APPLIED

CALCULUS
FOR ENGINEERING & SCIENCE STUDENTS
 APPLIED
CALCULUS
FOR ENGINEERING & SCIENCE STUDENTS

SAMSUDIN ABDULLAH
RAHIMAH JUSOH @ AWANG
EZZATUL FARHAIN AZMI
NORAZALIZA MOHD JAMIL
ABDUL RAHMAN MOHD KASIM
NOR IZZATI JAINI

Publisher
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
Kuantan
2017
 Copyright Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 2017

First Published, 2017

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Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur.
Negotiation is subject to royalty arrangement or honorarium.

Samsudin Abdullah
APPLIED CALCULUS FOR ENGINEERING & SCIENCE STUDENTS /
SAMSUDIN BIN ABDULLAH RAHIMAH BINTI JUSOH @ AWANG
EZZATUL FARHAIN BINTI AZMI DR. NORAZALIZA MOHD JAMIL
DR. ABDUL RAHMAN BIN MOHD KASIM NOR IZZATI BINTI JAINI-
NEW VERSION
ISBN 978-967-2054-26-9
1. Calculus--Problems, exercises, etc. I. Rahimah Jusoh @ Awang
II. Ezzatul Farhain Azmi. III. Norazaliza Mohd Jamil, Dr.
IV. Abdul Rahman Mohd. Kasim, Dr. V. Nor Izzati Jaini.
VII. Title.
515.076

Published By:
Publisher
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Pahang Darul Makmur.
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 PREFACE

This module is designed for one-semester calculus course aimed at students majoring in
science and engineering. A wide variety of topics, examples and problems are provided. This
module can be used as an aided tool in teaching and learning multivariable calculus.
This module consists of four chapters. Students are introduced to polar coordinates and
vectors in Chapter 1. This chapter includes the 3-dimensional graph sketching and polar
curve, allowing for a source of rich illustrations and exercises. The next chapter concentrate
on vector-valued functions including discussions on arc length, curvature and motion in
space. Chapter 3 covers partial derivative involving functions with more than one variable.
The final chapter covers multiple integrals and the applications.
This text also provides a complete set of teaching materials for courses in multivariable
calculus that incorporates recent curricular and pedagogical developments in teaching and
learning of calculus. An effort has been made to present the material clearly and at a level of
sophistication appropriate for the audience. With the knowledge that any book can always be
improved, we welcome corrections, constructive criticism, and suggestions from every
reader.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 : POLAR COORDINATES & VECTORS 1

1.0 Introduction ……………………………………….………..………………................ 3
1.1 Parametric equations ……...………………………………………………………… 7
EXERCISES 1.1 ……………………………………………………………………...14
1.2 Three Dimensional Coordinate Systems ………………………………….............17
1.2.1 Line, Plane and Space …………..……………………………………...….. 20
1.2.2 Surfaces (Planes) ……………………….…………………………….......... 21
1.2.3 Distance in Three Dimensional System …………………………….......... 24

EXERCISES 1.2 ……………………………………………………………………. 25

1.3 Cylindrical and Quadric Surfaces ………………………………………………… 29

1.3.1 Level Curves ………………………………………………………………….29
1.3.2 Cylindrical Surfaces …………………………………………………………31
1.3.3 Paraboloids ……………………………………………………………......... 35
1.3.4 Spheres …...…………. …………………………………………………...... 38
1.3.5 Ellipsoids………………………………………………………………………43
1.3.6 Cones …………………………………………………………………………44

EXERCISES 1.3 …………………………………………………………………… 45

1.4 Lines and Planes ……………………………………………………………………49

1.4.1 Equation of Lines …………………………………………………………….49
1.4.2 Characteristics of Lines ……….…………………………………………….55
1.4.3 Equation of Planes ……………………………………………………..........58
1.4.4 Intersecting Planes ……………………………………………………..........64
1.4.5 Distance between Two Planes …………………………………………......65

EXERCISES 1.4 …………………………………………………………………….67

1.5 Polar Coordinates …………………………………………………………………..72

1.5.1 Relationship between Polar and Rectangular Coordinates …………….75
1.5.2 Graphing Polar Curve.………………………………………………………79
1.5.3 Symmetric Test ………………………………………………………………95

