International Research Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy IRJCP

Vol. 6(2), pp. 133-139, November, 2020. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 2167-0449

Research Article

Quantification of Organochlorine Pesticides Content of

Okumesi River Ebedei Uno Delta for Cage Aquaculture in
Schools: A Pathway for Youths Empowerment and Poverty
Eradication in Nigeria
1Chukwudi Ogwu*
of Vocational Education, Delta State University, Abraka – Nigeria
1*Department

Corresponding Author E-mail: chukwudiogwu008@yahoo.com; Tel: 08037767449

This study assessed the organochlorine pesticide content of Okumesi River Ebedei Uno for cage
aquaculture in schools. To achieve this, Okumesi River Ebedei Uno was mapped out into
research sites A B C D E. From each of the research sites samples were collected, bulked and
composites drawn fixed with HNO3 for analysis. The analytical standards adopted were EPA
3570, APHA and Steindwandter, and Shufter (1978). The analytical instrument deployed is Agilent
6100 series quadrupole LC/MS. The mean results obtained are as follows: alpha lindane
1.31±0.38μg/l, aldrin 1.17±0.48μg/l, endrin 2.33±0.11μg/l, DDT 2.67±0.14μg/l and dieldrin
1.31±0.09μg/l. The results of the organochlorine pesticide concentration in Okumesi River Ebedei
Uno were subjected to test of significance with ANOVA with numerator 4 and denominator 20 at
0.05 level of significance. The F ratio calculated is 5.61 while the F ratio critical value is 3.22,
thus, rejecting Ho. The study recommends that cage aquaculture should not be deployed in
Okumesi River.

Keywords: poverty eradication, Cage aquaculture, organochlorine pesticides, bioaccumulation, bioremediation

INTRODUCTION
Poverty is a global challenge with every country having Nigeria according to the International Monetary Fund
its fair share of poor citizens. America according to the (2018a) Nigeria Bureau of Statistics (2019) has 86.9
American census Bureau (2018) has 13.4% of its citizens million of its citizens living in poverty representing 50% of
living below the poverty line. The poverty rate in the state its estimated population of 180 million. Nigeria overtook
of Mississippi is 19.8% or roughly 57000 poor inhabitants. India as the world poverty capital in early 2018
Santos (2019) stated that an estimated 14.3 million (Vanguard, 2018, Oxfam, 2018).
people are living in poverty in the United Kingdom.
Poverty according to James (2019) Investopedia (2019)
According to the Junior Research Fellowship (JRF)
is the state or condition in which a person or community
(2017) 20 percent of UK citizens live in poverty. Asia
lacks the financial resources essential for a minimum
according to World Bank (2018) has 78.3 million people
standard of living. For Benson (2017), poverty means that
living in extreme poverty while Egypt according to World
the income level from employment is so low that basic
Bank (2018) has 32.5 percent of her people living below
human needs can't be met. According to World Bank
poverty line and 6.2 percent living in extreme poverty.
(2016), a person is considered poor if his or her income
Uganda has 87.10 percent of her citizen living in poverty
level falls below some minimum level necessary to meet
(Uganda Horizon Research, 2018) while Ghana’s poverty
basic needs; when a person lives below 1.90 US dollars
rate is 23.4 percent (Ghana Poverty Head Count, 2017).
per day. Britannica.com (2019) opines that poverty is the
South Africa according to South African Statistics Bureau
state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable
(2018) has 30 million of US citizens or 55.10% of us
amount of money or material possession. It exists when
citizens living in poverty.
people lack the means of satisfying their basic needs.

