June
1990.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 17, NO. 2, APRIL 2002
[4] A. Domijan, G. T. Heydt, A. P. S. Meliopoulos, S. S. Venkata, and S.
West, “Directions of research in electric power quality,” IEEE Trans.
Power Delivery, vol. 8, pp. 429–436, Feb. 1993.
[5] S. Madan and K. E. Bollinger, “Applications of artificial intelligence
in power systems,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 41, pp. 117–131,
1997.
[6] A. M. Wildberger, “Overview of exploratory research in soft computing
applications to power systems at the Electric Power Research Institute,”
in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Syst., Man, Cybern., vol. 3, Vancouver, BC,
Canada, 1995, pp. 2007–2012.
[7] C.-C. Liu, “Intelligent systems applications to power systems,” IEEE
Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 10, pp. 21–24, 1997.
[8] S. Rahman, “Artificial intelligence in electric power systems: A
survey of the Japanese industry,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 8, pp.
1211–1218, June 1993.
[9] C.-C. Liu and R. Dahlgren, “Intelligent systems applications in a
competitive power industry environment,” in Proc. IEE 4th Int. Conf.
Adv. Power Syst. Contr., Oper., Manage., Hong Kong, 1997, pp.
24–29.
[10] M. E. El-Hawary, Electric Power Applications of Fuzzy Systems. New
York: IEEE Press, 1998.
[11] K. Warwick, A. Ekwue, and R. Aggarwal, Artificial Intelligence Tech-
niques in Power Systems. London, U.K.: IEE Press, 1997.
[12] J. A. Momoh and M. E. El-Hawary, Electric Systems, Dynamics, and
Stability With Artificial Intelligence Applications. New York: Marcel
Dekker, 2000.
[13] Z. Z. Zhang, G. S. Hope, and O. P. Malik, “Expert systems in electric
power systems—A bibliographical survey,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 4, pp. 1355–1363, July 1989.
[14] T. Taylor and D. Lubkeman, “Applications of knowledge-based pro-
gramming to power engineering problems,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 4, pp. 345–352, Jan. 1989.
[15] W. R. Anis and M. M. Morcos, “Electric power quality and artificial in-
telligence: Applicability and overview,” in Proc. Large Eng. Syst. Conf.
Power Eng., Halifax, NS, Canada, 1998, pp. 107–111.
[16] , “Electric power quality and artificial intelligence: Applicability
and overview,” IEEE Power Eng. Rev., vol. 19, pp. 63–65, 1999.
[17] M. M. Morcos and W. R. Anis Ibrahim, “Electric power quality and
artificial intelligence: Overview and applicability,” IEEE Power Eng.
Rev., vol. 19, pp. 5–10, 1999.
[18] P. Vas, Artificial-Intelligence-Based Electrical Machines and
Drives. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999.
[19] B. K. Bose, “Expert system, fuzzy logic, and neural network applica-
tions in power electronics and motion control,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 82, pp.
1303–1323, Aug. 1994.
[20] R. C. Dugan, M. F. McGranaghan, and H. W. Beaty, Electric Power
Systems Quality. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
[21] The Dranetz Field Handbook for Power Quality Analysis: Dranetz
Technol., 1991.
[22] Electrotek Concepts Inc., A Guide to Monitoring Distribution Power
Quality: EPRI, 1993.
[23] G. T. Heydt, Electric Power Quality. New York: Stars in a Circle, 1994.
[24] W. E. Kazibwe and M. H. Sendaula, Electric Power Quality Control
Techniques. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993.
[25] M. H. J. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems—Voltage Sags
and Interruptions. New York: IEEE Press, 2000.
[26] J. Arrillaga, N. R. Watson, and S. Chen, Power System Quality Assess-
ment. New York: Wiley, 2000.
[27] A. Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems, 2nd ed. New
York: Wiley, 1991.
[28] A. E. Emanuel and J. A. McNeill, “Electric power quality,” Annu. Rev.
Energy Environ., vol. 22, pp. 263–303, 1997.
[29] G. T. Heydt, “Electric power quality: A tutorial introduction,” IEEE
Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 15–19, 1998.
[30] L. A. Zadeh, “Fuzzy sets,” Inform. Contr., vol. 8, pp. 338–353, 1965.
[31] E. Cox, “Fuzzy fundamentals,” IEEE Spectrum, vol. 29, pp. 58–61, Aug.
1992.
[32] C. C. Lee, “Fuzzy logic in control systems: Fuzzy logic controller—Part
I,” IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern., vol. 20, pp. 404–418, Apr. 1990.
