RODRIGO, Rieszelle Faith P.

STEM 11- BLUEBELL

EARTH
SCIENCE
MODULE 2: Earth’s Solid Matter
EVALUATION:
o True or false
1. FALSE 5. FALSE 9. FALSE

2. TRUE 6. TRUE 10. FALSE

3. TRUE 7. TRUE

4. TRUE 8. TRUE

o Table
RELATIVE COMPOSITIO TYPES OF
LAYER POSITION N DENSITY ROCK
CHEMICAL/COMPOSITIONAL
3g/cm3 CONTINENTAL:
Outermost layer: Made up og large
granite rock, made
thinnest under the amounts of silicon
Least dense layer up of all rock
ocean, thickest under and aluminum
CRUST overall; Oceanic types
continents;crust and top often termed as
crust is more OCEANIC: basalt
of mantle called SIAL
dense than rocks, made of
lithosphere
continental crust more dense rocks
MANTLE Middle layer, thickest Magnesium, 3.3-5.4g/cm3 Hot, dense,iron and
layer; top portion called Silicon, Oxygen, Density increases magnesium-rich
asthenosphere and Iron. Major with depth solid rock.
constituent elements because of
 are Silicon and
increasing
Magnesium often
pressure
called as SIMA
9.5-14.5g/cm3
Inner layer, consists of Mostly Iron and Made of nickel,
CORE two parts—outer core nickel; Heaviest at iron and molten
and inner core Also called as NIFE material; most rock.
dense layer
MECHANICAL
Made up of large
Silicic rocks
Region comprising the amounts of silicon
2.2-2.9g/cm3
LITHOSPHERE crust and uppermost and aluminum
Andesite, basalt at
solid mantle often termed as
base
SIAL
It is made of solid
The asthenosphere silicate materials, Peridotite, eclogite,
ASTHENOSPHE includes the soft layer of but the high 3.4-4.4g/cm3 olivine, spinel,
RE the mantle on which the temperature allows garnet, pyroxene
lithosphere moves. it to flow on very Perovskite, oxides
long timescales
The mesosphere is the
layer below the
Major constituent
asthenosphere but above 4.4-5.6g/cm3 Magnesium and
MESOSPHERE elements are Silicon
the outer core. It is silicon oxides
and Magnesium
essentially the lower
mantle.

Composed of iron
The outer core extends
and nickel, the
from the bottom of the
extreme temperature 9.9-12.2g/cm3 Iron+oxygen,
OUTER CORE mesosphere or the lower
allows these metals sulfur, nickel alloy
mantle and surrounds
to remain in their
the inner core.
liquid phases

The inner most part of

earth’s layer. It has great
The inner core is
temperature and
also made of iron
pressure that the metals
and some nickel. 12.8-13.1g/cm3 Iron+oxygen,
INNER CORE are squeezed together
However, unlike the sulfur, nickel alloy
and are not able to move
outer core, it is a
about like a liquid, but
solid ball.
are forced to vibrate in
place like a solid

o Multiple Choices
1. A. 2. A. 3. D.
4. B. 8. B. 12. A.

5. A. 9. C. 13. B.

6. D. 10. A. 14. A.

7. A. 11. C. 15. C.

o Essay
ROCK CYCLE

1. Several processes can turn one type of rock into another type rock. Sedimentation is the step in the rock
cycle that creates the sediment form which sedimentary rock is formed.

During sedimentation, the sediments are laid down or deposited. In order to form sedimentary rock, the
accumulated sediment must become compacted and cemented together.

2. Magma cools either underground or on the surface and hardens into an igneous rock. The igneous rock
will undergo weathering and erosion which will break them into smaller pieces, the small fragments are called
sediments. The sediment are laid down or deposited. The accumulated sediment will be compacted and
cemented together, and then it will form sedimentary rock.

3. The Rock Cycle is a group of changes. Igneous rock can change into metamorphic rock in two ways.
One way is through weathering and erosion; it will cause the igneous rocks to become small fragments which
are called sediments. After becoming sediments, the sediments will undergo compaction and cementation which
will form sedimentary rock. The sedimentary rock will be exposed to extreme heat and pressure within the earth
but it will not melt, it will become metamorphic rock.

Another way to change igneous rock to metamorphic rock is through exposing the igneous rock to
extreme heat and pressure. When it is exposed to heat and pressure, it will not melt but it will become
metamorphic rock. Metamorphism may change the mineral composition and the texture of the rock.