QUANTIFICATION of ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES CONTENT of OKUMESI RIVER EBEDEI UNO DELTA for CAGE AQUACULTURE in SCHOOLS: A PATHWAY for YOUTHS
EMPOWERMENT and POVERTY ERADICATION in NIGERIA
Chukwudi O. 134
Jewel (2017) surmised that no country can eradicate
poverty in the face of unemployment. Shan (2016),
Adewale (2018), Amali (2017), Odume (2019)
collaborated this assertion that poverty cannot be
eradicated with the present level of youth unemployment
in Nigeria. According to Nigeria Bureau of Statistics
(2020) 26.1 percent of Nigerian youths are unemployed.
The Economics (2019) puts the rate of unemployed
Nigeria youths at 26.4 percent while International
Monetary Fund (2018b) reports that 23.6 percent of
Nigerian youths are unemployed. Youths unemployment
problem can be solved if unemployed Nigerian youths are
engaged in agriculture (Odalu, 2014; Okie, 2017;
Omilabu, 2018). Okowa (2018), Ighalo (2016),
Akinyosoye, (2015) advised that youths be engaged in
aquaculture to eradicate poverty.
The federal government of Nigeria in her bid in reducing
youths unemployment and eradicate poverty introduced a
trade curriculum in 13 trade areas including aquaculture
(fish farming). According to Nigeria Educational Research
and Development Council (NERDC) (2013) the rationale
for the trade curriculum is to ensure that every secondary
school graduate is well-prepared for higher education as
well as acquire relevant functional trade/entrepreneurship
skills for wealth creation and poverty eradication.
Fish is an important component of human dietary
requirements as it contains protein, carbohydrate,
minerals, vitamins, and fat. (Abayomi, 2017; Amuka
2017; Okpojo, 2015). Fish is the only source for the rural
population to meet their daily protein need of 3.5 g/day as
espoused by World Health Organisation (Abudu 2014;
Osakwe, 2013; Akintude, 2016). According to World Fish
Center (2005) fishery has been recognised as a key
instrument for increasing productivity, ensuring food
security, improving market access for rural poor and
strengthening Africa’s performance in global market.
Adesina (2014), Audu (2016), Ajaguna (2017) revealed
that Nigeria’s annual fish requirement is 2.7 million metric
tons while its domestic production is 750 metric tonnes.
The gap between local production and requirement has
to be bridged through importation. United States Agency
for International Development (USAID) (2016) puts the
value of money spent on fish importation in Nigeria at 625
million USD. Adesina (2014) stated that Nigeria spends
as much as 1 billion nairas on fish importation. Ruwani
(2016), Olasebiko (2015), Osadolor (2017) reported that
when Nigeria imports fish she actually exports
employment to foreign countries and imports
unemployment. Youths unemployment problems and fish
importation can be addressed by youth engagement in
agriculture (Dede, 2015; Sanusi, 2017; Yari, 2012).
Bankole and Osamor (2015) advised youths to embark
on aquaculture adopting cage aquaculture which has less
capital outlay. Cage aquaculture has been defined by
Samson and Johnson (2012) as the practice of raising
QUANTIFICATION of ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES CONTENT of OKUMESI RIVER EBEDEI UNO DELTA for CAGE AQUACULTURE in SCHOOLS: A PATHWAY for YOUTHS
EMPOWERMENT and POVERTY ERADICATION in NIGERIA
fish in a cage built and anchored in natural water.
Abubakar and Bogoro (2013) described cage aquaculture
as the fish culturing process undertaken by placing a
cage in moving or stagnant water. Bamgboye (2012),
Alfred and Bamjoko (2014) counseled that cage
aquaculture should only be deployed if water analysis
has been conducted for the possible presence of water
pollutants to avoid bioaccumulation and biomagnification.
Possible water pollutants are highlighted by Alani (2011),
Anyakora (2016), Coker (2016) to include polychlorinated
biphenyl (PCBs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals and pesticides viz
organophosphate, carbamates and organochlorines.
Organochlorine according to International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (2012) are compounds
containing carbon and chlorine atoms, that are used in
pesticides formulation, bioaccumulation is the ability of
toxicants to permeate into organisms tissue while
biomagnification is the tendency of the toxicant to multiply
in geometry in the tissue of the organism (Atshana and
Asthana 2010; United States Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA, 2012) organochlorine in organisms are
known to cause cancer spontaneous abortion
cardiovascular problems reproductive problems in both
male and female and so on (Jone 2015; Bell and Karl
2012; shamsudeen 2014).
It is against this background that this study on the
organochlorine pesticide content of Okumesi River
Ebedei Uno became imperative so as to ascertain the
pollution status and its sustainability for cage aquaculture
in secondary schools for youth empowerment and
poverty eradication. The organochlorine pesticides that
were investigated are alpha-lindane, aldrin, endrin, DDT
and dieldrin .
This study was guided by the following research
questions:
1. What are the concentrations of alpha-lindane, aldrin,
endrin, DDT and dieldrin in Okumesi River, Ebedei-
Uno.
2. Are the concentrations of the organochlorine
pesticides concentrations within the maximum
allowable limit recommended by World Health
Organisation (2014)?
3. Can cage aquaculture be deployed in Okumesi River
Ebedei Uno by schools and youth in Ebedei Uno and
environs?
The study was guided by the hypothesis below:
Ho: there is no significant difference between the
concentrations of the organochlorine pesticides in
Okumesi river and WHO maximum allowable
concentration for pesticides in water.
 Int. Res. J. Curricul. Pedag. 135