[33] , “Fuzzy logic in control systems: Fuzzy logic controller—Part II,”
IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern., vol. 20, pp. 419–435, Apr. 1990.
[34] J. M. Mendel, “Fuzzy logic systems for engineering: A tutorial,” Proc.
IEEE, vol. 83, pp. 345–377, Mar. 1995.
[35] T. J. Ross, Fuzzy Logic With Engineering Applications. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1995.
[36] H. T. Nguyen and E. A. Walker, A First Course in Fuzzy
Logic. London, U.K.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2000.
ANIS IBRAHIM AND MORCOS: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ADVANCED MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
[37] J.-S. R. Jang, “ANFIS: Adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference
system,” IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern., vol. 23, pp. 665–685, June
1993.
[38] J.-S. R. Jang and C.-T. Sun, “Neuro-fuzzy modeling and control,” Proc.
IEEE, vol. 83, pp. 378–406, Mar. 1995.
[39] J.-S. R. Jang, C.-T. Sun, and E. Mizutani, Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Com-
puting—A Computational Approach to Learning and Machine Intelli-
gence. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1997.
[40] C.-T. Lin and C. S. G. Lee, “Neural-network-based fuzzy logic control
and decision system,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 40, pp. 1320–1336,
Dec. 1991.
[41] L. A. Zadeh, “Fuzzy algorithm,” Inform. Contr., vol. 12, pp. 94–102,
1968.
[42] T. Munakata, Fundamentals of the New Artificial Intelligence—Beyond
Traditional Paradigms. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1998.
[43] E. Cox, The Fuzzy Systems Handbook. New York: AP, 1994.
[44] J. R. Jang, “Self-learning fuzzy controllers based on temporal back
propagation,” IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, vol. 3, pp. 714–723,
Sept. 1992.
[45] S. Horikawa, T. Furuhashi, and Y. Uchikawa, “On fuzzy modeling
using neural networks with the back-propagation algorithm,” IEEE
Trans. Neural Networks, vol. 3, pp. 801–806, Sept. 1992.
[46] K. Belarbi and F. Titel, “Genetic algorithm for the design of a class of
fuzzy controllers: An alternative approach,” IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst.,
vol. 8, pp. 398–405, July 2000.
[47] D. G. Kreiss, “Analyzing voltage disturbances using a fuzzy logic based
expert system,” in Proc. EPRI PQA Conf.: Power Quality Assessment,
End-Use Appl. Perspectives, vol. 1, 1994, paper A-2.02.
[48] , “A rules-based system for analyzing power quality problems,”
ASHRAE Trans., pt. 1, vol. 101, pp. 672–676, 1995.
[49] , “Intelligent data analysis,” Power Quality Assurance Mag., pp.
35–41, May/June 1997.
[50] H. Kochukuttan and A. Chandrasekaran, “Development of a fuzzy expert
system for power quality application,” in Proc. 29th Southeast. Symp.
Syst. Theory, 1997, pp. 239–243.
[51] G. P. Damarla, A. Chandrasekaran, and A. Sundaram, “Classification
of power system disturbances through fuzzy neural network,” in Proc.
Canadian Conf. Elect. Comput. Eng., vol. 1, 1994, pp. 68–71.
[52] P. K. Dash, S. Mishra, M. M. A. Salama, and A. C. Liew, “Classification
of power system disturbance using a fuzzy expert system and a Fourier
linear combiner,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 15, pp. 472–477,
Apr. 2000.
[53] P. K. Dash, B. Mishra, S. K. Panda, and M. M. A. Salama, “Computation
of power quality symmetrical components using fuzzy logic based linear
combiners,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Energy Manage. Power Delivery,
vol. 1, Singapore, 1998, pp. 17–22.
[54] P. K. Dash, R. K. Jena, and M. M. A. Salama, “Power quality
monitoring using an integrated Fourier linear combiner and fuzzy
expert system,” Int. J. Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 21, no. 7, pp.
497–506, 1999.
[55] P. K. Dash, A. C. Liew, M. M. A. Salama, B. R. Mishra, and R. K.
Jena, “New approach to identification of transient power quality prob-
lems using linear combiners,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 51, no. 1, pp.
1–11, 1999.
[56] P. K. Dash, S. K. Panda, A. C. Liew, and K. S. Lock, “Tracking power
quality disturbance waveforms via adaptive linear combiners and fuzzy
decision support systems,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Power Electron. Drive
Syst., vol. 2, Singapore, 1997, pp. 632–636.
