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1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Vowels Α1 Ε5 Ι9 Ο15 Υ20 Ω24
2 Labials Β2 [/F/] Π16 Φ21
3 Gutturals Γ3 Η7 Κ10 [/Q/] Χ22
4 Linguals Ρ17
5 Palatals Σ18 Ψ23
6 Dentals Δ4 Ζ6 Θ8 Λ11 Τ19 Ψ23, Ζ24
1: Flinders Petrie's periodic table for the 7 Nasals Μ12, Ν13
Greek alphabet (1912) 8 Ξ14
Table 1 Periodic Table of the Greek alphabet (24 letters) – (left side: 0° and right side: mirrored and
rotated 90°
Abstract
The layout of the earliest alphabets may present an insight into the priority, charismatics and
symbolism of the letters.
Concentrated compositions of vowels symbolize the words for eternity, divinity and immortality. In
the alphabets the genuine vowel words (such as AEI, IO, IOU) will be unveiled by resorting the
alphabet in a periodic table.
Most Indo-European alphabets seem to arrange their letters in columns or rows named vowels,
nasal, guttural, labial, lingual, palatal, dental, etc. Five categories symbolize the places of
articulation for the phonetic sounds. In an optimized communication system each independent
source for phonetic sounds might be controlled by three letters (→ a ternary coding system).
The initial 4-letter keyword ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ of the elder and younger Futhark alphabets is interpreted as
“FUÞA”. Runes were called “VIThA” by the West Slavs.
In the 3 Futhark/Futhorc structures only the first 3 characters ᚠ – ᚢ – ᚦ remain stable in the course of
history.
The Futhark/Futhorc alphabet display a initial keyword “FUÞAR” or “WUÞAR”, respectively
“FUÞOR” or “WUÞOR”.
The first character ᚠ may be interpreted as a digamma with various transliterations (F, V, W, U, Y...).
The first rune ᚠ may be a consonant labial (“F” or “V”), the second rune a vowel labial ᚢ (“U”) and
the third rune ᚦ a consonant.
Introduction
As an engineer I did not really study linguistics and my study concentrates on the characteristics of
the communication channel.
The human language is based on 5 tools, which may be interpreted as bundles of muscles, each of
which are activated by impulses from the brains. These tools may be named according to their place
of articulation in the vocal tract in which the consonants are characterized by the point of contact
where an obstruction occurs.
The voice is based on a steady flow of air through the trachea (windpipe), larynx (voice
box) and pharynx (back of the throat). The vocal folds in the larynx vibrate, creating
fluctuations in air pressure, known as sound waves. Resonances in the vocal tract
modify these waves according to the position and shape of the lips, jaw, tongue, soft
palate, and other speech organs, creating formant regions and so different qualities of
sonorant (voiced) sound. Mouth radiates the sound waves into the environment. Nasal
cavity adds resonance to some sounds such as [m] and [n] to give nasal quality of the
so-called nasal consonants. 1
Analyzing these mechanisms we may identify the following places of articulation: (1) throat, (2) the
lips, (3) the tongue, (4) the soft palate and (5) the teeth. Therefore these phonetic sound categories
may be named: (1) guttural, (2) labial, (3) lingual, (4) palatal, respectively (5) dental2. These 5
categories may be found in a great number of alphabets such as Sanskrit, Old-Persian, Ugaritic,
Hebrew, Phoenician.
In my studies I used the definition which is documented in the Sepher Yetzirah:
3. Twenty-two letters are formed by the voice, impressed on the air, and audibly uttered
in five situations, in the throat, guttural sounds; in the palate, palatals; by the tongue,
linguals; through the teeth, dentals; and by the lips, labial sounds. 3
The places of articulation are not strictly separated. Therefore the categorization and the naming of
the categories may be variable. The articulatory gesture of the active place of articulation involves
the more mobile part of the vocal tract, typically some part of the tongue or lips.
Unlike the passive articulation, which is a continuum, there are five discrete active
articulators:
The articulators are discrete in that they can act independently of each other, and two or
more may work together in what is called co-articulation 4
Some of the important words are composed with series of vowels. These series may be found in the
alphabet's structures.
The vowels or semi-vowel A, E, H, O are classified as gutturals, the letter U and W as labials and as
I and Y as palatals. Usually no vowels are classified in the dentals and linguals. In order to compose
divine names the vowel core YAU may be enveloped in between consonants such as the dental D
and the lingual Ṣ in DYAUṢ.