Study Area

Figure. 1: Map showing Okumesi Ebedei

Source: Anomohanran, O. (2012).

Ebedei Uno is a community in Ukwuani local government
area Delta state (Anomohanran, 2012). It's lies within the
GPS coordinates of 5.8190°N and 6.2721°E as in Figure
1. The main occupation of Ebedei Uno is farming, some
of the people are traders and while some are artisans.
Ebedei has a population of 80000 inhabitants (Nigeria
population census (2016). The adoption of chemical pest
controls in recent times is very evident with every
household having backpack sprayer for insecticides and
herbicides and Okumesi is ultimately the recipient
through flood and erosion.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling:
This sampling was carried from March to April 2019.
Okumesi River Ebedei Uno was mapped out into
research sites A B C D E. (Akindoju, 2013). From each of
the research site water is sampled in five sampling spots
(5 replicates) with clean plastic sampling bottles tied to a
graduated string at 10 cm depth and covered subsurface.
The samples in each site were bulked and a composite
drawn and fixed with nitric acid (HNO3) and stored in ice
cooled boxes for laboratory analysis.
The procedures EPA 3570, and Steindwandter and
Shutler (1978) with slight modifications were used.
Approximately 10.0 grams of anhydrous sodium sulfate
was added to a pre-cleaned motar and 5grams of fresh
wet sediment was added to the motar and homogenized
to a complete mixture with a pistle. The mixture was
carefully transferred to a pre-cleaned PTFE extraction
tube which has a PTFE screw cap. 5 to 10 pre-cleaned
glass beads were added. 25 ml of a mixture of acetone
and petroleum spirit (1:1) was added to the 100 ml PTFE
extraction tube; the extraction tube was tightly capped
and allowed to stand for minimum of 20 minutes. This
allows complete permeation of solvent to the matrix. 20
tg/1 of the internal standard decaflourobiphenyl in iso-
octane directly was added to the sediment and sodium
sulphate mixture. The tube was shaken vigorously until
the slurry is free-flowing. Any chunks were broken
manually with the glass rod, working quickly but gently.
The cap was replaced immediately after the breaking of
the chunks. More sodium sulfate was added and
manually mixed as necessary to produce free-flowing,
finely divided slurry. The samples were extracted by

QUANTIFICATION of ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES CONTENT of OKUMESI RIVER EBEDEI UNO DELTA for CAGE AQUACULTURE in SCHOOLS: A PATHWAY for YOUTHS
EMPOWERMENT and POVERTY ERADICATION in NIGERIA
Chukwudi O. 136

