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Chapter 4

Reinforced Concrete Section subjected to Torsion

Reinforced concrete members may be subjected to torsion in combination with bending and
shear. Typical examples of such members are canopy beams, curved girders, grids and frames etc.
as shown below.
Fixed support
Fixed
Canopy Cantilever end
beam slab
A A

b) beam curved in plan


(statically determinate torsion)

Section A-A

a) canopy beam
(statically determinate torsion)

c) Grid structures

Note: torsion arising from statically indeterminacy may be ignored because of lack of torsional
resistance does not cause collapse.

The torsional shear stress developed in section subjected torsion can be determined by a variety
of methods.
1. From mathematical theory of elasticity, the maximum torsional shear stress of rectangular
section occurs at the mid point of the long-side and is given by
T
vt 
 . x 2 .y
y
or, may be approximated assuming
x
is very large or infinity ‘  ’ by the equation,
3T
vt 
x 2 .y
where x, y -short and long side of rectangular section.
 -constant depends on y/x ratio as given in table below.

Table: Value of constant 


y/x 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 5.0 10.0 
 0.208 0.219 0.231 0.259 0.256 0.267 0.290 0.313 0.333

For T-,L- and I-sections, the torsional shear stress may be determined by approximating the
section into several rectangular components. It is assumed that each rectangular component
has a large ratio of y/x so that the value of  may be taken as 1/3. The maximum shear stress

1 Design of RC-section for Torsion –by M. Ahmed


occurs at the mid point of the long side y of the rectangle having the greatest value of x equal
to xm and the maximum shear stress is given as:
3T . x m
vt 
x .y
3

2. Based on plastic analysis, the torsional shear stress for rectangular section (according to BS-
8110) is given by:
2T
vt  2
x . ( y  x 3)
For T-, L- or I-section, the section should be divided into component rectangles to maximize
the function (x3. y). The torsional shear stress on each rectangle should then be calculated
by considering the rectangle as carrying a torsional moment of
 x3. y 
Ti  T   
x .y
3

2T . x . y
-then, vt 
( y  x 3) .  ( x 3 . y )

Design of RC sections for Torsion using Space-Truss Analogy (BS-8110)

The shear stresses caused by torsion produce the principal tensile stresses at the inclined plane 45 0
to the horizontal axis of the member. When these tensile stresses exceed the tensile strength of
concrete, the diagonal cracks form along the inclined plane. Torsion reinforcement will be
required to control the diagonal crack. The capacity of concrete in torsion according to BS-8110
is given by,
v tc  0.067 f cu  0.4 N / mm 2
After the formation of the diagonal cracks, the transverse reinforcement in the form of closed-link
is assumed to provide resistance to the full torsional moment. Consider equilibrium of forces on
section subjected to pure torsion shown below.

F
y1 F
F
T crack line

F 450
sv
x1
Asv
Tension force in link, F  . f ydv
2
x1
Moment of forces F about center line  F. for vertical leg
2
y1
 F. for horizontal leg
2
where Asv - cross sectional area of the two legs of a link.

2 Design of RC-section for Torsion –by M. Ahmed


The total torsional moment produced by one closed link,
x1 y A x A y
Tu  2 F .  2 F . 1  2 sv . f ydv . 1  2 sv . f ydv . 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
The numbers of links crossing each crack are,
 y1 
  for vertical legs
 sv 
 x1 
and,   for horizontal legs
 sv 
Then, the total torsional moment resistance becomes,
A y x A x y
Tu  2 sv . f ydv . 1 . 1  2 sv . f ydv . 1 . 1
2 sv 2 2 sv 2
Asv
 Tu  . x1 . y1 . f ydv
sv
Hence, the closed-link (closed stirrups) required including efficiency factor of 0.8 may be given
as:
Asv Tu

sv 0.8 x1 . y1 . f ydv
To ensure the proper action of these links, longitudinal bars evenly distributed round the inside
perimeter of the links must be provided. This longitudinal torsion reinforcement is determined
based on equating the volume of the longitudinal reinforcement to the volume of transverse
reinforcement as:
Asv f ydv
As  . . ( x1  y1 )
sv f yd
The torsional reinforcement determined by the above two equations must be provided in addition
to the full bending and shear reinforcement.
The clear distance between longitudinal torsion bars must not to exceed 300mm and a minimum
of four bars must be used in each link. All torsion steel must also extend a distance at least equal
to the largest member dimension past the point at which it is not required to resist torsion, to
ensure that all possible cracks are adequately protected.

EBCS-2 Provisions for Design of RC Section Subjected to Torsion

1. The torsional resistance of any section may be calculated on the basis of an equivalent hollow
section with thin walls defined as shown below.
hef
perimeter, u
perimeter, u
Tu
Tu
 center line

hef
2
Fig: Section subjected to torsion Fig: Equivalent hollow section
(Actual section)

3 Design of RC-section for Torsion –by M. Ahmed


2. For T-section and other sections which can be divided in to rectangles, the torsional resistance
may be taken as the sum of the capacities of each rectangular section. The sub-division may be
chosen so as to maximize the torsional resistance.
3. The equivalent hollow section has the same outer boundary as the actual section and an
equivalent thickness ‘hef’ obtained as hef  A u  (the acual wall thickness ) where u is
the perimeter and A is the total area of the cross-section enclosed by the outer perimeter,
including inner hollow areas.
4. The critical section for torque is at the face of supports.

Limiting Resistance of Ultimate Torque


To prevent diagonal compression failure in concrete, the torsional resistance ‘T Rd’ of a section
given by equation below shall not be less than the applied ultimate torque ‘T Sd’.
TRd  0.8 f cd . Aef . hef  TSd
where Aef -area enclosed within the center-line of hollow section.

Torsional Resistance of Concrete


The torque TC carried by the concrete (preventing diagonal tension crack) shall be taken as:
TC  1.2 f ctd . Aef . hef

Design of Torsional Reinforcement


1. Torsional reinforcement in the form of closed-links (closed-stirrups) and longitudinal
reinforcement is required to carry the excess torque whenever the applied ultimate torque
exceeds the concrete resistance, TC.
2. The volume of longitudinal torsional reinforcement shall be chosen to be equal to the volume
of the links (closed stirrups),
A f
As  sv . yv . ( x1  y1 )
sv f y
3. The torsional resistance of the reinforcement T ef is given by
2 Aef . f yd . Asv 2 Aef . f yd . As
Tef  or, Tef 
sv u ef
where uef --mean perimeter enclosing the area of Aef
4. The longitudinal reinforcement may be distributed evenly around the inside perimeter of the
links or concentrated in the corners where there shall always be at least one bar.
5. Minimum web reinforcement given by equation given below shall be provided in the form of
closed stirrups for the case of torsional reinforcement. The spacing of the stirrups shall not
exceed uef/8. The longitudinal bars required for torsion shall be distributed uniformly around
the perimeter of the closed stirrups at a spacing not exceeding 350mm. At least one
longitudinal bar shall be placed in each corner of the closed stirrups.
Asv Tef (Tsd  Tc )
 
sv 2 Aef . f yd 2 Aef . f yd
where Tsd --applied factored torque
Tc --torsional resistance of concrete for diagonal tension crack

4 Design of RC-section for Torsion –by M. Ahmed

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