[57] C. H. Kung, M. J. Devaney, C. M. Huang, and C. M. Kung, “Fuzzy-based
adaptive digital power metering using a genetic algorithm,” IEEE Trans.
Instrum. Meas., vol. 47, pp. 183–188, Jan. 1998.
[58] , “Fuzzy-based adaptive digital power metering using a genetic al-
gorithm,” in Proc. IEEE Instrum. Meas. Technol. Conf., vol. 1, Ottawa,
ON, Canada, 1997, pp. 218–221.
[59] R. M. Martins, A. de Oliveira, and S. F. de Paula Silva, “New proposal
to capacitor bank allocation using fuzzy logic,” in Proc. 2nd IEEE Int.
Conf. Power Electron., Drives Energy Syst. Industrial Growth, vol. 2,
Perth, Australia, 1998, pp. 598–603.
[60] , “Contribution for the power quality control using fuzzy logic,” in
Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Transm. Distrib. Conf., vol. 1, New Orleans,
LA, 1999, pp. 148–153.
[61] G. G. Trofimov and O. M. Rojzman, “The electric energy quality esti-
mation by the fuzzy set,” Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Energetika, no. 1,
pp. 69–77, 1991.
[62] M. J. Ringrose and M. Negnevitsky, “Automatic disturbance recognition
in power system,” J. Elect. Electron. Eng., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 83–90,
1999.
671
[63] A. Elmitwally, S. Abdelkader, and M. Elkateb, “Universal power quality
manager with a new control scheme,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 147,
no. 3, pp. 183–189, 2000.
[64] W. R. Anis Ibrahim, M. M. Morcos, and D. G. Kreiss, “An adaptive
neuro-fuzzy intelligent tool and expert system for power quality anal-
ysis—Part I: An introduction,” in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Summer
Meeting, vol. 1, Edmonton, AB, Canada, 1999, pp. 493–498.
[65] W. R. Anis Ibrahim and M. M. Morcos, “An adaptive neuro-fuzzy intel-
ligent tool and expert system for power quality analysis—Part II: Val-
idation and preliminary applications,” in Proc. Large Eng. Syst. Conf.
Power Eng., Halifax, NS, Canada, 2000, pp. 182–186.
[66] , “Preliminary application of an adaptive fuzzy system for power
quality diagnostics,” IEEE Power Eng. Rev., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 55–58,
2000.
[67] S. K. Starrett, W. R. Anis Ibrahim, B. P. Rust, and A. L. Turner,
“An on-line fuzzy logic system for voltage/VAR control and alarm
processing,” in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Winter Meeting, vol. 1,
New York, 1999, pp. 766–771.
[68] J. G. Giarratano and G. Riley, Expert Syst. Principles Program-
ming. New York: PWS, 1994.
[69] S. Russell and P. Norvig, Artificial Intelligence a Modern Ap-
proach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1995.
[70] T. Dean, J. Allen, and Y. Aloimonos, Artificial Intelligence Theory and
Practice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1995.
[71] P. Harmon and B. Sawyer, Creating Expert Systems. New York: Wiley,
1990.
[72] A. Gonzalez and D. Dankel, The Engineering of Knowledge Based Sys-
tems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993.
[73] J. Kozma, “Intelligent agents,” IEEE Potentials, vol. 17, no. 2, pp.
16–19, 1998.
[74] J. P. Ignizio, Introduction to Expert Systems—The Development and Im-
plementation of Rule-Based Expert Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1991.
[75] J. J. Collins, W. G. Hurley, T. P. McHale, and P. J. Nolan, “Classi-
fication of power quality problems using neural networks and expert
systems approaches,” in Proc. 28th Univ. Power Eng. Conf., 1993,
pp. 506–509.
[76] J. J. Collins and W. G. Hurley, “Application of expert systems and neural
networks to the diagnosis of power quality problems,” in Proc. EPRI
PQA Conf.: Power Quality Assessment, End-Use Appl. Perspectives, vol.
1, 1994, paper A-2.03.
[77] M. P. Collins, W. G. Hurley, and E. Jones, “The application of wavelet
theory in an expert system for power quality diagnostics,” in Proc. 30th
Univ. Power Eng. Conf., 1995, pp. 274–277.
[78] D. D. Shipp, W. Vilcheck, M. E. Swartz, and N. H. Woodley, “Expert
system for analysis of electric power system harmonics,” in Proc. IEEE
Annu. Pulp Paper Industry Tech. Conf., 1993, pp. 12–19.