rotary evaporator is placed in a constant temperature hot

rotating end-over-end for at least 30 minutes. Care was
water bath so that the concentrator flask is partially, but
taken to release pressure by opening and closing the
not completely, immersed. The temperature of the bath
flasks at intervals. The solids were allowed to settle for
was adjusted and the position of the apparatus s that, the
one to two minutes. The solvent layer was filtered
solvent heat evenly. The sample volume was reduced to
through a small glass funnel containing a layer of
approximately 1.0 ml.
anhydrous sodium sulfate over a plug of glass wool into a
receiving comical flask. The sodium sulfate was The analytical instrument deployed for determination of
thoroughly pre-wetted with acetone before sample the organochlorine pesticides is Agilent 6100 series
filtration. The sodium sulfate was rinsed with 2 to 3 mL of quadrupole liquid chromatography and mass
acetone as soon as the surface is exposed. The top of spectroscopy (LC/MS).
the sodium sulfate layer was not allowed to go dry. The
sediment sample was extracted twice more by adding
approximately 15 mL of acetone/petroleum spirit mixture RESULTS
to the sample, capping the extraction tube tightly, and
shaking vigorously by hand for 2 minutes. All the extracts The results of the organochlorine pesticides in Okumesi
are combined and poured into the round bottom flask of River Ebedei Uno are as shown in Table 1.
the rotary evaporator. The round bottom flask of the

Table 1: Showing the result of the result of the organochlorine pesticides content of Okumesi River Ebedei Uno
and WHO MPC in μg/l and ANOVA values
PARAMETERS READING MEAN STD. DEVIATION VARIANCE WHO MPC μg/l ANOVA VALUES
A B C D E
α-lindane 1.22 1.98 1.21 0.98 1.20 1.32 0.38 0.15 0.01 F. ratio cal. 5.61
Aldrin 1.42 1.33 1.41 0.32 1.40 1.18 0.48 0.23 0.03 F. ratio critical val. 3.22
Endrin 2.13 2.32 2.41 2.40 2.39 2.33 0.12 0.01 0.02
DDT 2.82 2.73 2.72 2.62 2.44 2.67 0.14 0.02 1.10
Dieldrin 1.38 1.42 1.23 1.22 1.32 1.31 0.09 0.01 0.05

The mean results of the organochlorine pesticides content of Okumesi River Ebedei Uno were represented graphically
in bar chart as shown in figure 2.

Figure 2: Bar chart showing the mean concentrations of organochlorine pesticides concentration in Okumesi
River Ebedei Uno and WHO maximum allowable concentration for the pesticides in water in μg/l

3
2.67

2.5 2.33

1.5 1.32 1.31 Mean

1.18
1.1 WHO MPC μg/l
1

0.5

0.01 0.03 0.02 0.05

0
α-lindane Adrin Edrin DDT Diedrin

The concentration of the organochlorines in decreasing order DDT > endrin > α-lindane > dieldrin > aldrin

QUANTIFICATION of ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES CONTENT of OKUMESI RIVER EBEDEI UNO DELTA for CAGE AQUACULTURE in SCHOOLS: A PATHWAY for YOUTHS
EMPOWERMENT and POVERTY ERADICATION in NIGERIA

