Combine using relative pronouns

JUNE 30, 2014 - 

Relative pronouns are words used to combine two clauses into one. Besides
combining the two clauses, the relative pronoun acts as the subject or object
of the verb in the relative clause.

An example is given below.

 The boy solved the puzzle. He was praised by the teacher.

We can combine these two clauses using a relative pronoun.

 The boy who solved the puzzle was praised by the teacher.

Combine the following pairs of sentences using a relative pronoun.

1. The parcel reached me this morning. My brother sent it.

2. This is the house. Jack built it.

3. The boy didn’t do his homework. The teacher punished him.

4. He tells lies. He deserves to be punished.

5. I know a man. He wears a prosthetic leg.

6. Bring me the file. The file is on the table.

7. We met a girl. The girl had lost her way.

8. I saw a soldier. He had lost an arm.

9. Once upon a time there lived a giant. The giant was very powerful and
cruel.
 10. The dog bit the burglar. He was trying to break into the house.

Answers
1. The parcel which my brother sent reached me this morning.

2. This is the house that Jack built.

3. The teacher punished the boy who didn’t do his homework.

4. He who tells lies deserves to be punished.

5. I know a man who wears a prosthetic leg.

6. Bring me the file which is on the table.

7. We met a girl who had lost her way.

8. I saw a soldier who had lost an arm.

9. Once upon a time there lived a giant who was very powerful and cruel.

10. The dog bit the burglar who was trying to break into the house.

Test

Choose the correct relative pronoun or relative adverb.

1. The woman who is sitting at the desk is Mr Winter's secretary.

2. I cannot remember the reason why he wanted us to leave.
3. Jane, whose mother is a physician, is very good at biology.
4. She didn’t see the snake which was lying on the ground.
5. Do you know the shop where Andrew picked me up?
 Combine the sentences with relative clauses. (Decide whether to use commas or not.)

1. A monk is a man. The man has devoted his life to God.

A monk is a man who has devoted his life to God.
2. I have one black cat. His name is Blacky.
I have one black cat, whose name is Blacky.
3. A herbivore is an animal. The animal feeds upon vegetation.
A herbivore is an animal that feeds upon vegetation.
4. Carol plays the piano brilliantly. She is only 9 years old.
Carol , who is only 9 years old, plays the piano brilliantly.
5. Sydney is the largest Australian city. It is not the capital of Australia.
Sydney , which is not the capital of Australia, is the largest Australian city.
Combine the sentences with contact clauses.

1. We ordered a book. It was very expensive.

The book we ordered was very expensive.
2. You are sitting on a bench. The paint on the bench is still wet.
The paint on the bench you are sitting on is still wet.
3. The photographer could not develop the pictures. I had taken them in
Australia.
The photographer could not develop the pictures I had taken in Australia.
4. One of the bins smells awful. You haven’t emptied the bin for 3 weeks.
The bin you haven't emptied for 3 weeks smells awful.
5. They are singing a song. I don’t know the song.
They are singing a song I don't know.
Combine the sentences with relative clauses or contact clauses. Use contact clauses where
possible. (Decide whether to use commas or not.)

1. The city seems to be abandoned. It is usually crowded with people.

The city, which is usually crowded with people, seems to be abandoned.
2. You made an offer. We cannot accept it.
We cannot accept the offer you made.
3. A midwife is a woman. She assists other women in childbirth.
A woman who assists other women in childbirth is a midwife.
4. Three youngsters were arrested by the police. They had committed
criminal offences.
The police arrested three youngsters who had committed criminal offences.
5. The World Wide Web has become an essential part of our lives. It was
invented by Tim Berners-Lee.
Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, which has become an essential
part of our lives.
6. Combine the following sentences using an appropriate relative pronoun.

7. 1. Tenzing and Hilary climbed Mount Everest. Mount Everest is 27,000 feet high.
8. 2. The man is a writer. We met him at the theatre yesterday.

9. 3. Mr. Narayan doesn’t like publicity. Mr. Narayan’s books are best sellers.
10. 4. The policeman received an award for excellent service. He is a friend of mine.

11. 5. The doctor wrote the prescription. The patient asked for the prescription.
12. 6. Alice doesn’t watch films. Her best friend is an actor.
13. 7. The professor gave a good lecture on recession. He is a well-known economist.
14. Answers
15. 1. Tenzing and Hilary climbed Mount Everest which is 27,000 feet high.
16. 2. The man whom we met at the theatre is a writer.
17. 3. Mr. Narayan, whose books are best-sellers, doesn’t like publicity.
18. 4. The policeman who received an award for excellent service is a friend of mine.
19. 5. The doctor wrote the prescription that the patient asked for.
20. 6. Alice whose best friend is an actor doesn’t watch films.
21. 7. The professor who is a well-known economist gave a lecture on recession.
22.  