EARTH’S INTERNAL

1. The inner core is indeed the hottest layer. However, the pressure on the inner core is greater than the
pressure on the outer core and the melting point of iron, the main constituent of the core, increases as the
pressure goes up. So, because the pressure effect overrides the temperature effect, the inner core is solidified.

2. Plate tectonics move because they are carried along by convection currents in the upper mantle of the
planet (the mantle is a slowly flowing layer of rock just below Earth's crust). Hot rock just below the surface
rises and when it cools and gets heavy, it sinks again. In this way, converging plates push into each other while
diverging plates pull away from one another, effectively creating mountains and volcanoes (and shape-shifting
continents).

3. Convection is the circulation (and mixing) of gases or liquid. On earth, this happens in air (which causes
our weather), and in ocean currents. If for some reason convection stopped, air would not circulate, and weather
would stop. Air wouldn't flow over the waters, suck up moisture and then rain it out on land. Without this rain,
all plants and crops would die. The movement of weather systems is also how warm air at the equator moves
and gives heat to the poles. Without the movement of this warm air, northern countries like Canada would be
even colder. The movement of water in our oceans also pushes warm water at the equator to the poles. These
water currents also move nutrients. Without the convection of the oceans, and the currents to move the
nutrients, most of our marine animals and plants would die.

4. Both the inner and outer core is largely composed of iron. The temperature of both is high enough to
melt the iron. This would suggest that both should be liquid. However, the physical state is also determined by
pressure with the highest pressure being in the inner core. Here we find that the matter’s physical state has to
support the full weight of the Earth above as mass under the influence of gravity.

Like most materials, iron’s solid state is denser than its liquid state so liquid iron can be compressed into
a solid by extreme pressure. The pressure in the inner core is sufficient to do this. However, the solid
hexoferrum at core temperature is unstable and requires pressures higher than a critical pressure to stop it
relaxing into the liquid state.

This critical pressure occurs at the inner/outer core boundary where all of the iron above has insufficient
pressure acting upon it to make it become solid at the temperatures we find there.

So the answer is that at the outer core depths the temperature is high enough to melt iron but the pressure
isn't high enough to squeeze the iron into the unstable solid lattice form

RODRIGO, Rieszelle Faith P.

STEM 11- BLUEBELL

EARTH
SCIENCE
 MODULE 3: Earth’s Internal Properties
EVALUATION:
HOT CHOCOLATE MANTLE CONVECTION DEMONSTRATION

A. In this activity, the heat transferred by convection. When the pot of water is heated over a flame,
heated water expands and become more buoyant. Cool, denser water descends and warm water
rises, and patterns of circulation can be formed.
B. When the water starts to boil, the powder starts to crack and widen. By looking at the side if the pot
as the water boils, we see that convection is moving the hot cocoa
C. Magma is formed when the one of the plates bend downwards to the mantle. Due to the heat of the
mantle, it causes the plate to melt and it will rise upward again forming a volcano.
 Prepare the materials:

 Chocolate powder.
 Pan.

1
 Water.

Fill the pan with water.

This represents the mantle material. The mantle is very hot rock and flows
very slowly over time like a goop. To see the convection in a shorter time
we're using this which will flow in a similar way in only one period. After
many trails and errors we've found that water makes the best approximation
for this behavior.

2Sprinkle it with chocolate powder until the top is thickly covered with dry
powder. Place it on stove and turn on the heat. Let it boil for a few minutes.
With a little luck and imagination you can point out subduction if any
plates sink or get flooded

3
These could represent divergent plate boundaries and volcanic eruptions.
Careful observers will see the cracks form and widen.

4
 DIRECTION
TYPE OF
OF MOTION EXAMPLES EFFECTS
BOUNDARY
MOVEMENT
EARTHQUAKE
Two plates slide TSUNAMI
SAN ANDREAS
against each other TRANSFORM FLOOD
FAULT
in opposite
directions

TRENCHES
Two plates come EARTHQUAKES
together, one HIMALAYAS ROCKY
sliding under the CONVERGENT MARIANA MOUNTAINS
other or both rising TRENCH TSUNAMI
up. FLOOD
DESERT

VOLCANOES
EARTHQUAKE
Two plates move MID-ATLANTIC
DIVERGENT TSUNAMI
apart RIDGE
FLOOD
GLACIERS

RODRIGO, Rieszelle Faith P.