DISCUSSION
Eradication of extreme poverty and is highly rated in the
millennium development goals of the United Nations
organisation (2015). The quest of every nation is to
ensure that poverty is eradicated or reduced to the barest
minimum. Agripreneur in aquaculture is seen as a viable
option for hunger eradication especially aquaculture
using cage culture which has a minimal financial demand.
Pollutoin free water is imperative in cage aquaculture to
ensure production of healthy fish for populace so as to
eradicate poverty and this underscores this study.
The results of the analysis of Okumesi River Ebedei Uno
revealed varying concentrations of organochlorine
pesticides as follows: alpha lindane (α-HCH)
concentration is 1.31±0.38μg/l. The WHO maximum
allowable concentration for alpha lindane in water is
0.01μg/l. The concentration of alpha lindane in Okumesi
River Ebedei Uno is higher than the maximum stipulated
by WHO (2014). This report is similar to Okuzor and
Odede (2014) who recorded high concentration of alpha
lindane in Ethiope River Obiaruku, and Abimbola (2016)
who also reported high alpha lindane in Lagos lagoon in
Bonny camp Lagos. The mean concentration of aldrin in
the analysis is 1.17±0.48μg/l. The WHO maximum
allowable concentration for aldrin in water is 0.03μg/l.
This concentration is higher than WHO recommended
limit for aldrin in water. High content of aldrin in water
was reported by Anyakora and Coker (2011) in Ose river
in Ondo State and Coker and Bamidele (2014) in Ofiki
River in Oyo State. The mean concentration of endrin in
Okumesi River Ebedei Uno is 2.33±0.11μg/l and the
WHO maximum allowable concentration for endrin in
water is 0.02μg/l. The concentration of endrin in Okumesi
River Ebedei Uno is higher than the WHO recommended
limit for endrin in water. Increased concentration of endrin
in water has been documented by Oguguo and Ossai
(2016) in Ase Creek Utagba-Ogbe and Okudaye (2018)
in Iselegu River Ndokwa East Delta state. The mean
concentration of DDT in Okumesi River Ebedei Uno is
2.67±0.14μg/l. The WHO maximum allowable
concentration for DDT in water is 1.1μg/l. The
concentration of DDT in Okumesi River Ebedei Uno is
higher than the acceptable level. High concentration of
DDT was also reported by Osadolor and Osayi (2013) in
Ikpoba River, Benin City and Alani (2011) in Lagos
lagoon. The dieldrin mean concentration in Okumesi
River Ebedei Uno is 1.31±0.09μg/l. The WHO maximum
allowable concentration for dieldrin in water is 0.05μg/l.
The dieldrin concentration in Okumesi River is higher
than the limit allowable by WHO for dieldrin in water.
Elevated level of dieldrin in water was reported by
Omiyale (2016) in Ogun river and Kuti and Babatunde
(2018) in Oyan River Osun state. Princewill & Omeba
(2018) reported the presence of
dichlorodiphynltrichloroethane (DDT) in tissues of fishes
caught in Amade Creek, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
QUANTIFICATION of ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES CONTENT of OKUMESI RIVER EBEDEI UNO DELTA for CAGE AQUACULTURE in SCHOOLS: A PATHWAY for YOUTHS
EMPOWERMENT and POVERTY ERADICATION in NIGERIA
Int. Res. J. Curricul. Pedag. 137
Availability of organochlorine pesticides: endrin and
heptachlor were also reported by Adeoti (2019) in fishes
harvested in Olomoge lagoon, Lagos.
The results of the organochlorine pesticides in Okumesi
River Ebedei Uno were later subjected to test of
significance with analysis of variance (ANOVA) with
numerator 4 and denominator 20 at 0.05 level of
significance. The F ratio calculated value is 5.61 while F-
ratio critical value is 3.22 thus rejecting Ho and accepting
Ha. This means that the concentration of the
organochlorine in Okumesi River Ebedei Uno is higher
than WHO maximum allowable limit for the
organochlorines.
CONCLUSION
The attention of global community is currently directed
towards achieving all the millennium Development goals
whose achievement deadline is 2030. Eradication of
poverty by 2030 will be a mirage if youths unemployment
goes unabated; several models for achieving youths
empowerment have been prescribed but agriculture
seemed most-favoured. Construction of earth ponds,
concrete and tapauline ponds are cost prohibitive for new
entrants in aquaculture hence the adoption of cage
aquaculture has been canvassed. Water pollution is a
hindrance in cage aquaculture deployment due to poor
effluent management by industries and agriculture, thus
contaminating the water bodies with heavy metals PCBs,
VOCs and pesticides which bioaccumulate and
biomagnify in fishes raised in such water ultimately
leading to health implication of cancer, low fertility,
abortion and so on. Pollution of water bodies hinders the
deployment of less capital-intensive aquaculture
techniques such as pen culture, happa culture, raceway
and cage aquaculture thus making eradication of poverty
a tall order unless decontamination is carried out.
Recommendation
Sequel to the results of this investigation, it is
recommended that:
1. Cage aquaculture should not be deployed at
Okumesi River to avoid bioaccumulation and
biomagnification in the fish produced making
them unsafe for human consumption.
2. The source of pollution should be identified and
plugged
3. Remediation should be embarked upon in
Okumesi River Ebedei Uno to bring the water
back to its hitherto pristine status.
Chukwudi O. 138
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provided the original author and source are cited

QUANTIFICATION of ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES CONTENT of OKUMESI RIVER EBEDEI UNO DELTA for CAGE AQUACULTURE in SCHOOLS: A PATHWAY for YOUTHS
EMPOWERMENT and POVERTY ERADICATION in NIGERIA