Combine each pair of sentences, using "because", "since", or "as":

1. She saw the wanted man in a small coffee shop. She phoned the police.
2. The teacher is sick. We'll have no class tomorrow.
3. She walked slowly. Her leg was injured.
4. Mary looks happy. She has just got good marks.
5. He came to the office 10 minutes late. He missed the first bus.
6. She coughed and sneezed. The doctor said she had to stay out of crowd.
7. It got dark. I couldn't read the letter.
8. I didn't come in time. There was a traffic jam.
9. He stayed at home yesterday. His mother was sick.
10. We didn't want to go out. It rained heavily.
....
....
....
....
....
....
Answer:
1. Since she saw the wanted man in a small coffee shop, she phoned the police.
2. Because the teacher is sick, we'll have no class tomorrow.
3. She walked slowly because her leg was injured.
4. Mary looks happy because she has just got good marks.
5. He came to the office 10 minutes late because he missed the first bus.
6. Because she coughed and sneezed, the doctor said she had to stay out of crowd.
7. Since it got dark, I couldn't read the letter.
8. I didn't come in time because there was a traffice jam.
9. He stayed at home yesterday because his mother was sick.
10. We didn't want to go out because it rained heavily.

An Adverb Clause of Reason indicates why the particular action of the verb is taken.

Read the following sentence.

• Because he likes his master, he helped his master.

In this sentence, why he helped his master has been answered by the Adverb-
Clause ‘because he likes his master’.

Such an Adverb-Clause may be of Adverb-Clause of Reason type.

• I did this work, because this work is part of my educational project.

In this sentence, why I did this work has been answered by the adverb-clause
‘because this work is part of my educational project’.

The Adverb-Clauses of Reason will begin with because, since, as that etc…

Examples:

In the following sentences the Adverb-Clauses of Reason have been colored blue.

• I did not buy it because I did not like the look of it.

• Because he is rich, he thinks he can buy all of us juices.

• I am glad that you like this town.

• As he was not there, he spoke to his brother.

• He was very pleased that you got admission in to this university.

NOTE:

An Adverb-Clause of Clause and an Adverb Clause of Reason are one and the same.
 In this way, you can form your own sentences using the Adverb Clauses of Reason.

    The officials decided to cancel the football match. The weather was very bad.

2.    Indonesia is located on the equator line. It has only two seasons.

3.    Today is the grand opening of Pasar Raya. Most sellers sell their goods cheaply.
4.    The terrible accident killed 6 passengers. The driver felt sleepy.
5.    There are a lot of demands. The price is always higher and higher.

 
Kirimkan Ini lewat EmailBlogThis!Berbagi ke TwitterBerbagi ke Facebook

Adverb clause of time

JULY 29, 2016 - 

An adverb clause is a subordinate clause. It must be attached to a main

clause. Adverb clauses of time are introduced by the subordinating
conjunctions while, after, whenever, before, since, as, till, until etc.

While you were playing I was working.

Don’t use the cell phone while you are driving.

As I was walking down the street, I saw James driving a Porsche.

He went to work after he fed the cats.

He went abroad after he finished his studies.

After you have finished your work, you may go home.

Don’t talk while she is singing.

Do it before you forget.
Bring me some water before you go.

I have not been keeping well since I returned from Kerala.

Everyone rose to their feet when he walked into the room.

They were told to wait till the signal was given.

I will wait here until you arrive.

Whenever I go to London, I try to see Mathew.

Whenever I see him, I feel nervous.

As soon as he heard the news, he called me.

Just as he entered the room the clock struck.

No sooner did he see us than he disappeared.

An adverb clause can come before or after the main clause. When it comes at
the beginning it is usually separated with a comma.

Adverb clauses provide additional information about how something is

done. They are much like adverbs in that they tell the
reader when, why or how someone did something. All clauses contain a
subject and a verb, adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating
conjunctions. For example,
Tom helped the student with the homework because he didn't
understand the exercise.

... because he didn't understand the exercise explains why Tom helped

and is an adverb clause.
Begin by studying adverb clauses which are often called "time clauses"
in English grammar books and follow specific patterns. 
Punctuation
When an adverb clause begins the sentence, use a comma to separate the
two clauses. Example: As soon as he arrives, we will have some lunch.
When the adverb clause finishes the sentence, there is no need for
a comma. Example: He gave me a call when he arrived in town.
Adverb Clauses with Time
When:

 He was talking on the phone when I arrived.