In Sanskrit the sibilants are classified as Ś, Ṣ, S, whereas the Ṭ, Ṭh, Ḍ, Ḍh, Ṇ are linguals and T, Th, D,
Dh, N are dentals. Dependent on the chosen sibilants Ṣ or S the envelope may also be chosen as
DYAUṢ or ḌYAUS.6
Often the Indo-European personal pronouns JAU, IÉU of the first person singular and the
corresponding divine names such as DYAUS, DIÉU, contain series of vowels. These words and the
vowels may have been philosophical and/or religious symbols.
A remarkable historical remark to divine names in Egyptian religion may be found in the work De
Elocutione of Demetrius7 and this seems to refer to the archaic vowels, which may have been
uttered in their succession A-E-H-I-O-U-Ω8:
“71. In Egypt the priests, when singing hymns in praise of the gods, employ the seven
vowels, which they utter in due succession ; and the sound of these letters is so euphonious
that men listen to it in preference to flute and lyre. To do away with this concurrence,
therefore, is simply to do away entirely with the music and harmony of speech.—But perhaps
this is not the right time to enlarge on these matters.9”
The principal application of vowels is to produce sounds with an open vowel tract. The role of the
consonants is to define the exact timing for the opening and closing phases in controlling the vowel
tract10.
The following sample produces the first line of vowels (A-E-[H]-I-O-U-Ω) in the Greek alphabet
(24 letters)11. In Flinders Petrie's periodic table the letter H is defined as a consonant and not as a
vowel12.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Vowels Α1 Ε5 Ι9 Ο15 Υ20 Ω24
2 Labials Β2 [/F/] Π16 Φ21
3 Gutturals Γ3 Η7 Κ10 [/Q/] Χ22
4 Linguals Ρ17
5 Palatals Σ18 Ψ23
6 Dentals Δ4 Ζ6 Θ8 Λ11 Τ19 Ψ23, Ζ24
Table 2 Periodic Table of the Greek alphabet (24 letters) – (left side: 0° and right side: mirrored and
rotated 90°)
These pyramids list the vowels in alphabetical and reversed alphabetical order αεηιουω (of the
Greek alphabet).
15 [This description, taken from a longer spell, does not specify the pronunciation of "I" (iota) or "O'" (omega).] [PGM
V.24-30]
The personal pronouns of the first person dual and singular
Some of the personal pronouns of the first person dual (“wit”: “we two”) or singular (“I”) are
defined at the beginning of an alphabet respectively as a symbol in the appendices of an alphabet:
• In the Cyrillic alphabets the old ligatures Ѧ, Ѩ and Я represented two vowels I or Y and A,
which played a role in the definition of the personal pronoun IA, YA (in English: “I”). In the
Glagolitic script the ligature Ⱑ (/æ/, /jɑ/) is found in the terminal section of the alphabet. In
the Russian alphabet the ligature Я (/jɑ/) is defined as the last letter of the alphabet. 16
• The last letter of the Coptic alphabet corresponds to the personal pronoun Ϯ (“ti”) of the 1st
person singular17.
• The Y-character (as the first-person singular personal pronoun) is located in the Middle
English alphabet18. The pronoun “Y” (instead of the modern “I”) is written in capital letters:
“And Adam seide, Y herde thi vois in paradijs, and Y drede, for Y was nakid, and Y hidde
me” (Chapter 3:10).
• The æ-character (as the personal pronoun of the first person singular in various dialects19) is
located at the antepenultimate position of the Danish and Norwegian alphabet. Maybe the
word is a shortcut for “æk”20.
• The long IJ may have been an archaic predecessor of the Dutch personal pronoun “ik” of the
1st person singular21.
Therefore the alphabet may be understood as a Genesis, which describes the similarity between the
Creator (in Provencal: DIÉU → God) and his first Creature (in Provencal: IÉU → “I”).
According to the grammar the law, eternity, tradition, marriage and divine concepts had to be
composed with series of vowels and should be equipped with a maximal variety of the 5 categories.
The samples of the letters IJ, Y, æ, Ϯ (“ti”), Ⱑ, Я indicate the importance of the personal pronoun of
the first person singular and the symbolism of the vowels.
16 A Periodic Table for the Cyrillic Alphabet (Glagolitic, early Cyrillic and Russian alphabets)
17 A Periodic Table for the Coptic Alphabet
18 John Wycliffe organized the translation of the Book Genesis in Middle English in the 1380s. The translation from
the Vulgate was a collaborative effort, and it is not clear which portions are actually Wycliffe's work. Church
authorities officially condemned the translators of the Bible into vernacular languages and called these heretics
Lollards.