[79] W. E. Kazibwe and H. M. Sendaula, “Expert system targets power
quality issues,” IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 5, pp. 29–33, 1992.
[80] J. Schlabbach, “Expert system measures harmonics and EMC,” IEEE
Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 7, pp. 26–29, 1994.
[81] M. Kezunovic and I. Rikalo, “Automating the analysis of faults and
power quality,” IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 12, pp. 46–50,
1999.
[82] S. Santoso, J. Lamoree, W. M. Grady, E. J. Powers, and S. C. Bhatt,
“Scalable PQ event identification system,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,
vol. 15, pp. 738–743, Apr. 2000.
[83] P. D. Wasserman, Advanced Methods in Neural Computing. New
York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993.
[84] D. Hammerstrom, “Neural networks at work,” IEEE Spectrum, vol. 30,
pp. 26–32, June 1993.
[85] , “Working with neural networks,” IEEE Spectrum, vol. 30, pp.
46–53, July 1993.
[86] R. L. King, “Artificial neural networks and computational intelligence,”
IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 11, pp. 14–25, 1998.
[87] A. K. Ghosh and D. L. Lubkeman, “Classification of power system dis-
turbance waveforms using a neural network approach,” IEEE Trans.
Power Delivery, vol. 10, pp. 109–115, Feb. 1995.
[88] , “The classification of power system disturbance waveforms using
a neural network approach,” in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Transm.
Distrib. Conf., 1994, pp. 323–329.
[89] W. Tan and V. I. John, “Nonlinear fluorescent systems: Their impact on
power quality,” in IEEE Can. Conf. Elect. Comput. Eng., vol. 1, Halifax,
NS, Canada, 1994, pp. 144–147.
[90] P. K. Dash, S. K. Panda, A. C. Liew, B. Mishra, and R. K. Jena, “New
approach to monitoring electric power quality,” Elect. Power Syst. Res.,
vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 11–20, 1998.
672
[91] P. K. Dash, D. P. Swain, A. Routray, and A. C. Liew, “Harmonic esti-
mation in a power system using adaptive perceptrons,” Proc. Inst. Elect.
Eng., vol. 143, no. 6, pp. 565–574, 1996.
[92] P. K. Dash, S. K. Patnaik, and S. K. Panda, “Adaptive neural network
for real-time estimation of basic waveforms of voltages and currents,”
Int. J. Eng. Intell. Syst. Elect. Eng. Commun., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 33–42,
1996.
[93] P. K. Dash, D. P. Swain, A. C. Liew, and S. Rahman, “An adaptive linear
combiner for on-line tracking of power system harmonics,” IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 11, pp. 1730–1736, July 1996.
[94] P. K. Dash, D. P. Swain, B. R. Mishra, and S. Rahman, “Power quality
assessment using an adaptive neural network,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf.
Power Electron., Drives, Energy Syst. Industrial Growth, vol. 2, 1996,
pp. 770–775.
[95] S. Santoso, J. P. Edward, W. M. Grady, and A. C. Parsons, “Power quality
disturbance waveform recognition using wavelet-based neural classi-
fier—Part 1: Theoretical foundation,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.
15, pp. 222–228, Feb. 2000.
[96] , “Power quality disturbance waveform recognition using wavelet-
based neural classifier—Part 2: Application,” IEEE Trans. Power De-
livery, vol. 15, pp. 229–235, Feb. 2000.
[97] S. Santoso, E. J. Powers, and W. M. Grady, “Power quality disturbance
identification using wavelet transforms and artificial neural networks,”
in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Harmon. Quality Power, 1996, pp. 615–618.
[98] A. F. Sultan, G. W. Swift, and D. J. Fedirchu, “Detection of high
impedance arcing faults using a multi-layer perceptron,” IEEE Trans.
Power Delivery, vol. 7, pp. 1871–1877, Aug. 1992.
[99] W. W. L. Keerthipala, T.-C. Low, and C.-L. Tham, “Artificial neural
network model for analysis of power system harmonics,” in Proc.
IEEE Int. Conf. Neural Networks, vol. 2, Perth, Australia, 1995, pp.
905–910.
[100] S. Osowski, “Neural network for estimation of harmonic components in
a power system,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. C: Generation, Trans. Distrib.,
vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 129–135, 1992.
[101] M. Mallini and B. Perunicic, “Neural network based power quality anal-
ysis using MATLAB,” in Proc. Large Eng. Syst. Conf. Power Eng., Hal-
ifax, NS, Canada, 1998, pp. 177–183.