 When she called, he had already eaten lunch.
 I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep.
 We'll go to lunch when you come to visit.

'When' means 'at that moment, at that time, etc.'. Notice the different
tenses used in relation to the clause beginning with when. It is important
to remember that 'when' takes either the simple past OR the present -
the dependent clause changes tense in relation to the 'when' clause.
Before:

 We will finish before he arrives.

 She (had) left before I telephoned.

'Before' means 'before that moment'. It is important to remember that

'before' takes either the simple past OR the present.

After:

 We will finish after he comes.

 She ate after I (had) left.

'After' means 'after that moment'. It is important to remember that 'after'

takes the present for future events and the past OR past perfect for past
events.

While, as:

 She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.

 As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking.
While' and 'as' are both usually used with the past continuous because
the meaning of 'during that time' indicates an action in progress.

By the time:

 By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner.

 We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive.

'By the time' expresses the idea that one event has been completed before
another. It is important to notice the use of the past perfect for past
events and future perfect for future events in the main clause. This is
because of the idea of something happening up to another point in time.
Until, till:

 We waited until he finished his homework.

 I'll wait until you finish.

'Until' and 'till' express 'up to that time'. We use either the simple present
or simple past with 'until' and 'till'. 'Till' is usually only used in spoken
English.

Since:

 I have played tennis since I was a young boy.

 They have worked here since 1987.

'Since' means 'from that time'. We use the present perfect (continuous)
with 'since'. 'Since' can also be used with a specific point in time.

As soon as:

 He will let us know as soon as he decides (or as soon as he has

decided).
 As soon as I hear from Tom, I will give you a telephone call.

'As soon as' means 'when something happens - immediately afterward'.

'As soon as' is very similar to 'when' it emphasizes that the event will
occur immediately after the other. We usually use the simple present for
future events, although present perfect can also be used.
Whenever, every time:

 Whenever he comes, we go to have lunch at "Dick's".

 We take a hike every time he visits.

'Whenever' and 'every time' mean 'each time something happens'. We

use the simple present (or the simple past in the past) because
'whenever' and 'every time' express habitual action.

The first, second, third, fourth, etc., next, last time:

 The first time I went to New York, I was intimidated by the city.
 I saw Jack the last time I went to San Francisco.
 The second time I played tennis, I began to have fun.

The first, second, third, fourth, etc., next, last time means 'that specific
time'. We can use these forms to be more specific about which time of a
number of times something happened.

Adverb Clauses Showing Opposition

These type of clauses show an unexpected or non-self-evident result
based on the dependent clause.

Example: He bought the car even though it was expensive. Take a look
at the chart below to study the various usages of adverb clauses showing
opposition.
Punctuation:
When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the
two clauses. Example: Even though it was expensive, he bought the
car. When the adverb clause finishes the sentence there is no need for a
comma. Example: He bought the car even though it was expensive.
Even though, though, although:

 Even though it was expensive, he bought the car.

 Though he loves doughnuts, he has given them up for his diet.
 Although the course was difficult, he passed with the highest
marks.
Notice how 'though, even though' or 'although' show a situation which is
contrary to the main clause to express opposition. Even though, though
and although are all synonyms.

Whereas, while:

 Whereas you have lots of time to do your homework, I have very

little time indeed.
 Mary is rich, while I am poor.

'Whereas' and 'while' show clauses in direct opposition to each other.

Notice that you should always use a comma with 'whereas' and 'while'.

Using Adverb Clauses to Express Conditions

These type of clauses are often called "if clauses" in English grammar
books and follow conditional sentence patterns. Take a look at the chart
below to study the various usage of different time expressions.
Punctuation:
When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the
two clauses. Example: If he comes, we will have some lunch.. When the
adverb clause finishes the sentence there is no need for a
comma. Example: He would have invited me if he had known.
If:

 If we win, we'll go to Kelly's to celebrate!

 She would buy a house, if she had enough money.

'If' clauses express the conditions necessary for the result. If clauses are
followed by expected results based on the condition.

Even if:

 Even if she saves a lot, she won't be able to afford that house.

In contrast to sentences with 'if' sentences with 'even if' show a result
that is unexpected based on the condition in the 'even if'
clause. Example: COMPARE: If she studies hard, she will pass the
exam AND Even if she studies hard, she won't pass the exam.
Whether or not:
  They won't be able to come whether or not they have enough
money.
 Whether they have money or not, they won't be able to come.

'Whether or not' expresses the idea that neither one condition or another
matters; the result will be the same. Notice the possibility of inversion
(Whether they have money or not) with 'whether or not'.

Unless:

 Unless she hurries up, we won't arrive in time.