19 In many western, northern and southwestern Norwegian dialects and in the western Danish dialects of Thy and
Southern Jutland, Æ has a significant meaning: the first person singular pronoun I.
20 æ3 pron. III. æ, pron. (e. Moth.E1). (æda. æk (Brøndum - Nielsen.GG.I.194), oldn. ek, se II. jeg; jf. II. a; jy. (i
Sønderjylland og Ty), se Kort.163) jeg. MDL.1. Feilb.I.1.III.1134. sige æ til sig selv, se II. sige 1.1.
21 A Periodic Table for the Dutch Language
The five groups of sounds in the Hebrew alphabet
In the Semitic alphabets no vowels are defined as an individual letter.
The twenty-two consonants of the Hebrew alphabet are classified both with reference to the position
of the vocal organs in producing the sounds, and with regard to sonant intensity.
In contrast to the Jewish grammarians, who assumed a special mode of articulation for each of the
five groups of sounds, the Sefer Yetzirah says that no sound can be produced without the tongue, to
which the other organs of speech merely lend assistance. Hence the formation of the letters is
described as follows:
• With the tip of the tongue and the throat
• Between the lips and the tip of the tongue
• In the middle of the tongue
• By the tip of the tongue
• By the tongue, which lies flat and stretched, and by the teeth (ii. 3)[8]22
The letters are distinguished, moreover, by the intensity of the sound necessary to produce them,
and are accordingly divided into:
• Mutes, which are unaccompanied by sound, such as Mem
• Sibilants, such as Shin, which is therefore called the "hissing shin"
• Aspirates, such as Aleph, which holds a position between the mutes and sibilants, and is
designated as the "airy Aleph, which holds the balance in the middle" (iv. 1; in some eds. ii.
1)
Besides these three letters, which are called "mothers," a distinction is also drawn between the
seven "double" letters, which have two different sounds according to inflection, and the twelve
"simple" letters, the remaining characters of the alphabet which represent only one sound each.[8]
22 The phonetic system (Sefer Yetzirah – Wikipedia) - Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Yeẓirah, Sefer"
In the Name of the Vitha (runes)
The Futharks
Elder ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ ᚹ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛟ ᛞ
Futhark F U Þ A RKG W H N I J Æ P Z S T B E ML ŊO D
Younger ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚬ ᚱ ᚴ - - ᚼ ᚾ ᛁ - ᛅ - - ᛋ ᛏ ᛒ - ᛘ ᛚ - ᛦ -
Futhark F U Þ A RK - - H N I - Æ - - S T B - ML - ʀ -
Anglo-Saxon ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚩ ᚱᚳ ᚷ ᚹ ᚻ ᚾ ᛁ ᛡ/ᛄ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛝ ᛟ ᛞ
runes
F U Þ ORCGW HN I J ï, ʒ P X S T B E M L Ŋ Œ D
Table 3 Segmentation of the Elder, Younger and Anglo-Saxon Futhark Alphabets in the first 5
segments. The sections 6 and 7 of the Anglo-Saxon runes are displayed in an extra table.
This segmentation results in 4 rows, in which the first row starts with the symbolic keyword F Y Þ,
which may represent the personal pronoun “wit” (“we two”), “wit” (wisdom), the sky-gods “Wod”
and (reversed) “Tiw” or “Tuw”. The axis (column 5) lists the vowels A, I, Ω.
The third section may also be split up at the vowel Æ, but this would result in an additional fourth
vowel (and a second guttural symbol) on the vowel axis. Most probably the letter Æ should be
interpreted as a third I-variant ï (the long I or in Dutch “ij”), which is found in the Anglo-Saxon
runes. Therefore we also may categorize this letter as a symbolical palatal Æ.
2 H N (N) I J Æ/Æ P
3 Z, S, T (Ś) B
4 E M L, Ŋ, D Ω
Table 6 Periodic Classification for the Elder Futhark Alphabet (Variant 1)
26 A Periodic Table for PIE-Alphabets (languages: Ugaritic, Latin, Elder and Younger Futhark, Gothic, etc.)
The periodic table of the Futhorc structure
As a last version of the runic Futhorc structure (named “Anglo-Saxon runes”) may be analyzed in
an individual interpretation of the vowels' structure.
A suitable segmentation starts a segment (2,3,5) with a guttural O, H, (X), E (which often also is a
vowel) and ends a segment (2,3,4,5) with a labial W, P, B, (Œ or Œ). The Œ should be the last
symbol, which may represent the long O (Ω).
