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Reinforced concrete members may be subjected to torsion in combination with bending and
shear. Typical examples of such members are canopy beams, curved girders, grids and frames etc.
as shown below.
Fixed support
Fixed
Canopy Cantilever end
beam slab
A A
Section A-A
a) canopy beam
(statically determinate torsion)
c) Grid structures
Note: torsion arising from statically indeterminacy may be ignored because of lack of torsional
resistance does not cause collapse.
The torsional shear stress developed in section subjected torsion can be determined by a variety
of methods.
1. From mathematical theory of elasticity, the maximum torsional shear stress of rectangular
section occurs at the mid point of the long-side and is given by
T
vt
. x 2 .y
y
or, may be approximated assuming
x
is very large or infinity ‘ ’ by the equation,
3T
vt
x 2 .y
where x, y -short and long side of rectangular section.
-constant depends on y/x ratio as given in table below.
For T-,L- and I-sections, the torsional shear stress may be determined by approximating the
section into several rectangular components. It is assumed that each rectangular component
has a large ratio of y/x so that the value of may be taken as 1/3. The maximum shear stress
2. Based on plastic analysis, the torsional shear stress for rectangular section (according to BS-
8110) is given by:
2T
vt 2
x . ( y x 3)
For T-, L- or I-section, the section should be divided into component rectangles to maximize
the function (x3. y). The torsional shear stress on each rectangle should then be calculated
by considering the rectangle as carrying a torsional moment of
x3. y
Ti T
x .y
3
2T . x . y
-then, vt
( y x 3) . ( x 3 . y )
The shear stresses caused by torsion produce the principal tensile stresses at the inclined plane 45 0
to the horizontal axis of the member. When these tensile stresses exceed the tensile strength of
concrete, the diagonal cracks form along the inclined plane. Torsion reinforcement will be
required to control the diagonal crack. The capacity of concrete in torsion according to BS-8110
is given by,
v tc 0.067 f cu 0.4 N / mm 2
After the formation of the diagonal cracks, the transverse reinforcement in the form of closed-link
is assumed to provide resistance to the full torsional moment. Consider equilibrium of forces on
section subjected to pure torsion shown below.
F
y1 F
F
T crack line
F 450
sv
x1
Asv
Tension force in link, F . f ydv
2
x1
Moment of forces F about center line F. for vertical leg
2
y1
F. for horizontal leg
2
where Asv - cross sectional area of the two legs of a link.
1. The torsional resistance of any section may be calculated on the basis of an equivalent hollow
section with thin walls defined as shown below.
hef
perimeter, u
perimeter, u
Tu
Tu
center line
hef
2
Fig: Section subjected to torsion Fig: Equivalent hollow section
(Actual section)