[102] R. Daniels, “Power quality monitoring using neural networks,” in Proc.
1st Int. Forum Applications Neural Networks Power Syst., 1991, pp.
195–197.
[103] D. E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Ma-
chine Learning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1989.
[104] R. L. Haupt and S. E. Haupt, Practical Genetic Algorithms. New York:
Wiley, 1998.
[105] L. Davis, Handbook of Genetic Algorithms. New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1991.
[106] M. D. Vose, The Simple Genetic Algorithm. Cambridge, U.K.: MIT
Press, 1999.
[107] M. A. Choudhry and S. Rahman, “Generic algorithm to select building-
lighting technologies for minimizing total harmonic distortion,” Energy,
vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1027–1036, 1995.
[108] G. Levitin, A. Kalyuzhny, A. Shenkman, and M. Chertkov, “Optimal
capacitor allocation in distribution systems using genetic algorithm and
a fast energy loss computation technique,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,
vol. 15, pp. 623–628, Apr. 2000.
[109] P. F. Ribeiro, R. Celio, and M. J. Samotyj, “Future analysis tools for
power quality,” in Proc. EPRI PQA Conf.: Power Quality: Issues Oppor.,
vol. 1, 1993, pp. 7-3:1–7-3:10.
[110] P. F. Ribeiro and R. Celio, “Advanced techniques for voltage quality
analysis: Unnecessary sophistication or indispensable tools?,” in Proc.
EPRI PQA Conf.: Power Quality Assessment, End-Use Appl. Perspec-
tives, vol. 1, 1994, paper A-2.06.
[111] P. F. Ribeiro and D. A. Rogers, “Power electronics, power quality and
modern analytical tools: The impact on electrical engineering educa-
tion,” in Proc. 24th Annu. Conf. Frontiers Edu., San Jose, CA, 1994,
pp. 448–451.
[112] J. McDonald, “How can intelligent systems improve quality of
supply?,” in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Colloq. Impact Protection Contr.
Quality Supply, Glasgow, U.K., 1997, pp. 6/1–6/4.
[113] R. C. Patterson, “Quantum leap into the IED age,” in Proc. 58th Amer.
Power Conf., vol. 2, Chicago, IL, 1996, pp. 1320–1324.
[114] , “Quantum leap into the IED age,” in Proc. IEEE 40th Annu. Conf.
Rural Electric Power, Fort Worth, TX, 1996, pp. B1-1–B1-5.
[115] P. Beguery, F. Bonard, and P. Bastard, “Method for harmonic simulation
in power distribution network and centralized active filtering analysis,”
in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. 14th Int. Conf. Exhib. Electricity Distrib., Birm-
ingham, U.K., 1997, pp. 2.35.1–2.35.5.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 17, NO. 2, APRIL 2002
[116] P. J. Nolan, “Diagnosis of power quality problems using fault tree induc-
tion algorithm,” in Proc. 30th Univ. Power Eng. Conf., vol. 2, London,
U.K., 1995, pp. 865–868.
[117] M. Kezunovic, G. T. Heydt, J. Schilleci, G. Lambert-Torres, T. Key,
and D. G. Kreiss, “Intelligent system applications to power quality and
substation automation,” in IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Summer Meeting, Ed-
monton, AB, Canada, 1999, Panel session.
[118] G. Strang and T. Nguyen, Wavelets and Filter Banks. Wellesley, MA:
Wellesley Cambridge Press, 1996.
[119] C. K. Chui, An Introduction to Wavelets. New York: Academic, 1992.
[120] M. Misiti, Y. Misiti, G. Oppenheim, and J.-M. Poggi, “Wavelet toolbox
for use with Matlab—User’s guide,” The Math Works, Natick, MA, 1997.
[121] M. P. Collins, W. G. Hurley, and E. Jones, “The application of wavelet
theory to power quality diagnostics,” in Proc. 29th Univ. Power Eng.
Conf., 1994, pp. 129–132.
[122] Y. Xu, X. Xiao, Y. Yang, and X. Chen, “Application of wavelet transform
in power quality analysis,” Dianli Xitong Zidonghue/Automat. Electric
Power Syst., vol. 23, no. 23, pp. 55–58, 1999.
[123] A. M. Gouda, M. M. A. Salama, M. R. Sultan, and A. Y. Chikhani,
“Application of multiresolution signal decomposition for monitoring
short-duration variations in distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. Power
Delivery, vol. 15, pp. 478–485, Apr. 2000.