The letters I, J, and Ï may be united in a single category at the axis of the alphabet. The axis is
included between two O-symbols: O,I,Œ. This Anglo-Saxon runic triad is equivalent to the
Futhark's triad A,I,Ω.
The Hebrew Great Name is based on the letters I H V27, which the Septuagint wise men translated
into the same letters I A Ω. The origin of the Hebrew alphabet is identified as the smallest letter
symbol I, which in all alphabets is found in the center of vowels and the alphabetic sequence.
Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
O, I, Œ O I, J, and Ï Œ
Segment markers O W H P X B E Œ
ᚠᚢ ᚦ ᚩ ᚱᚳ ᚷ ᚹ ᚻ ᚾ ᛁ ᛡ/ᛄ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛝ ᛟ ᛞ
Anglo-Saxon
runes a,æ,y, k,kk,
FUÞ ORCGW HN I J ï,ʒ P X S T B E M L Ŋ Œ D io,ea g,q,st
2 H N (N) I,J,Ï P
3 X, S, T (Ś) B
4 E M L, Ŋ, D Œ
Fig. 3: Runes were called vitha by the West Slavs - quoted in Deities of Slavic religion (Woda)
In addition, ancient sources, including the Eddas, write about a vetgrønster vida, which
means "evergreen tree"29. Vida is the “tree”, cognate to “vitha” (the “runes”).
The concentration of the characters ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ in the Futharc alphabet had been chosen to encode a
dedicated set of words which include Wut (ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ), Tiw (ᚦ ᚢ ᚠ), Thor (ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ) and Rod ( ᚱ ᚨ ᚦ ) or Crodo
( ᚲ ᚱ ᚨ ᚦ ). In the Gothic alphabet this set of words has been dissolved and vanished.
28 Hanuš 1842, p. 381 - Die Wissenschaft des Slawischen Mythus im weitesten, den altpreussisch-lithauischen Mythus
mitumfassenden Sinne. Nach Quellen bearbeitet, sammt der Literatur der slawisch-preussisch-lithauischen
Archäologie und Mythologie (in German). J. Millikowski. - quoted in Deities of Slavic religion (Woda)
29 Mythology and folklore Ash tree
The additional symbols in the Anglo-Saxon runes (section 6 & 7)
The sequence of the runes above comes from the surviving modern copy of the Anglo-Saxon rune
poem30 which was based on the now-destroyed Cotton Otho B.x.165 manuscript.
The first 24 of these runes directly continue the elder Futhark letters, and do not deviate in sequence
(though ᛞᛟ rather than ᛟᛞ is an attested sequence in both elder Futhark and Futhorc).
Sect. 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7
3 symb. 5 symbols 6 symbols 4 symbols 6 symbols 5 symbols 5 symbols
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Elder ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ ᚹ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛟ ᛞ
Futhark F U Þ A RCG W H N I J Æ P Z S T B E M L Ŋ O D
Younger ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚬ ᚱ ᚴ - - ᚼ ᚾ ᛁ - ᛅ - - ᛋ ᛏ ᛒ - ᛘ ᛚ - ᛦ -
Futhark F U Þ A RC - - H N I - Æ - - S T B - M L - ʀ -
Anglo- ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚩ ᚱ ᚳ ᚷ ᚹ ᚻ ᚾ ᛁ ᛡ/ᛄ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛝ ᛟ ᛞ ᚪ ᚫ ᚣ ᛡ ᛠ ᛣ ᛤ ᚸ ᛢ ᛥ
Saxon
runes F UÞ O RCGW H N I J ï, ʒ P X S T B E M L Ŋ Œ D a æ y io ea k kk g q st
The ogham alphabet already contains an aicme with vowels: A, O, U, E, I. The forfeda contains 5
extra symbols EA, OI, UI, P, later IO and CH or X, later AE:
forfid letter range Name
1 ᚕ EA [k], [x], [eo] Éabhadh
2 ᚖ OI [oi] Ór
3 ᚗ UI [ui] Uilleann
4 ᚘ P, later IO [p], [io] Ifín ᚚ [p] Peith
5 ᚙ CH or X, later AE [x], [ai] Eamhancholl •
Table 10 The five forfeda (extra symbols) of the ogham alphabet
30 The Anglo-Saxon rune poem, dated to the 8th or 9th century, has stanzas on 29 Anglo-Saxon runes. It stands
alongside younger rune poems from Scandinavia, which record the names of the 16 Younger Futhark runes.