STEM 11- BLUEBELL

EARTH
SCIENCE
MODULE 4: Earth Science
EVALUATION:
o True or false
1. TRUE 4. FALSE 7. TRUE 10. FALSE

2. FALSE 5. TRUE 8. FALSE

3. TRUE 6. FALSE 9. TRUE

PLATE REAL WORLD

SKETCH DEFINITION
BOUNDARY EXAMPLES

WASHINGTON-
When two plates come OREGON
together, it is known as a COASTLINE
convergent boundary. The  CASCADE
impact of the colliding plates MOUNTAIN
can cause the edges of one or ANDES
both plates to buckle up into a
MOUNTAIN
mountain ranges or one of the
CONVERGENT RANGE OF
plates may bend down into a
deep seafloor trench. A chain WESTERN SOUTH
of volcanoes often forms  NAZCA PLATE IS
parallel to convergent plate SUBDUCTION
boundaries and powerful BENEATH THE
earthquakes are common SOUTH
along these boundaries. AMERICAN
PLATE.
CONTINENTS:
 ICELAND RIDGE
A divergent boundary occurs  EAST AFRICAN
when two tectonic plates move RIDGE
away from each other. Along  ETHOPIAN RIFT
these boundaries, earthquakes
DIVERGENT are common and magma OCEANS:
(molten rock) rises from the  PACIFIC-
Earth’s mantle to the surface, ANTRACTIC
solidifying to create new RIDGE
oceanic crust.
 MID-ATLANTIC
RIDGE
 GAKKEL RIDGE

Two plates sliding past each

other forms a transform plate
boundary. Natural or human-  SAN ANDREAS
made structures that cross a FAULT ZONE OF
transform boundary are offset WESTERN NORTH
TRANSFORM —split into pieces and carried AMERICA
in opposite directions. Rocks  ALPINE FAULT OF
that line the boundary are NEW ZEALAND
pulverized as the plates grind
along, creating a linear fault
valley or undersea canyon.
o Multiple Choice

1. A 8. D 15. B 22. C

2. A 9. D 16. B 23. A

3. A 10. D 17. B 24. A

4. B 11. A 18. B 25. D

5. C 12. B 19. A 26. D

6. C 13. C 20. A

7. D 14. C 21. C

o Essay

1. The "Ring of Fire", also called the Circum-Pacific belt, is the zone of earthquakes surrounding the
Pacific Ocean- about 90% of the world's earthquakes occur there. The next most seismic region (5-6%
of earthquakes) is the Alpide belt (extends from Mediterranean region, eastward through Turkey, Iran,
and northern India.
2. Sixty percent of all active volcanoes occur at the boundaries between tectonic plates. Most volcanoes are
found along a belt, called the “Ring of Fire” that encircles the Pacific Ocean. Some volcanoes, like those
that form the Hawaiian Islands, occur in the interior of plates at areas called “hot spots.”
3. The concentration of earthquakes along narrow fault zones between the plates tells us that plates move
relative to each other and that the motion is often focused along narrow boundaries between them. Plate
boundaries are defined as the fault zones that separate the rigid interiors of plates.
4. Mountain ranges, ocean trenches, volcanoes, and earthquakes occur in patterns. The movement of plates
causes these features to occur. They occur in patterns because certain features are formed at he site of
the three types of plate boundaries. Shear stress is the stress component parallel to a given surface, such
as a fault plane, that results from forces applied parallel to the surface or from remote forces transmitted
through the surrounding rock.
5. Movement in narrow zones along plate boundaries causes most earthquakes. Most seismic activity
occurs at three types of plate boundaries—divergent, convergent, and transform. As the plates move past
each other, they sometimes get caught and pressure builds up. At convergent plate boundaries, where
two continental plates collide earthquakes are deep and also very powerful. In general, the deepest and
the most powerful earthquakes occur at plate collision (or subduction) zones at convergent plate
boundaries.
6. Volcanoes are most common in these geologically active boundaries. The two types of plate boundaries
that are most likely to produce volcanic activity are divergent plate boundaries and convergent plate
boundaries.
7. Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent plate boundaries. As tectonic plates slowly move away from each
other, heat from the mantle's convection currents makes the crust more plastic and less dense. The less-
dense material rises, often forming a mountain or elevated area of the seafloor.
8. The seafloor is destroyed at a Convergent Boundary.
9. Three types of convergent boundaries are recognized: continent‐continent, ocean‐continent, and ocean‐
ocean.
10. The most studied transform fault in the world is the San Andreas Fault, which is located in western
California.
11. How does a collision zone differ from a destructive plate boundary? Where could we see an example of
a constructive plate boundary?