[124] , “Power quality detection using wavelet-multiresolution signal de-
composition,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 14, pp. 1469–1476,
Apr. 1999.
[125] A. M. Gaouda, M. M. A. Salama, A. Y. Chikhani, and M. R. Sultan,
“Application of wavelet analysis for monitoring dynamic performance
in industrial plants,” in Proc. North Amer. Power Symp., Laramie, WY,
1997, pp. 325–331.
[126] S. Santoso, E. J. Powers, W. M. Grady, and P. Hoffman, “Power quality
assessment via wavelet transform analysis,” IEEE Trans. Power De-
livery, vol. 11, pp. 924–930, Apr. 1996.
[127] P. Pillay and A. Bhattacharjee, “Application of wavelets to model short
term power system disturbances,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 11, pp.
2031–2037, July 1996.
[128] J. Liu and P. Pillay, “Application of wavelet analysis in power system
disturbance modeling,” in Proc. 5th IEEE AFRICON Conf., Cape Town,
South Africa, 1999, pp. 639–642.
[129] C. David, I. Octavia, S. Jeffery, and G. William, “Wavelets and electro-
magnetic power system transients,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.
11, pp. 1050–1058, Apr. 1996.
[130] G. T. Heydt and A. W. Galli, “Transient power quality problems
analyzed using wavelets,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 12, pp.
908–915, Apr. 1997.
[131] A. W. Galli, G. T. Heydt, and P. F. Ribeiro, “Exploring the power of
wavelet analysis,” IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 9, pp. 37–41, Apr.
1996.
[132] A. W. Galli and O. M. Nielsen, “Wavelet analysis for power system tran-
sients,” IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 12, pp. 16–25, Jan. 1999.
[133] O. Poisson, P. Rioual, and M. Meunier, “New signal processing tools
applied to power quality analysis,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.
14, pp. 561–566, Apr. 1999.
[134] L. Agrisani, P. Daponte, M. D. Apuzzo, and A. Testa, “A measurement
method based on the wavelet transform for power quality analysis,”
IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 13, pp. 990–998, Aug. 1998.
[135] T. B. Littler and D. J. Morrow, “Wavelets for the analysis and compres-
sion of power system disturbances,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.
14, pp. 358–364, Apr. 1999.
[136] J. Chung, E. J. Powers, W. M. Grady, and S. C. Bhatt, “Variable rate
power disturbance signal compression using embedded zerotree wavelet
transform coding,” in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Winter Meet., vol. 2,
New York, NY, 1999, pp. 1305–1309.
[137] S. Santoso, E. J. Powers, and W. M. Grady, “Power quality disturbance
data compression using wavelet transform methods,” IEEE Trans. Power
Delivery, vol. 12, pp. 1250–1257, June 1997.
[138] K. Mehta and B. D. Russell, “Data compression for digital data from
power systems disturbances: Requirements and technique evaluation,”
IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 4, pp. 1683–1688, June 1989.
[139] R. P. Bingham, D. G. Kreiss, and S. Santoso, “Advances in data reduc-
tion techniques for power quality instrumentation,” in Proc. 3rd Eur.
Power Quality Conf., Bremen, Germany, 1995.
[140] G. T. Heydt and S. C. Bhatt, “Present and future trends and needs in elec-
tric power quality sensors and instrumentation,” Elect. Machines Power
Syst., vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 691–700, 1999.
[141] W. L. Chan, T. P. So Albert, and K. C. Li, “Real time data compression
for power system monitoring using programmable gate array,” in Proc.
IEEE Region 10 Conf. Comput., Commun., Contr., Power Eng., Beijing,
China, 1993, pp. 616–619.
ANIS IBRAHIM AND MORCOS: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ADVANCED MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
Wael R. Anis Ibrahim received the B.S. degree in electrical power and
machines engineering from Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, in 1989 and the
M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Zagazig University, Cairo, in
1994. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree at Kansas State University,
Manhattan.
His main research interests include artificial intelligence applications in elec-
tric power systems and power quality. He has also worked in the switchgear
industry for seven years.
673
Medhat M. Morcos received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
He is Professor of electrical and computer engineering and Distinguished
Teaching Scholar at Kansas State University, Manhattan. His areas of interest
include power electronics, artificial intelligence applications in power quality
and power systems protection, switching transients in transmission systems,
electrical insulation, and high-voltage engineering. He has a total of 25 years
teaching and research experience in these areas.