EXERCISES 1.5 …………………………………………………………………...100

TUTORIAL 1 : Polar Coordinates & Vectors ……………………………………………...105

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CHAPTER 2 : VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS 115
2.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………...117
2.1 Vector Functions and Space Curves……………………………………………….118
2.1.1 Domain and Graph of Selected Functions ……………………………....118
2.1.2 Operational Properties of Vector Functions ……………………………..126
EXERCISES 2.1 ………………………………………………………………..........128
2.2 Derivatives and Integrals of Vector Functions ……………………………………130
2.2.1 Derivatives of Vector Functions ..…………………………………………...130
2.2.2 Tangent Line and Tangent Vector …….……………………………………131
2.2.3 Differentiation Rules …………………………………………………............136
2.2.4 Integration of Vector Functions ……………………………………………..138

EXERCISES 2.2 ……………………………………………………………………..140

2.3 Arc Length and Curvature …………………………………………………………..142

2.3.1 Unit Tangent, Unit Normal and Binormal Vectors ...……………………....142
2.3.2 Arc Length …………………………………………………............................147
2.3.3 Curvatures ………………………………………………………………….....148

EXERCISES 2.3 ……………………………………………………………………..151

2.4 Motion in Space : Velocity and Acceleration ……………………………………...153

2.4.1 Normal and Tangential Components of Acceleration ………………….....156

EXERCISES 2.4 ……………………………………………………………………...158

TUTORIAL 2 : Vector-valued Functions ………………………………………………….....160

CHAPTER 3 : PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 163

3.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..165
3.1 Functions of Two or More Variables…………………………………………….....165
3.1.1 Graphing Function of Two Independent Variables ……………………….169
EXERCISE 3.1 ……………………………………………………………………….171

3.2 Partial Derivatives …………………………………................................................172

3.2.1 Partial Derivative as A Slope ...……………………………………………...175
3.2.2 Partial Derivative as Rate of Change …….…………………………….......177
3.2.3 Higher Order Partial Derivative ……………………………………………..178
3.2.4 Geometric Interpretation of Second Order Partial Derivatives …………..179

EXERCISES 3.2 …………………………………………………………………......181

3.3 The Chain Rule ………………………………………………………………………184

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 EXERCISES 3.3 ………………………………………………………………………190

3.4 Implicit Partial Differentiation ………………………………………………………..192

EXERCISES 3.4 ………………………………………………………………………199

3.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables …………………………………………….200

EXERCISES 3.5 ……………………………………………………………………....205

TUTORIAL 3 : Partial Derivatives ……………………………………………………………..206

CHAPTER 4 : MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 211

4.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….213
4.1 Area in Polar Coordinates……………………………………………………………213
EXERSICES 4.1 ……………………………………………………………………....223

4.2 Double Integrals over Rectangular Region………………………………………....224

4.2.1 Volume under a Surface ………………………………………………….......224
4.2.2 Fubini’s Theorem ……………………………………………………………...226
4.2.3 Properties of Double Integrals ……………………………………….............229
EXERCISES 4.2 …………………………………………………………………….. .230

4.3 Double Integrals over Nonrectangular Region………………………………….....232

4.3.1 Area and Volume ..…………………………………………………………....233
4.3.2 Reverse The Order of Integration …….……………………………..............237

EXERCISES 4.3 ……………………………………………………………………..239

4.4 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates …………………….……………………....241

EXERCISES 4.4 ……………………………………………………………………..250

4.5 Triple Integrals ………………………………………………………………………….252

4.5.1 Properties of Triple Integrals ……………………………..………………….252
4.5.2 Evaluating Triple Integrals Over More General Regions………………….253
4.5.3 Volume Calculated as A Triple Integral……………………………………..254

EXERCISES 4.5 ……………………………………………………………………...256

4.6 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates…………………………..257

4.6.1 Cylindrical Coordinates……………………………………………….............257

EXERCISES 4.6.1 ……………………………………………………………………261

4.6.2 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates………………………………….262

EXERCISES 4.6.2 ……………………………………………………………………266

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 4.6.3 Spherical Coordinates ……………………………………………………….268

EXERCISES 4.6.3 …………………………………………………………………...271

4.6.4 Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates ………………………………….272

EXERCISES 4.6.4 …………………………………………………………………...275

4.7 Applications of Multiple Integrals ………………………………………………........277

4.7.1 Surface Area ………………………………………………………………….277
4.7.2 Mass …………………………………………………………………...............281
4.7.3 Center of Gravity and Centroid of Lamina …………………………………282
4.7.4 Center of Gravity and Centroid of Solid …………………………………....284

EXERCISES 4.7 ……………………………………………………………………..289

TUTORIAL 4 : Multiple Integrals ………………………………………………………………291

APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………………………......299