Why an alphabet may need an encryption...
Studying the difference between the runic alphabet Futhark and the common Indo-European
alphabets I noticed a video with a remarkable hint, which provided me with linguistic details and
suggestions about encryption.
In the video The book that awakened Alan Turing's genius the author Tibees (with a most agreeable
timbre in her voice) explained the impact of a book titled “Natural wonders every child should
know31” on the Alan Turing's youth.
In my curiosity of the impact of this book I studied the chapters, in which the author explained the
human brains and the differences between the brains and thinking of animals and human beings.
I never heard these arguments, but I also understood that interpreting scripture, recognizing letters
and words, thinking and remembering things required a fast processing, which could be harmed by
damages and illness.
“Speech and thinking are intensely connected 32.” The same expectations of fast and reliable
communication could also be valid for hearing, reading, writing and remembering. In natural
habitats most reactions of all living creatures must have been essential to survive. Slow reactions or
errors may easily cause the extinction of an unfit species of animals.
Therefore any distraction in the usage of scripture would slow down the communication speed.
Originally the access to the Futhark alphabet had been restricted to the druids. The common people
interpreted the letters as magic symbols, but did not understand the writing. The Futhark alphabet
contains 24 letters in one row: F, U, Þ, A, R, K, G, W, H, N, I, J, Æ, P, Z, S, T, B, E, M, L, Ŋ, D,
Ω, in which symbolic words such as F, U, Þ or W, U, Þ and Þ, A, R may be identified.
The Ugaritic cuneiform alphabet had been in use in a trading community with access to a great
number of traders, who did not want their attention was distracted from trading. The followed
sequence of the Ugaritic cuneiform alphabet is sorted according to their categories: vowels, labial,
gutturals, the lingual letter P, palatals, dentals, etc. Obviously the vowels belonged to the principal
symbols, which may have caused these letters to be used for magic formulas. This kind or priority
for the vowels should be avoided:
• Α1, Ε5, Η7, Ι9, Ο15, Υ20, Ω24 , Β2, /F/ ,Π16, Φ21, Γ3,, Κ10, /Q/, Χ22,, Ρ17,,, Σ18, Ψ23, Δ4, Ζ6, Θ8, Λ11, Τ19,
Ψ23, Ζ24,, Μ12,,,, Ν13,,,, Ξ14
For general usage the alphabet should be strictly neutral, which could be achieved by using a
garbling method, which distributed the various categories over the complete alphabet. This is the
so-called "long” version of the Ugaritic cuneiform alphabet with 27 or 30 letters, which may be
sorted in the following “standard” sequence:
• A1, B2, G3, Kh4, D5, E6, W7, Z8, H9, Θ10, Y11, K12, Ś13, L14, M15, Z16, N17, Ẓ18, S19, O20, P,Φ21,
Ṣ22, Q23, R24, Θ 25, Gh26, T27, (Ƕ28 (I)), (Ω29 (U)), (S30)
This “encryption method” distributed the letters in a garbled sequence, which had lost the ordered
priority for the vowels, labials, gutturals, etc. Each letter could be used for history, philosophy,
religious documents, trading, poetry, literature, science and any other activity.
31 Natural wonders every child should know, by Edwin Tenney Brewster. Brewster, Edwin Tenney, 1866-1960. New
York, Doubleday, Doran & Co., Inc. [c1939]
32 Chapter XIX - Why Most of Us are Right-Handed
Summary
The (approximately) 150 following papers are sorted according to the initial upload date33 :
• Alphabets with Included Grammars (Scribd)
• The Quantization of the Ugaritic Alphabet (Scribd)
• De architectuur van het Oegaritische alfabet (Scribd)
• A Periodic Table for Ugaritic Signaries as a Root for the Sky-god Dyaus and the Personal
Pronouns for the 1st Person Singular and Dual Form
• Periodic Tables for the Gaelic (Irish and Scottish alphabets (Scribd)
• Did the Word „Deus“ Exist in the Archaic Alphabets (Scribd)
• Periodic Tables for the Euboean and Etruscan Alphabets (Scribd)
• A Periodic Table for the Greek Alphabet
• Periodic Tables for the Upper and Lower Sorbian Alphabets
• Overview of the Periodic Tables of the Sami Languages
• Eight Periodic Tables for the Sámi Languages
• Het hart van de Nederlandse taal
• Periodic Tables for the Sami Alphabets
• A Periodic Table for the Dutch Language