 We won't go unless he arrives soon.

'Unless' expresses the idea of 'if not' Example: Unless she hurries up,

we won't arrive in time. MEANS THE SAME AS: If she doesn't hurry
up, we won't arrive in time. 'Unless' is only used in the first conditional.
In case (that), in the event (that):

 In the case you need me, I'll be at Tom's.

 I'll be studying upstairs in the event he calls.

'In case' and 'in the event' usually mean that you don't expect something
to happen, but if it does... Both are used primarily for future events.

Only if:

 We'll give you your bicycle only if you do well on your exams.
 Only if you do well on your exams will we give you your bicycle.

'Only if' means 'only in the case that something happens - and only if'.
This form basically means the same as 'if'. However, it does stress the
condition for the result. Note that when 'only if' begins the sentence you
need to invert the main clause.

Adverb Clauses with Expressions of Cause and Effect

These type of clauses explain the reasons for what happens in the main
clause. Example: He bought a new home because he got a better
job. Take a look at the chart below to study the various usages of
different expressions of cause and effect. Note that all of these
expressions are synonyms of 'because'.
Punctuation:
When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the
two clauses. Example: Because he had to work late, we had dinner
after nine o'clock.. When the adverb clause finishes the sentence there is
no need for a comma. Example: We had dinner after nine o'clock
because he had to work late.
Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effect
Because:

 They received a high mark on their exam because they had studied
hard.
 I'm studying hard because I want to pass my exam.
 He works a lot of overtime because his rent is so expensive

Notice how because can be used with a variety of tenses based on the
time relationship between the two clauses.

Since:

 Since he loves music so much, he decided to go to a conservatory.

 They had to leave early since their train left at 8.30.

'Since' means the same as because. 'Since' tends to be used in more

informal spoken English. Important note: "Since" when used as a
conjunction is typically used to refer to a period of time, while "because"
implies a cause or reason.
As long as:

 As long as you have the time, why don't you come for dinner?

'As long as' means the same as because. 'As long as' tends to be used in
more informal spoken English.

As:

 As the test is difficult, you had better get some sleep.

'As' means the same as because. 'As' tends to be used in more formal,
written English.

Inasmuch as:

 Inasmuch as the students had successfully completed their exams,

their parents rewarded their efforts by giving them a trip to Paris.

'Inasmuch as' means the same as because. 'Inasmuch as' is used in very
formal, written English.

Due to the fact that:

 We will be staying for an extra week due to the fact that we

have not yet finished.

'Due to the fact that' means the same as because. 'Due to the fact that' is
generally used in very formal, written English.

Cite this Article 

Adverb Clause of Time

Adverb clauses of time tell us about when something happens. We can
use conjunctions like ‘when’, ‘whenever’, ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘as’,
‘while’ ‘until’, ‘as soon as’, and ‘since’:
 I stopped running when I saw my friend.
 Annie gets excited whenever she sees a dog.
 I’ll do my homework before I go back to school.
 Harry went home after the movie ended.
 I watched my mother as she prepared the dinner.
 He washed the dishes while his girlfriend vacuumed the
floor.
 I will come over as soon as I finish eating.
 Gemma hasn’t stopped working since she arrived.

 IT'S (HIGH) TIME

 unreal situations
 IT'S (HIGH) TIME + PAST SUBJUNCTIVE
 It's (high) time + past subjunctive expresses that something should be
done and that it is already a bit late:
 It's time you went to bed. You'll have to get up early tomorrow.
It's high time I bought a new pair of jeans.
It's about time this road was completed. They've been working
on it for months.
 When we say that the right time has arrived for something and we are
still in time, we can use the following patterns:
 It's time (for you) to go to bed.
It's time to say goodbye.
It's time for breakfast.

 We can use the expression it’s time + subject + past verb form to refer
to the present moment:
 Gosh! It’s almost midnight. It’s time we went home.
 Not: It’s time we go home.
 It’s time with a verb in the to-infinitive form can refer to the speaker and
the listener together:
 Come on. It’s time to start packing. We have to leave in two
hours. (or It’s time we started packing.)
 Let us see the structure--
 It is time+subject+past
 It is high time +subject+past
 It is about time+subject+past
 It is time I answered your question.
 It is high time we took to the heels.
 It is about time we left no stone unturned.
 Remember that we use past tense after it is time .
 So it is time we left .It is the correct answer.
 In examinations, question comes like this-
 It is time we--------(go,went) .
 The correct answer is went.Right?
 It is time we went =let us go=it is time for us to go .
 It is high time you grabbed the content of the answer.
 It is dollars to doughnuts that you get the answer.
 Now do th...

 Continue Reading
